Changes in Women Empowerment

The score of women empowerment of the respondents ranged from 0 to 7 both in pre and post Dipshik:ha period. The average score was 3.96 with a standard deviation of 1 .91 in post Dipshikha period while, the average was 1.84 with a standard deviation of 1 .80 in

pre

Dipshikha period under FDA. On the other hand, under OBA, the score of awareness on health ranged from 0 to 7 in post Dipshikha period and 0 to 6 in pre Dipshikha period. The average was 4.27 with a standard deviation of 1 .91 in post Dipshik:ha period while, the average was 1.91 with a standard deviation of 1 .76 in pre Dipshikha period under OBA. The respondents were classified into three categories on the basis of their empowerment as shown in table 4.40.

The change scores in women empowerment of the respondents ranged from 0 to 6 in FDA and 0 to 7 in OBA. The average change was 2.21 with a standard deviation of 1.81 under FDA while, the average was 2.36 with a standard deviation of 1. 76 in OBA The respondents were classified into five categories on the basis of changes in women empowerment as shown in table 4.39.

A paired t test was employed to compare the difference of empowerment of the respondents between pre and post Dipshikha period under both approaches. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference in empowerment of the rural women between pre and post Dipshikha period under both the approaches at 95 percent confidence level (P<0.000) (Table 4.40). It means Dipshikha generate impact among the beneficiaries through their dedicative, sincere and honest activities concerning empowerment of women under both approaches.

The data in table 4.40 exposed that the percent of high empowered women increased 18 percent after involvement with Dipshikha compared to before involvement in FDA while, it was increased 28 percent in GBA. The percent of low empowered women reduced from 69 percent to 21 percent and 60 percent to 19 percent in FDA and OBA respectively. The medium empowered women increased in post Dipshikha period under both approaches (Table 4.40). The mean score of the respondents in post Dipshikha period under both approaches was higher than that of pre Dipshikha period.

(/) ^O/o

(/)

_% (/) %

(/)

O/o

Low Empowered

69 69% 21 21% 60 60% 19 19%

Score u to 2) Medium

Empowered 28 28% 58 58% 39 39% 52 52%

(Score 3 to 5 High Empowered

3 3% 21 21% 1% 29 29%

Score> 5

AU Classes 100 100% JOO 100% 100 JOO% JOO 100%

J.84 3.96 l.91 4.27

l.80 J.91 1.76 1.91

P<0.000 P<0.000

Pre-Dipsbikba Pre-Dipshikha Post Dipsbikba

Categories Period Period Period

Distribution of Respondent Families in Different Empowerment Groups between Pre and Post Di sbikha Period under FDA and GBA

the effectiveness ofGBA on changes in empowerment of the respondents.

researcher concluded that there was no difference between the effectiveness of FDA and empowerment in FDA and GBA at 95 percent confidence level (Table 4.41). So, the higher than 0.05, there was no significant difference between change of women changes of empowerment of the respondents under FDA and GBA. As the P vaJue is An independent sample t- test was employed to compare the difference between the showed that 27 percent and 17 percent of the

~ndent had no change in their empowerment after involvement with Dipshikha under

IDA

and GBA respectively. Only 6 percent of the respondents under FDA had extreme change on their empowerment while, only 4 percent was in GBA. The maximum 33 percent and 37 percent of the respondents fell under moderate change from FDA and

OBA

respectively. Twenty percent of the respondents had high change followed by 14 percent of little change in family development approach while, 22 percent had high change followed by 20 per cent of little change in GBA.

Family Development Group Based

A roach A roach

Categories Frequency Frequency

(/) %

(/) O/o

No Changes

27 27% 17 17%

status uo

Little change (score

14 14% 20 20%

increased u to I

Moderate change ( score

33 33% 37 37%

increased 2 to 3) High Change ( score

20 20% 22 22%

increased 4 to 5 Extreme change (score

6 6% 4 4%

increased above 5)

Total 100 100% 100 100%

Mean 2.12 2.36

SD 1.81 1.76

Si oificaoce P= 0.342

4.41 SaJieot Features on the Effectiveness of FDA and GBA of Dipshikha on Women Em wermeot

An independent sample t- test was employed to compare the difference between the changes of socio-economic condition of the respondents under FDA and GBA. As the P value is higher than 0.05, there was no significant difference between change of socio- economic condition in FDA and GBA at 95 percent confidence level (Table 4.42). So, The data presented in table 4.42 indicated that more than one fourth of the respondents from both approaches fell under low change category. It means, the both approaches were low effective for one fourth beneficiaries of Dipshikha. The largest proportion of the respondents from both approaches had medium change after involvement with Dipshikba i.e. from 63 percent in FDA and 68 percent in GBA It indicated that the approaches were medium effective for about 65 percent of respondent. Only 10 percent from FDA and only 5 percent from GBA had high change in their socio-economic condition after involvement with Dipshikha.

