e N
...
:EI<AYETPuR
\
\,
\
\
\
\
AREA 1900
AREA 2000
.'\
Fig 4.3: Built up Area 1990/2000 DND (Source: JICA, 1992)
4.5.4 Agricultural Land Loss:
The agricultural area in DND area in 1990 was 3173 ha. It is forecasted (JICA, 1992) that in 2010 agricultural area will be reduced to 532 ha due to urbanization. Farmers whose land is lost will often fail to reorient their occupation to a higher plane, ending up as squatters and so forth. Systematic long term approach and program by the government are sought to avoid such situation. The degree of impact is negative and considered as -3.
4.5.5 Public Health:
Due to flood control in the DND area the water borne diseases reduced significantly.
Flood control also facilitates the applicability of on-site sanitation/human waste disposal means such as pit latrine/leachin pit. During rainy season, occationally contaminated rain water from the industries enter pond and low land carries highly polluted chemicals and pathogens which is obviously a negative impact. Garbage disposal is the responsibility of Dhaka City Corporation (DeC). There is no system to collect garages from the households. The Matuail landfill is a source of irritation to the local community through potential nuisance such as vermin, flies, vectors etc. The degree of impact is negative and considered as -3.
4.5.6 Parasitic Diseases:
Parasitic diseases within the area of project are mainly mosquito borne diseases.
Jaundice, typhoid fever, para typhoid fever are also common. Mosquito borne diseases are dengue or break bone fever, encephalitis, filariasis, malaria, yellow fever etc. The degree of impact is negative and co~sidered as -I.
4.5.7 Nutrition:
The people in the project area have access to the fish available because of adjacent river and beel in the project area. More over due to irrigation HYV rice is also available. The average income of the people of the area is also good. There fore the people of the area has less nutrition problem. The degree of impact is positive and considered as +3.
4.5.8 Public safety:
Over the years, the law and order situation of the DND zone had deteriorated to a great extent (Newspaper information). Number of crime had been on the increase. Therefore, it was thought that the establishment of enough police box with adequate strength should be taken into consideration. The locals in Konapara, Basherpul, Daillah and Matuail are worried about the criminal activities still going on. The degree of impact is negative and considered as -2.
4.5.9 Urban space:
As a whole the project area had no recreational facilities. Thus the large majority of youngsters of the zone were deprived of out door games/sports activities. This is because of the absence of the open space for playgrounds, parks, lakes, etc. healthy outdoor activities, particularly for children and young generation. These might lead many of them to neighborhood-based gangsters and drug addiction. The degree of impact is negative and considered as -2.
4.5.10 Landscape:
The existing agricultural and open water capture fishery lands would be changed to urban use is an indirect consequence. Nevertheless, agricultural productivity and cultural fishery will be enhanced in the DND zone due to flood-protected lands, provided land is reserved for this purpose. This flood free comparatively low value urban fringe land is going to be under tremendous pressure of development. The flood free protected nature of the area makes development less expansive as no landfill is required. The general characteristics of the area are conductive to additional development and there are signs of new industries being set up in this area, which will provide employment opportunity for population living in this area. Sayedabad Water treatment Plant will get water from Sitalakhya River through DND canals (Photo-3). This may help this area to get treated drinking water by piped network. Major utility services like gas and electricity mains pass through this zone. These will ensure availability of these services in this zone. There are large areas containing underdeveloped lands in the zone, which may be taken over to
plan development to accommodate to low-income people at their affordable price. Land study and RAJUK envisaged planned developments in this zone. On completion of DAP the embargo on development in this area should be lifted to ensure planned development of the zone. The degree of impact is positive and considered as +5.
4.5.11 Shopping Center:
About the existing shopping center within and around the zone, 15.2 percent replied in the affirmative whereas 84.6 percent answered in the negative. Previously there were few shopping centers, now the numbers have increased. The degree of impact is considered as +2.
4.5.12 Medical Facilities:
Regarding the existing medical and health care facilities within DND(N) zone- 26.7%t replied in the affirmative where as 73.3 % answered in the negative. For 5.83 % of households conditions were considered "Good". About 77.37 % considered "Moderate"
and "Bad" for rest. Previously there were few medical clinic/centers, now the numbers have increased, The degree of impact is considered as +2.
4.5.13 Disposal of Garbage:
About the availability of garbage disposal facilities within the project area (mainly is the responsibility of the DeC) the overwhelming majority of the households replied in the negative. Thus it could easily be presumed about the actual cleanliness condition prevailing in the zone, Alarmed by the lack of disposal of garbage facilities which might result in spread of various diseases. The degree of impact is negative and considered as - 2.
