System of Cane Factory Control of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists; Weight loss due to drying under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the product under investigation. The accuracy of the net cane, i.e. the weight of the sugar cane, is not better than the accuracy of the TARE of the TRANSPORT VEHICLES.
In addition, there can be a significant increase in weight if rain falls on the stored sticks, i.e. the effect in both cases is to cause an unknown weight difference between cane as weighed and cane as milled and analyzed.
APPARATUS
A moisture trap can be used in the air supply line to prevent dilution of the mass roe. Three readings of the scale must be taken and the average of these must be recorded as the scale reading. The reading should be taken after setting the instrument for equal intensity of both halves of the field.
At least three measurements should be taken from the same sample and the average result recorded as a Pol measurement.
SAMPLING
The amount of preservative added to the sample should be proportional to the amount of sample to be composed. For example, if 100 ml is to be mixed, 2 g of dry lead salt should be shaken. All samples should be taken across the entire width of the discharge channel and the full depth of the blanket.
It is essential that exactly the right amount of sample is placed in the assembled bottle each time.
METHODS OF ANALYSES
Grain Size Apparatus
The flask containing the sample previously collected for the grain size test is vortexed vigorously for two minutes to thoroughly mix the sugar with the solvent. Weigh (to ± 0.1 g) the total amount of refined raw sugar that has been washed with solvent and dried. Carefully remove any drops of water in the neck of the flask by absorption on filter paper.
Note: The filtrate can only be returned to the funnel if it is cloudy and if the funnel is covered with a watch glass during filtering. The mixture is washed with at least twice its weight in distilled water and pumped dry. The volume in the cylinder is brought to 100 cm3 with distilled water and then 10 cm3 of trichloroacetic acid is added (to remove protein).
To test flask A, anhydrous alcohol is added dropwise from a burette while swirling the flask until the 25 cm3 mark is reached. One of the matched pairs of 40 mm cells is filled with distilled water and the other with the control solution. After zeroing the spectrophotometer at 720 nm with the cell containing distilled water, measure the absorbance of the control solution (B).
At the end of the 60 minute period, the cell is filled with the sample solution and its absorbance is measured (A) after zeroing the spectrophotometer against the cell with distilled water. If the absorbance of the sample exceeds 0.7 in value, both the sample and the control solution must be read again in 10 mm cells without delay after the instrument is zeroed with a 10 mm cell.
INSOLUBLE MATTER Apparatus
The sealed flask is gently inverted several times and allowed to stand at room temperature for 60 ± 2 minutes while the mist develops.
SPECIAL ANALYSES
The results of the ORSAT or equivalent analysis described below and their interpretation are based on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) present in the flue gases. The reading on the measuring burette is now the sum of the percentage of CO2 and the percentage of O2 in the original flue gas. The remainder of the flue gas sample is now pushed into absorption pipette no. 3 (CO) as in steps 4 and 5 and the amount of CO in the original smoke pipe is determined.
Start hot plate on low heat and gradually increase heat to prevent splattering of the sample. If there is any tendency of the mixture to foam, add a few drops of liquid paraffin. Leave for 2 hours and read the percentage of sediment at the bottom of the cylinder.
Insert the boiling tube into a water bath, ensuring that the water level in the bath is higher than that of the hot lime juice. Rinse a 100 mm test tube with a portion of the sample and fill half of the test tube with the sample. Hold the test tube in an inclined position with the burette tip containing the concentrated sulfuric acid touching the tube.
The test is very sensitive and 100 ppm sucrose gives a black ring due to the charring of the sugar by the acid. Considerable heat is generated when adding the acid solution and the stopper must be removed each time the tube is inverted.
BOILER WATER TREATMENT
Periodic blowing should not lead to the accumulation of mud to dangerous proportions. It should be ensured that backwashing, regeneration and rinsing are carried out with partially softened water. Phosphate, nitrates and caustic soda should be mixed in the same feeder with hot condensate for an easy solution.
