Tepung tempe memiliki kandungan zat gizi lebih tinggi dari tepung tahu. Perbedaan kandungan zat gizi tepung tempe dan tepung tahu sebagai berikut: 1) vitamin B6 (0.28 mg/100 g) pada tepung tempe sekitar dua kali lebih tinggi daripada vitamin B6 (0.19 mg/100 g) pada tepung tahu. 2)Vitamin B12 (97 mcg/100g) pada tepung tempe, sedangkan pada tepung tahu tidak mengandung vitamin B12. 3) Asam folat (0.0251 mg/100 g) pada tepung tempe, tetapi pada tepung tahu tidak mengandung asam folat. 4) Kandungan isoflavon pada tepung tempe (50.558 mg/100 g) dua kali lebih tinggi dari kandungan isoflavon pada tepung tahu (19.923 mg/100 g).
Pengujian pada hewan coba tikus dengan parameter estrogen serum menggunakan intervensi tepung tempe dengan nilai isoflavon dua kali lebih tinggi dari tepung tahu memiliki hasil meningkatkan lebih tinggi estrogen serum daripada intervensi dengan tepung tahu.
Peningkatan estrogen serum ini berdampak pada perubahan berat badan dan lemak abdominal. Pada akhir intervensi delapan minggu rata-rata berat badan kelompok intervensi tepung tempe 1.2 kali lebih rendah dari kelompok intervensi tepung tahu. Lemak abdominal pada kelompok intervensi tepung tahu 3.6 kali lebih tinggi dari kelompok intervensi tepung tempe.
Estrogen serum pada kelompok yang diberi tepung tempe dengan lama pemberian 5 minggu dan 8 minggu meningkat (P<0.05) bila dibandingkan dengan baseline 2 yaitu 3 bulan setelah ovariektomi. Hal ini berdampak pada penurunan beta amiloid yang signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan baseline 2 pada lama pemberian 8 minggu (P<0.05). Akibat dari penurunan beta amiloid ini,
meningkatkan skor fungsi kognitif bila dibandingkan dengan baseline 2 selama waktu intervensi yaitu 2 minggu, 5 minggu dan 8 minggu (P<0.05).
Variabel estrogen serum, lemak abdominal, dan beta amiloid serum memiliki korelasi yang signifikan dengan fungsi kognitif. Beta amiloid merupakan variabel yang paling berhubungan signifikan terhadap fungsi kognitif.
Simpulan penelitian ini adalah tepung tempe dengan kandungan zat gizi dan isoflavon yang lebih tinggi dapat meningkatkan estrogen serum dan menurunkan beta amiloid serum, sehingga dapat memperlambat penurunan fungsi kognitif pada tikus betina dengan ovariektomi.
Saran
Fungsi kogniitif dalam penelitian ini mengukur kreativitas tikus untuk mencapai finish dalam waktu lima menit tanpa ada latihan, sehingga perlu adanya penelitian lanjut dengan menggunakan parameter lain misalnya mengukur memori, serotinin, dopamin, kolin, populasi positip neuron. Intervensi dilakukan hanya sampai delapan minggu, sehingga perlu adanya penelitian lanjutan dengan lama pemberian yang lebih panjang untuk uji toksid. Pemberian tepung tempe pada dosis yang berbeda juga perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan dosis optimum. Untuk pencegahan terhadap demensia dan penyakit lainnya akibat penurunan estrogen, perlu dilakukan penelitian pada tikus pada usia yang lebih muda (premenopause) dan lebih tua (3 tahun). Penelitian lanjutan juga diperlukan untuk melihat efek tempe terhadap usia remaja dan anak-anak.
Penelitian ini menjelaskan efek antara konsumsi tepung tempe dan tepung tahu terhadap estrogen serum, beta amiloid serum dan fungsi kognitif pada tikus betina dengan ovariektomi. Untuk membuktikan lebih lanjut pengaruh intervensi tepung tempe dan tepung tahu pada otak diperlukan uji histologi pada otak sehingga terlihat apakah terjadi timbunan beta amiloid di otak setelah intervensi. Hasil penelitian ini sangat bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu Gizi Masyarakat khususnya clinical nutrition and dietetics dan bidang geriatric nutrition dari aspek makanan sehat dan bergizi (healthy eating) untuk lanjut usia wanita. Tempe dalam bentuk tepung memiliki kandungan isoflavon lebih tinggi dari tempe segar. Apabila akan diterapkan pada manusia yaitu pada wanita lanjut
usia maka dosis yang diberikan sangat besar. Sehingga perlu diberikan dalam bentuk tepung agar takaran sesuai untuk konsumsi lanjut usia. Sehingga perlu ada uji penerimaan rasa tepung tempe pada manusia agar produk ini bisa diterima sebagai makanan yang dapat dikonsumsi manusia terutama untuk lanjut usia.
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