Table 4.42 Salient Features on the Effectiveness of FDA and G BA of Di shikha Family Development Group Based

Categories A roach A roach

Frequency Frequency

(/) %

(/)

^O/o

Low change

27 27% 27 27%

(0 to 16)

Medium change

63 63% 68 68%

(17 to 32) High Change

lO 10% 5 5%

(32 To 48)

Total 100 100% 100 100%

Mean 21.35 20.78

SD 7.07 6.41

s·

^{nificance p}

⁼

^0.5510

score of changes on socio-economic condition of the respondents under FDA ranged m 6 to 40 and the average was 21.35 with a standard deviation of 7.07. The score GBA ranged from 7 to 37 and the average was 20.78 with a standard deviation of 6.41. The average score showed that a medium changes occurred on the respondents llder both the approaches. However, the respondents were classified into three categories on the basis of their extent of effectiveness on socio-economic condition 13 The extent of effectiveness of family development approach and group based roach of Dipshikha on socio-economic condition of respondent families

This section has been design to describe the contribution of the selected characteristics of

the respondents

from each approach to the (i) effectiveness of Dipshikha GBA

towards

poverty

reduction and (ii) effectiveness

of Dipshikba FDA towards poverty reduction.

The selected characteristics of the respondents of both

approaches have already been

4.3

Contributions

of selected characteristics of the respondents to the effectiveness 1fDipshikha Group Based Approach and Family Development Approach

The figure 4.2

revealed that the effectiveness of FDA was more compared to the

effectiveness of GBA in relation

with high changes

on socio-economic

condition of the

respondents while, the effectiveness of GBA

was more

than that

of FDA.

The low

changes were equal

in

both approaches

means there was no difference

between the

effectiveness of

GBA and FDA

in relation to low change

of the

respondents after involvement with Dipshikha. The average

changes (table 4.42) also

showed that the effectiveness of FDA was higher compared to the effectiveness of GBA although there

was

no significant difference

between

the changes in

FDA and GBA.

Effectiveness of FDA Effectiveness of GSA 20%

40%

•Low Changes

60%

80%

•Medium Change

100% ..,

IJ High Change 10% 5%

re: 4.2 A comparative distributions of respondents according to the effectiveness of FDA and GBA

researcher concluded that there was no difference between the effectiveness of FDA the effectiveness ofGBA towards poverty reduction.

Therefore, to avoid the above mentioned misleading results the method of step wise multiple regression (SMR)

was

employed in order to determine the best explanatory variables and 14 independent variables were fitted together in SMR analysis. The output showed that out of 14 variables only 3 independent variables namely utilization of credit, annual income and attitude towards Dipshikha were entered into the regression equation to describe the relationship with the extent of effectiveness of GBA. The equation of the fitted model is given below;

As far as regression analysis is concerned, general full model of multiple regression (FMMR) was initiaJly run with the 14 independent variables under GBA. The correlation result showed that 12 independent variables namely age, education, family size, farm size, family annual income, savings, group cohesion, credit availability, credit utilization, credit repayment, acceptance of loan received condition and attitude towards Dipshikha had significant relationship with the extent of effectiveness of Dipshikha GBA towards poverty reduction. But it was observed that the FMMR results were misleading due to the existence of interrelationships among the independent variables.

4.3.l Contribution of selected characteristics of the respondents to the extent of efl'ectiveness of group based approach of Dipshikha towards poverty reduction.

'bed in chapter I. Each of these selected characteristics from each approach was eel

as

independent variable. Extend of effectiveness of (1) group based approach and a) family development approach of Dipshikha towards poverty reduction were ndent variables of this study. The procedures followed for the measurement of ndent and independent variables were discussed in chapter III. The independent '8riables in isolation wilJ not give a comprehensive picture of the effects of independent Yariables on effectiveness of Dipshikha approaches. The different characteristics of the iapondents may interact together to contribute a combined effect on the effectiveness of Dipshikha GBA and FDA. Keeping this fact in view, linear multiple regression analysis

was

used separately for each approach to assess the contributions of the independent variables to the effectiveness of (i) group based approach and (ii) family development

The data presented in table 4.43 showed that the multiple Rand R ² values were 0.672 and 0.452 respectively. The adjusted R ² value was 0.435 and the corresponding F-ratio was 26.390. Since the P-value in the ANOVA table was less than 0.01, there was a statistically significant relationship between the variables at the 99.0% confidence level.

It means the variables annual income, credit utilization and attitude towards Dipshikha had positive contribution to the effectiveness of group based approach. Since, the units of measurement were different, unstandardized partial 'b' coefficients were converted into standardized partial 'b' coefficient in order to make variables unit free and put into a meaningful comparison.

*Significant at 0.05 level

**Significant at 0.0 l level

=0.672

=

0.452

=

0.435

=4.820 ultiple R

-squared

Adjusted R-squared Standard Error of Est.

0.028 0.182

Attitude towards

· shikha

0.000 34.513**

0.218 0.000

0.000

0.000 41.491

**

0.244 coefficients

Partial 'b' Standard Error 1.318

Coefficients Parameter

Unstandardized

Standardized partial 'b' Coefficients

2.98 26.390** 0.005

8.611

P-Yalue

9.694*

0.213 0.98

F- value

0.472

Summery of Step-wise Multiple Regression Analysis of the Respondents' Fourteen Selected Independent Variables with extent of effectiveness of GBA b usin Linear Ste -wise Techni ue

1be

remaining 11 variables i.e. Involvement with Dipshikha, age, education, family size,

size, savings,

group cohesion, credit availability, credit repayment, acceptance of condition and training exposure were not fitted into the regression ent of effectiveness of GBA = 8.61123 + 0.9848** Credit utilization+

0.213357* Attitude+ 0.0000707507** Annual Jncome