It is an organization of technical workers and others directly interested in the technical aspect of the South African sugar industry. Annual Congress of the South African Sugar Technologists' Association, held at the South African Sugar Association's Experiment Station.
AFRICA COVERING THE 1967-1968 SEASON
THE SOUTH AFRICAN CANE CROP OF THE 1967-68 SEASON
In one of these processes, a bacterial enzyme is added to the juice to enhance the action of the natural enzyme present in the juice. The other new milling and diffusion plant was put into operation halfway through last season.
DISCUSSION OF THE OPERATION OF ALL MILLS
In fact, according to the concept of undiluted juice, the Brix of the primary juice should be used. This widespread difference is due to the large number of variables that affect the cu number. a) purity of mixed juice.
APPLICATION OF RADIOISOTOPES TO SUGAR FACTORY CONTROL
Radionuclides have been used for the accurate determination of the low velocities of liquids and gases. It is possible that the squash ball did not follow the circulation of the massecuite.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON CANE WASHING IN LUABO, MOZAMBIQUE
Most of the time the waste rolls could not be t:sed fully for the same reason. We did not always operate the waste rollers due to difficulties in disposing of the removed waste.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO VACUUM CLARIFICATION AT DARNALL MILL
During the experiment, the starch content of the juice from both cleaners is recorded. I think flake size and stability is increased by adding phosphate after lime and using a vacuum makes it easier for air bubbles to be trapped in large Hoc particles.
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF STARCH IN CANE JUICE
P. JENNINGS
It is clear that between 60 and 80°C the rate of starch hydrolysis in the unboiled liquid is mainly governed by the degree of starch dissolution. The temperature of the liquid entering the first tank can be controlled by means of a water jacket.
DISSOLVED STARCH IN MIXED JUICE
Discussion
Bax: Do you think that in the case of a diffuser in practice recycling the burning juice through the cane bed is an actual rate. Martin: The efficiency of the stage was calculated based on the particle size of the prepared bagasse entering the diffuser. However, mass balances are exact and the only approximations are those involved in the empirical determination of stage efficiency.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IHPURITIES DURING CRYSTALLISATION
The third assumption is that the total amount of an impurity available for inclusion in the crystal is the sum of the amounts of that impurity in sugar and final molasses. In the case of Darnall, the changes after the adoption of vacuum clarification and, more importantly, the decrease of the remelting system can be seen from Table 1. We found that the quality of the sugar produced by our method is satisfactory.
THE DESIGN OF BELT CONVEYORS FOR BULK SUGAR HANDLING
- Selection of Conveyor Components This subject is dealt with exhaustively in trade
- Belt Speed
- Idler Type
- Belt Training
- Transfer Chutes
- Belt Cleaning
- Scrapers
- Brushes
- Protective Devices
- Discussion
A disadvantage of the curtain type chute is the speed of the sugar when it reaches the receiving belt. A strip of soft rubber is clamped to the metal plate and stretches downwards until it is just clear of the band. Such a scraper will plow off most of the sugar adhering to the tape and the rest will be removed with a rotating brush.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF BOILER PLANT IN THE CANE SUGAR INDUSTRY
Boiler Plant Operating Parameters 2.1 Firing Response Rate
If a fuel is "ready to burn", the rate at which combustion takes place is a function of the amount of air supplied to it. A fuel is defined as "ready to burn" when a change in the amount of air supplied will cause an immediate change, measured in practical boiler terms, to the combustion process. Before bagasse can be classified as "ready to burn", it must be dried and the volatile distillation process started.
Feedwater Control
A glowing bed of coke spread evenly over a grate through which an evenly distributed air supply can pass is classified as "ready to burn." In hearth furnaces, where large quantities of fuel are stored in the furnace (measured in minutes of equivalent steam capacity), there is sufficient fuel available in the "ready to burn" condition to achieve an almost instantaneous combustion reaction. In suspended-fired boilers where only a very small amount of fuel is stored in the furnace (measured in fractions of a minute of equivalent steam capacity), a large increase in load would require a relatively large portion of the fuel.
Boiler Thermal Inertia
This would have to be conditioned before increasing the firing rate, which would expect to suppress the firing response rate. Control circuits can be designed to meet this condition, but must be much more sophisticated than the control circuits associated with hearth-type furnaces.
Control of Operating Parameters 3.1 Firing Response Rate
Air Quantity
Fuel Quantity
However, due to the polluting nature of the exhaust gases, the sampling equipment must operate under very harsh conditions and be regularly maintained.
Combustion Chamber Pressure Control Combustion chambers are generally
Feedwater Controls
NCo.310 is mainly grown in the north and, with the exception of pockets of this variety at Muden and the Tugela-Newark area, now accounts for less than 10 percent of plant cane in all areas south of the Nkwaleni Valley. NCo.376 is still on the rise and 47 percent of the industry's total plant cane area is now under this variety. Roth: The zigzag structure is the actual pattern of the cell wall on the outer layer of the epidermis.
