It is an organization of technical workers and others who are directly interested in the technical aspect of the South African sugar industry. THE SOUTH AFRICAN SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS ASSOCIATION iii OFFICERS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN SUGAR TECHNOLOGISTS ASSOCIATION V.
TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN SUGAR INDUSTRY
Feltham, as chairman of the Technical Training Committee at the time, approached all the milling companies and found that the number of trainees required by the industry over ten years was actually very small. Douwes Dekker said the case was one of the most important facing the industry at the moment.
THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL SUMMARY OF LABORATORY REPORTS OF SUGAR FACTORIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
SEASON 1961-1962
-sugars in the final total molasses as a percentage of the non-sugars present in the mixed liquor. Luabo found 77 per cent of the sucrose present in the A-masse case as crystals in the precursors (double cure).
FINAL PRODUCTION OF SUGAR
Filter cake percent cane Sucrose of filter cake BRIX P E R C E N T S Y R U P P U R I T Y OF F I N A L MOLASSES Brix of final molasses. Rault noted the Darnall figure for fiber uptake percentage, which was the highest in the industry.
EXTRACTION RATIO
In Hawaii, Queensland and Mauritius, milling efficiency is expressed in terms of sucrose, which is correlated with the fiber content of the sugarcane by a formula known as the extraction ratio, which is as follows. It is very similar to absolute juice percentage fiber lost in that it expresses the percentage of sucrose that contains lost percentage of fiber from the sugar cane, and also has the advantage of being based on precise determinations.
HOUSE RECOVERY
During the previous harvest period, provision was made to also use 3 of the water-cooled "C" crystallizers. This additional gain from the "A" massecuite reduced the total amount of massecuite to be cooked. According to Fourmond's comments, he had been told that in Mauritius the drop in purity between massecuite and molasses in the case of the "A" massecuite was about 28°.
AUTOMATIC SUGAR DETECTION IN BOILER FEED WATER
Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association—. valves connected to a camshaft driven by a synchronous motor at a speed of three rotations per hour. The size of the pyrex container and rate of flow of the water were chosen so that the retention time in the container would be ten minutes, which is sufficient for. The provisions for draining the instrument are arranged so that the cuvette never becomes empty.
THE CONSERVATION OF CONDENSATE
APPLICATION OF AN OLD PRINCIPLE IN THE CONTROL OF SUGAR CONTAMINATED CONDENSATES
Umfolos was now using the condensate from the second evaporator vessel and was only using 10 percent of the cold make-up water. Alexander asked with reference to the chemical method used in America, whether this did not apply chiefly to the detection of sugar in the condenser water, the conductivity of which was too high to admit of the conductivity method. Here, the red bulb that referred to the condensate of the first ship burned continuously.
MUTUAL MILLING CONTROL PROJECT
The roller bearings on the followers of the lift integrators installed so far seem to wear quite quickly. He recommended that the measurement from the tip of the run-out roller to the bottom of the top roller groove should be used. Byard said that any measurement from the tip of the discharge roller to the bottom of the groove in the top roller would cancel out errors that would be caused by the angles in the top roller.
IMPROVED UNDER-FEED ROLLERS
Regarding the size of the underfeed roll, he stated that he used rolls with a. He believed that the larger the diameter of the bottom feed roller, the better it would work. He then modified them and got a drop of about five feet from the top of the carrier to the bottom feed roller.
AUTOMATIC MILLING CONTROL
Proceedings of the Association of Sugar Technologists of South Africa April 1962 67 The main driver of the cane carrier has been fully. The feed in the mills is controlled by changing the speed of the mill motors. Plate 34;killer at the start of the inter-transporter so he could control the mill the baggage was going to.
THE INTER-COUPUNG OF ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN CANE KNIVES
Hulett stated that it was clear that if one tried to couple two motors together, one had to consider the synchronous speed rather than the full load speed of the motors. Hughes replied that in the long run it might even be better not to join the two engines mechanically at all, because the cost of Vee pulleys and belts was quite considerable, and it would be better to use flywheels on the cane knife shafts. and then, if necessary, use sliding resistors. However he considered that it would be better not to have sliding resistors, but to arrange a cane carrier control which would reduce the speed of the cane carrier whenever the load on the cane knife motors became excessive.
