2. Literature review
2.7 Critical findings from literature review
64 means of skin diffusion, respiration and sweat evaporation is directly affected by the relative humidity. It varied diurnally and may also vary between different microclimate within a given period of time. In urban environment, humidity can be increased locally by passive or semi-passive means (Ahmed, 1996).
Air Flow: Air velocity also influences the convective and evaporative cooling. But if the air temperature is greater than skin temperature, it induces heat gain of the body. In warm humid climate, where air temperature is below skin temperature, increasing the air velocity can cause considerable heat loss. The Beaufort scale provides the mechanical effects at various flow rate (Ahmed, 1996). Air velocity is expressed in m/s (metre per second).
Temporality: Time is an important factor in determining the comfort boundaries because the extent of response may vary with the length or duration of a particular stimulus which can directly influence the tolerance level. Also, the perception of comfort is not a fixed experience. People tend to find comfort in various environmental conditions (Ahmed, 1996).
Among the range of determinants of thermal comfort discussed above, the variables which are consistent with the rationale of Vedic architects are solar insolation, shadow condition and wind flow in case of open space.
65 cardinal directions are followed. Diagrams with similar plot patterns are counted as one.
d) The shortest length of a quadrangular village or any settlement has been found to be 300 dandas. The length to width ratio of rectangular settlements has been suggested to be 2:1, 1¾:1, 1½:1, 1¼:1, 11⁄6:1, 11⁄8 :1 or 1:1.
e) The two principal streets, the Brahmavithi and Mahakalavithi along with the Mangalavithi has been considered to be 5 dandas wide. All the other streets, the Rajapatha, Vamanapatha, Vithi and Marga has been considered to be 2 dandas wide.
f) As vehicles were non-motorized, the ‘movement space’ and ‘social space’ of the streets significantly overlapped. Both the literary sources and the case studies reveal that the streets were social spaces. The principal roads Brahmavithi and Mahakalavithi were used as trade routes and commercial functions. Dedicated pedestrian streets termed as Padya was being provided along with ordinary market streets Vithis and Marga. The streets also used to house social, cultural and religious programs.
g) The suggested floor numbers in the literary sources varies from one to eleven stories. However, case study of Jaipur displays the maximum stories of built structures of the capital to be four given the tertiary street width of 27 ft or 4.5 dandas. As this research uses the width of the Mahakalavithi and Brahmavithi to be 5 dandas, the maximum number of floors has been considered to be four. The peripheral plots or blocks has been considered to be two-storied and intermediate blocks has been considered to house built forms with three stories. The building heights of the same plot or block has been considered to be same as per the bye- laws.
h) The literary sources depicts a definite system for folk planning based on the caste system. However, the case studies shows significant inconsistency regarding following the principles or it may be assumed that the land use changed over time.
As all the information regarding street pattern, plot pattern and height of the built forms can be derived without this data, the research does not include the folk planning or Padavinyasa into consideration.
66 i) Although, the building materials used by the Indo-Aryans ranges from wood to stone, the settlements of Bengal shows the principal materials to be burnt brick in both buildings and road surfaces. Therefore, the simulation of this research will use brick as the building material and external paving for road surfaces.
j) The environmental rationales suggested in the literary sources are mostly developed by empirical knowledge as scientific terms and tools of modern age to quantify the relevant variables were not discovered. The variables in discussion are interpretable by means of sensory perception. Hence, the principle environmental design components are sun, wind and rain. This research therefore find Solar Insolation, shadow condition and wind velocity as the dependent variable which are frequently discussed in the treaties. Solar Insolation and wind velocity are environmental determinants and shadow condition of the streets represents ‘Tropism’, a behavioral determinant of Thermal comfort.
67 References
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Chapter 3
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS
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