4.6 Impact Identification:
Based on previous study and information Table 4.12 is prepared. The identified impacts are shown by stepped matrix developed by Johnson and Bell (1975).
75
Table 4.12: Impact Identification DND
Project Element 1m act Condition
~
*
00
Initial Changes FinalPHYSICAL RESOURCE Surface Water
0
Changed water Water Deterioration ofQuality quality becoming environment
polluted Ground Water
*
Quality good-
Good publicQuality health
Air & Noise 0 Changed air
-
Change inPollution auality climate
Soil Quality 0 Changed soil Deterioration of
qualitv environment
Climate No significant
change
Hydrology No significant
change
ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE
Fisheries
0
Less fish Less fish Less incomemigration population
Aquatic biology 0 Less Nutrient Less Primary Less Aquatic Productivitv Population
Terrestrial flora 0 Change of Future
& fauna terrestrial flora urbanization
& fauna reduce
terrestrial flora
& fauna Forest
*
Increased social Betterforest environment
HUMAN USE VALUE
Agriculture 0 Lass of Lessjob
agriculture area opportunity
Water Supply
*
More water More use Good publicsupply health
Navigation 0 Reduced Less job
navigation opportunity
Power/Gas
*
More power More use Better humansupply and gas supplv life
Drainage 0 Poor drainage Bad effect on
human life
Sewerage and 0 Goverrunent is Good human
waste disposal taking care health
Sanitation 0 Poor sanitation Effect on
human health
Recreation -{:( More recreation More tourism More job
resource development opportunity
Flood Control -{:( Reduced flood Economic gain
hazard Industry
~
More industrial More job
development opportunity
Road/Railway
~ More road more Better
network communication
Land use 0 Less agriculture Less product Less income
QUALITY OF LIFE VALUE Socio-
~ More income Better standard Better
economic ofliving socioeconomic
condition
Resettlement 0 More More social More social
immigrant instability oroblem
Population 0 More More social More social
population instability problem growth
Agricultural 0 Loss of Less product Less job
Land Loss agriculture land
Public Health 0 More pollutant More diseases Future
& vector urbanization
decrease public health
Parasitic 0 More pollutant More diseases Future
Diseases &vector urbanization
decrease public health Nutrition
-{:( More protein Better nutrient Better health
source status
Public safety 0 Crime Insecure urban
increased life
Urban space 0 Less urban Poor urban life
space Landscape
~ Change of Land value
landscape increased due
to urbanization
Shopping -{:( More shopping Better urban
Centre centre life
Medical -{:( More medical Better urban
Facility facility life
waste disposal taking care health
Sanitation 0 Poor sanitation Effect on
human health Recreation
'*
More recreation More tourism More job resource development opportunity Flood Control'*
Reduced flood Economic gainhazard Industry
~
More industrial More job
development opportunity
RoadJRailway
~ More road more Better
network communication
Land use 0 Less agriculture Less product Less income
QUALITY OF LIFE VALUE Socio-
~ More income Better standard Better
economIc ofliving socioeconomic
condition
Resettlement 0 More More social More social
immigrant instability problem
Population 0 More More social More social
population instability problem growth
Agricultural 0 Loss of Less product Lessjob
Land Loss agriculture land
Public Health 0 More pollutant More diseases Future
& vector urbanization
decrease public health
Parasitic 0 More pollutant More diseases Future
Diseases &vector urbanization
decrease public health Nutrition
'*
More protein Better nutrient Better healthsource status
Public safety 0 Crime Insecure urban
increased life
Urban space 0 Less urban Poor urban life
space Landscape
'!:I
Change oflandscape increased dueLand value to urbanization Shopping'*
More shopping Better urbanCentre centre life
Medical
'*
More medical Better urbanFacility facilitv life
Based on field investigation and public opinion survey, an initial environmental impact assessment has been made and presented through checklist form in Table 4.13. According to usual practice the degree of environmental impacts due to urbanization of DND project varies within the range -5 to +5; -5 representing an extremely negative impact and +5 representing an extremely positive impact and higher the number, higher the degree of impact. The weight given in Physical Resource is 100, in Ecological resource is 100 and in Human Use Value is 400 and in Quality of Life Value is 400; total is 1000.