Small changes need to be touched and within a short time control can be achieved within the resumed limits. For basic boiler water treatment, boiler and boiler feed water analyzes should be done at least once a day, but preferably twice a day for good control. Color intensity increases with time, so all readings should be taken within 10 minutes of color development.
The two conditions to take into account are intermittent standby, where the boiler must be ready to start at short notice, and long-term standby, e.g. Some time before the boiler is stopped the sulphite level should be increased to about 100 ppm and the alkalinity to about 250-400 ppm, i.e. periodic checks of the water should be carried out and any deterioration should be ameliorated by introducing these chemicals into the suction of the boiler inject water. a pump used to circulate the boiler water.
Then a series of electric or gas heaters should be placed evenly in the oven at the bottom of the superheater bank. Samples should be analyzed hourly for sugar or monitored by an instrument such as a conductivity meter.
STANDARD SOLUTIONS AND REAGENTS
100 g of Potassium Oxalate is dissolved and made up to 1000 ml with distilled water to give a 10% solution. Pipette 100 ml of N sulfuric acid solution into a 1000 ml volumetric flask and make up to 1000 ml with distilled water.
CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAE
I. UNITS
But there are definite rules of conversion set forth by the Bureau of Standards, which must be universally applied. When the first digit to be discarded is greater than 5, or if it is a 5 followed by a number greater than 0, the last remaining digit must be increased by 1. When the first digit discarded is exactly five, followed by a zero, the last digit retained should be incremented by 1 if it is an odd number, but left unchanged if it is an even number.
These instruments should be installed in a position free from moisture and corrosive fumes, shock and vibration. If it is not feasible to set up an instrument away from the vibrations of the mill, it should be mounted on a suitable anti-vibration table. The instrument should be regularly examined and cleaned, especially the troughs and splash glasses of polarimeters and prisms of refractometers.
All glass electrodes must be immersed in distilled water for at least 24 hours before use. When not in use, it should be stored in distilled water with buffer solution, as repeated wetting and drying degrades the effectiveness of the glass membrane. Glass in the eye is very serious and no first aid should be done beyond covering the eye with sterile lint and bandaging firmly to prevent movement.
He needs to be watched carefully in case he stops breathing again. ii) Normal breathing may begin, but consciousness does not return. The contents of a typical first aid cabinet should be kept as simple as possible and grouped in a logical order.
TABLE INDEX
When the sugar has dissolved by swirling the flask, the volume is brought up to 90 ml. The final value to be reported is derived as in the following example: - Measuring tube filled with distilled water (average of five measurements). The simple optical train of the circular polarimeter maintains adjustment and eliminates inaccuracies in scale calibration due to irregularities in the rotation of quartz wedges or temperature fluctuations.
Therefore, apart from any instrument error, the only significant correction needed for temperature is that due to the effect of temperature on the optical rotation of the mixture of sucrose and other sugars in the raw sugars. Therefore, the value to be reported flows as follows - Reading tube filled with distilled water (average of five readings) Sugar solution (average of five readings Sugar solution corrected for instrument error) Temperature of observations 28°C (4) Temperature correction corresponding to 28° C. If the instrument is checked by means of a quartz plate, it should be noted that the table of temperature corrections given with quartz plates is based.
The polarimeter can also be checked by using the purest sucrose available, which should not be less pure than 99.98% pure sucrose. NOTE: Whether a saccharimeter or polarimeter is used, the light must be filtered through an amber filter, equivalent to 30 mm, of a 3% potassium bichromate solution. Make a portion of this solution alkaline to litmus paper by the addition of anhydrous sodium carbonate and polarize in a 200 mm.
If the diluted invertase solution has standard activity, we would give the sugar solution polarized at 31.0° Pol, without correction for increasing the volume from 100 to 110 ml or for any optical invertase activity. If, however, we obtain Pol 26.00° on partially inverted sucrose during the determination, se. For other materials or other inversion methods, the divisor must be calculated from specific data.
P = Direct reading calculated based on normal solution P1 = Inverse reading calculated based on normal solution.
