This amount of suspended solids discharged to the receiving water approached 2.8% of the total combined pulp and paper production. They can be a nuisance in the vicinity of the turbines and contribute to local pollution problems. 121• In 1970, water consumption by the pulp and paper industry in the participating countries accounted for some.
Federally supported research by the Environmental Protection Agency into problems in the pulp and paper industry is about $5 million annually. An overview of the situation in the various countries with regard to anti-pollution legislation in relation to the pulp and paper industry is provided below.
AUSTRIA
All countries that participated in this study have anti-pollution legislation, but some countries have clearly made more progress than others in transposing their legislation into specifics. In many countries, the current legislation is based on relatively old laws, which in many cases are no longer compliant. Mills that persistently breach the terms of their permits will be fined and, where necessary, their production will be stopped.
BELGIUM
These are minimum standards, applicable to the whole country, which can be made more stringent if the condition of the receiving water so requires. In terms of air pollution, the Canadian federal government is moving toward protective environmental management through legislation that aims to set uniform air quality targets for the entire country. The long-term national objective is to bring all regions of the country to "desirable".
FINLAND
For this reason it was only natural that one of the main lines of promotion of water pollution control was the demand for a higher rate and better efficiency of these methods. This economic aspect is mainly the responsibility of the "agencs financieres de bassin" (basin financial agencies). An instruction issued in 1953 sets out the conditions under which release permits may be issued to "confidential institutions" subject to specifics.
GERMANY
C : Cellulose and/or wood pulp with mineral dyes D : Cellulose and/or wood pulp added to waste paper E : Exclusively waste paper, especially mixed grades F : Rags, semi-cellulose, straw, etc. In Germany, sulfate pulp factories are prohibited and air pollution caused by paper pulp - and the paper industry is therefore relatively low and non-specific.
ITALY
JAPAN 1
As regards air pollution, the legislation was revised in 1968 due to the increasing seriousness of the situation; this led to the 1968 Air Pollution Control Act, Under this Act the central government appointed. In 1970, pollution control legislation was completely overhauled. This gave rise to the current Air Pollution Act, which came into force in 1971, requiring all factories regardless of location that emit smoke or particulates to comply. 205 • Of the standards adopted under air pollution legislation, those relating to the pulp and paper industry relate to particulates, sulfur oxides, methyl mercaptans, hydrogen sulphide and dimethyl-.
THE NETHERLANDS
The law also allows for fines of up to 25,000 florins and prison terms of up to one year. Until now, however, no subsidies have been granted to the pulp and paper industry. It will be necessary to apply for permits, which in the future will be granted by the provinces instead of municipalities, which were.
NORWAY
Regarding air pollution, a new law was promulgated in 1970, but the implementing legislation has not yet been finalized. As far as air pollution is concerned, efforts are being made to coordinate and the situation should be improved now that the Ministry of Environment has been established. The most important law is still the Adjacent Property Relations Act, which has been in force since 1962, according to which the release of pollutants requires prior authorisation.
SPAIN
A 1970 act also enables the government to set a maximum level for the sulfur content of liquid fuels. Mills under construction or in the planning stage must provide the necessary installations to meet all standards once production begins. Legislation regarding air pollution is not yet very far developed. A regulation of the Ministry of Industry, dated June 21, 1968, stipulates that the smoke must not contain more than 0.25 g/m3 of solid matter.
SWEDEN
Existing pulp and paper mills are given a significant amount of time to propose and build treatment facilities. For the sake of speedy investigation, approximately two-thirds of all applications are submitted to the agency. Water pollution regulations do not contain specific standards, neither for wastewater nor for the receiving water.
On the contrary, these figures can be lowered when the situation calls for it by using a combination of the best production techniques and proven treatment methods. Swedish regulations also include guidelines for emission standards that apply specifically to the pulp and paper industry (see Table 3-9). The principle underlying Swiss water pollution legislation is the protection of the natural environment with a view to preserving as much of its initial qualities as possible.
The objective is to achieve, in respect of the receiving water, at least the second of the four internationally recognized categories of water quality ("mesosaprobic Beta"). Technical guidelines for the implementation of the legislation, which are mainly related to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of discharged water must be issued separately. In almost all cases, the guidelines specify the maximum concentration in the effluent rather than fixed quantitative limits.
It is also prescribed that if the waste water is diluted from 0 to 5 times, depending on the ability of the receiving water to dilute, it must not have harmful effects on fish.
TOUTED KINGDOM
233 • Changes to existing legislation are being considered following two recent reports (Wastewater Working Group. Standards to be respected, ie consent conditions attached to a discharge are concerned. As regards air pollution, most industries with special proBXem or requiring specialized technology are under the control of the Alkali and Clean Air Inspectorate, the paper industry is not.
Regulations require that the best possible means be used to prevent or reduce emissions.
UNITED STATES
A detailed description of the contents of these tables is given in the introduction to the appendix. Another factor affecting the validity of the current cost estimates is that technical development may lower pollution control costs in the future. Therefore, in estimating the effects of pollution control costs on the total production costs of the industry, the.
In tables appearing in the text, estimated pollution control costs for and 1980 are presented as a percentage of product price. This comparison provides an approximation of the effect of pollution control costs on total production costs. The cost of pollution control in this category is relatively high compared to the value of the product.
Estimates of the costs of pollution control are available from eleven countries representing 98% of the production QA and 95% cf exports of OECD countries. But it's not just the cost of pollution control paper that affects paper production costs. In France, half of the investment in pollution control devices can be written off in
It should be noted that tax breaks can also have a significant effect on industry pollution abatement costs. 351 • The government loans for investments in pollution control affect the industry's pollution control costs if the loans are granted with a preferential interest rate. In many countries, the capital required to finance pollution control equipment during this five-year period will represent a significant increase in the financial needs of the pulp and paper industry.
COGNARD
HENRI-ROBERT
RUTISHAUSER Directeur de la
Those primary treatment plants that have included chemical coagulation facilities to enhance the treatment are classified as primary treatment plants. iv) average characteristics of the effluent, for water use, suspended solids and BOD. There follow three tables each for suspended solids and BOD designed to calculate the total respective discharge in 1970 and project it for 1975 and 1980;. i) the first of these three tables refers only to those mills operating in 1970 and their 1970. In general, it has been assumed that primary treatment will remove 75-80% of the suspended solids (and about 90% with chemical coagulation) and biological treatment will remove about 80% of the initial BOD.
In fact, they give, for each country and product-ion category, the total suspended solids and BOD discharge for 1970 and the projected total discharges for 1975 and 1980. Reduced water pollution load (kg/ton . suspended solids and BOD) to which these costs correspond is also given for comparison. PROJECTED SOLID SUSPENDED LOADS, NEW PRODUCTION (assuming that all new production will reach a maximum of 10 kg/ton) PREVISION DE LA CHARGE EN MATIERES EN SUPENSION.
Austria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK ANNEX I - SEMICHEMICAL PULP PATES MI-CHIMIQUES TABLE. Austria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Suspended solids Mat.en susp. Austria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Suspended solids Mat .and susp.
PROJECTED HANGING FIXED FIXED LOADS* NEW PRODUCTION (assuming all new production will achieve a maximum of 10 kg/ton) SUPPLY OF DRAWERS AND MATERIALS AND SUSPENSION. Austria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK ANNEX II SULPHITE PULP PATES AU BISULFITE TABLE. Austria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK ANNEX II - SULPHITE PULP PATES AU BISULFITE TABLE.
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