FURTHER RESULTS FROH THE MOUNT EDGECOMBE ROOT-LABORATORY
That this was due to better root development in disturbed soil is shown by the patterns of root systems at that time (Fig. 3). The details of the behavior of plants in undisturbed soil as the roots penetrated the illuvial horizon and proliferated freely in the subsoil are interesting enough to warrant further description. Aucock: How minimum soil disturbance relates to increased soil oxygen.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE ROOT-SYSTEM OF SUGARCANE AT AND AFTER HARVEST
Five days after the application of 32P, we sampled the leaves of the plants to which the roots were attached. These tests were performed with total samples of all shoot leaves on the soil. My results match those of the first two workers and not those of Hawaii.
PLANT CROP RESULTS OF A ROW SPACING EXPERIMENT AT PONGOLA
The growth stage for each monthly period was determined according to the development of the crop leaves of the nearest rice spacing. The row row yields were calculated using a row width value determined by the actual row spacing at the remaining distance to the center of the 10 ft. treatment and 2 repetitions of the latter.
THE PLANT CROP RESULTS OF TWO IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS AT PONGOLA
The sensitivity of the blocks was limited to a range of 1 bar to 15 bar soil moisture tension. The total available moisture content of the soil was estimated at four inches, and it was assumed that soil moisture between the limits of field capacity and the wilting point was equally available to the crop. The total available moisture content of the soil was estimated at four inches, which was kept at less than two feet.
A NOTE ON THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF A STEM ROT PATHOGEN AFFECTING SUGARCANE
We have now progressed further in our identification of the fungus and have sent samples to Kew. We have seen black stem rot in NCo 376 and NCo 393 and the main symptom is very similar to the stem rot we are currently discussing. I cannot say more until I have examined more samples of the black stem rot in the laboratory.
THE INFLUENCE OF ROOT C/N RATIO ON NITROGEN AVAILABILITY IN SOILS*
This is shown graphically in Figure 1 by the differences in the total amounts of inorganic nitrogen present in the fertilized treatments at the end of the incubation period. Where treatments were similar, the amounts of immobilized remineralized nitrogen varied considerably between soils, but were always greatest at lower C/N ratios and root application rates, even without added nitrogen, as shown in Table III. Differences in the amounts of available nitrogen found in the soil at the end of the incu-.
NITROGEN IN SUGARCANE AND THE FECUNDITY OF NUMICIA VIRIDIS MUIR
The sugarcane in these areas is generally maintained at a high nutrient level, and one reason for the high numbers of Numicia viridis on sugarcane in these areas may be the persistently high nitrogen levels. There is no doubt about the connection between nitrogen levels and Numicia eggs, but is this due to the nitrogen or the lush growth of the plant. Harris: The female's lifespan appears to be more affected by high nitrogen levels than that of the male.
LOCUSTS IN RELATION TO SUGAR CANE
Investigation into the problem revealed the further surprising feature that the grasshopper in question was not the red grasshopper, but the migratory grasshopper. On a later occasion, a further small colony of the migratory locust was found about 40 miles southwest of Hippo Valley. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association — April 1968 caused serious damage to sugar cane at Hippo Valley.
SMUT INCIDENCE SURVEY IN THE RHODESIAN LOWVELD
In the survey of the occurrence of sugarcane it was shown that the distribution of the disease is random throughout the countries. Wardle: Is the high incidence of smuts in the Lowveld of Rhodesia associated with any particularly good host plant. The main reason for the high prevalence of the disease in the Lowveld is the ideal climatic conditions for smuts.
AVERAGE OF THREE TONS OF CANE PER ACRE PER MONTH AT HiLLCREST
Dymond's figures do not show that the greatest growth takes place in the first twelve months. This increase from 10.3 to 28.4 tonnes per hectare per year is partly due to conservation practices implemented in the meantime, with a conservative estimate of the response being five tonnes of sugarcane per hectare per year. Crop production efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness of a complex set of agricultural practices that, if properly organised, can be expected to produce huge yield increases on most farms in the sugarcane belt.
NOTES ON THE DESIGN OF A HERBICIDE BOOM SPRAYER
Costs are expected to be in the region of 30-40 cents per hectare, which is significantly lower than either backpack or aerial applications. It is possible to spray up to 150 hectares in the early morning under ideal conditions, especially if some moisture is present, and coverage is very uniform. Gosnell: In Mauritius it was found that cane in the 5 to 7 leaf stage is very sensitive to even low doses of 2.4-D but before and after this stage it is much less susceptible.
SOME NOTES ON DRAINAGE DESIGN PROCEDURE
In the case of soils with finite depth -. equations, but "r" is the radius of the drainpipe, are best solved using the two graphs given in Figs. Second, the depth of drainage can be limited by the type of drainage used and the methods used in their laying. A full explanation of the derivation of these formulas will be found in references (U.S.D.A. Handbook)12.