SEPARATE CLARIFICATION OF VACUUM-FILTER FILTRATE BY USING SEPARAN AP30 AT UMFOLOZI
We have installed a funnel in the pipe from the flash tank to the pre-settling system for dosing the Separan AP30. From Table 2 we see that 60 percent of the non-sugars present in the filtrate before clarification were removed. The color of the juice was light yellow but cloudy, but acceptable to send it directly to the evaporators.
THE PROBLEM OF ADDITIONAL FUEL
The insulation of these pipes must be 100 percent complete and of the most efficient medium. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association – April 1962 87 Fair, not super boiler efficiency and utilization. steam is all that is needed at the moment. He believed this could save 80 percent of the additional fuel currently used.
THE OCCURRENCE OF INVERSION
94 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association April 1962 the evaporation process. can only be attributed to a completely erratic control of pH and temperature during fining, or to abnormal conditions in the factory which tend to escape our notice. Very strict control over the performance of the filters is the only feasible way to maintain the mud in the settling tanks at the correct level, thus limiting the residence time. This is obviously different from liming to a pH of 8.5 in an attempt to improve the filtration of the mud.
UREASE ACTIVITY, AMMONIA VOLATILISATION AND RELATED MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN SOME SOUTH
AFRICAN SOILS
R. ANDERSON
In the latter case, steam would cause spore formation and probably destroy the remaining urease content of the soil. The effects of various factors on volatilization of ammonia formed from urea in the soil. The paper indicated many difficulties in the practical application of the findings observed in the laboratory.
SOIL SERIES IN THE NATAL SUGAR BELT
The following table lists the geological soil groups that have already been mapped, the soil series known to occur but not yet mapped in each group, and a brief description of the main identifiable features. In the coastal region of Natal, a series survey would consist of further subdivision or refinement of the already mapped geological soil groups. Grice stated that deep subsoil in shale after heavy rain or irrigation tended to wash out much of the fertilizer applied to the surface and become unavailable to the sugar cane.
FREE-LIVING NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN NATAL SUGARCANE SOILS
DISTRIBUTION OF AZOTOBACTER
Total number of Azotobacter positive and negative samples from twelve soil groups in the Natal sugar industry. One of the outstanding characteristics of the study results concerns the presence of Azotobacter in T.M.S. Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists'1 Association—April 1962 117 The cultural and morphological characteristics of. the above-mentioned four cultures are not in all respects identical to the type species described.5 They must therefore only be compared with typical species in certain respects and designated as variants or strains of type species.
SOIL MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS OF SOME NATAL SUGAR BELT SOILS
In practice, the amount of water retained in soil is more usefully expressed on a volume basis, so in Table 1 the field capacity and wilting point of each soil are also expressed in inches of water per foot of soil. Also of interest is the relationship that exists between the moisture retained by the soil at field capacity and wilting point, along with the available moisture per foot of soil relative to the silt and clay content of the soil. This seems to indicate the relative importance of the clay fraction in determining soil moisture retention properties, particularly at higher stresses.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING STARCH IN SUGARCANE
The optical density of the solution containing the starch-iodine complex (blue) is proportional to the starch concentration. 134 Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists' Association-April 1962 It can be seen from the table that S. The author had shown that a large proportion of the starch present in the juice was in granular form.
ACCIDENTAL CANE FIRES
This is a point that one hopes will be considered in the case of the next suitable cane fire. These companies require the cane owner to do everything reasonable to protect themselves from outbreaks of cane fires. I commend, therefore, the early action to form a central committee, to deal with all the organization necessary to meet the cane fires.
NOTES ON A MINOR STALK AILMENT OF SUGARCANE IN NATAL
On removing this insect, it was noticed that a small amount of sap emerged from the place previously occupied by the insect, and on microscopic examination it was observed that the body contents of the insect contained oval and spindle-shaped spores, as well as fragments of mycelium. The spores have also been observed near the mouthparts and antennae and attached in large numbers to the legs (photo 5). From the general appearance of the marking and from observations of cross-sections, as well as the finding of a scale on young meristem.
SOME FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE POSSIBLE DIVERSIFICATION OF CROP HUSBANDRY IN THE CANE
SOME FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE POSSIBLE DIVERSIFICATION OF CANE CROPS.
BELT
His crops were very poor, but he had sown late because of the late arrival of the seed. Robarts shared that he had found that most of the lower bushes in his crops did not open properly and asked if the cleaner would help. Wilson said that very good coffee was grown at Eshowe, in the heart of the mist belt, and also at Umhlali not less than a mile from the sea.
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