Table: 4.13 Impact Prediction
Poor urban life
-5 -4 -3 -2
-I
0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5x
X
x x
x x
o
Symbol:~ Major Positive Impact;* Minor Positive Impact;
o
Major Negative Impact 0 Minor Negative Impact;4.7 Impact Prediction &Assessment:
PHYSICAL RESOURCE Surface Water Quality Ground Water Quality Air & Noise Pollution Soil Quality
Climate Hydrology ECOLOGICAL RESOURCE Fisheries
Aquatic biology
Terrestrial flora &fauna Forest
HUMAN USE VALUE Agriculture
Water Supply Navigation
Power/Gas supply Drainage
Sewerage and waste disposal
Sanitation
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
Recreation X
Flood Control X
Industry x
RoadlRailway x
Land use x
QUALITY OF LIFE VALUE
Socio-economic x
Resettlement x
Population x
Agricultural Land Loss x
Public Health x
Parasitic Diseases x
Nutrition X
Public safety x
Urban space x
Landscape x
Shopping Centre x
Medical Facility x
Disposal of Garbage x
Table: 4.14 Impact Assessment
Relative Without With Change of Impact of Each Importance Urbanization Urbanization Condition Parameter
(Wi) (Vi), (Vi), (Vi), . (Vi), (Wi) ( (Vi),. (Vi),
)
PHYSICAL 100
RESOURCE
Surface Water 25 -I -5 -4 -100
Quality
Ground Water 25 +3. +3 0 0
Quality
Air & Noise 20 0 -2 -2 -20
pollution
Soil Quality 10 "2 -1 +1 +10
Climate 10 0 0 0 0
Hydrology 10 0 0 0 0
ECOLOGICAL 100 Sub Total -110
RESOURCE
Fisheries 40 -2 -5 -3 -120
Aquatic 20 -I -2 -1 -20
biology
Terrestrial 20 -1 -2 -1 -20
flora & fauna
Forest 20 +1 +2 +1 +20
HUMAN USE 400 Sub Total -140
VALUE
Agriculture 30 +2 -2 -4 -120
Water Supply 30 0 +3 +3 +90
Navigation 30 +1 -2 -3 -90
Power/Gas 30 0 +3 +3 +90
supply
Drainage 30
-I
-2-I
-30Sewerage and 30 -1 -2 -1 -30
waste disposal
Sanitation 30 -3 -2 +1 +30
Recreation 30 +2 +3 +1 +30
Flood Control 50 +3 +3 0 0
Industry 30 0 +4 +4 +120
Road/Railway 30 +2 +4 +2 +60
Land use 50 0 -2 -2 -100
QUALITY OF 400 Sub Total +50
LIFE VALUE
Socio- 50 +1 +4 +3 +150
economic
Resettlement 30 -2 -2 0 0
Population 30
-I
-2 -I -30Agricultural 30
-I
-3 -2 -60Land Loss
Public Health 30
-I
-3 -2 -60Parasitic 30
-I -I
0 0Diseases
Nutrition 30 +1 +3 +2 +60
Public safety 30
-I
-2-I
-30Urban space 30 -2 -2 0 0
Landscape 30 +1 +5 +4 +120
Shopping 20 0 +2 +2 +40
Centre
Medical 30 0 +2 +2 +60
Facility
Disposal of 30 -I -2 -I -30
Garbage
Sub Total +220
Grand Total +20
4.8 Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures
The positive and negative impacts likely to result from the urbanization of DND project area are identified and assessed. A plan is presented in Table: 4.15 to eliminate, reduce or offset significant adverse impacts and to enhance the positive impacts.
Urbanization population will exert
living Land value increased due to urbanization.
Industrial activity creates lot of job opportunity for the people of the area.
Remarks
Future and increase additional environmental
improvement demand.
Effect due to change in agriculturallanduse to urban and others Mitigation Measure
Aquatic wildlife
sanctuary/conservation is recommended
Change in land use to urban will exert long term effect. Terresetrial wildlife sanctuary /
conservation is
recommended.
The public health and surface water quality items are interrelated, and could be dealt with integrally as future living environmental and water quality improvement projects of water supply, sewerage and sanitation
and solid waste
management. Such measures are conditional in order to realize along term urban environmental benefit
The people affected
through loss of
agriculture land needs to give priority in the industrial jobs.
+ve
-ve
- ve
- ve
- ve Type of Environmental
Effect +ve
Table 4.15: Environmental Effect and Mitigation Measures:
Industrial Activity
Agriculture Aquatic Flora &
Fauna Landscape
Item
Public Health
Terrestrial wild Flora
& Fauna
Aqua culture &
fishery
Surface Water Quality
Navigation
Loss of Agricultural Land
Drainage, and sanitation
Public safety
Disposal of Garbage
Air Pollution
- ve
- ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
Projects should be. Potential effect on designed to protect culture fishery existing fisheries, othjer (aquaculture) due to means to increase flood change in land use plain fish production
must also be developed such as stocking of flood plains, rivers and beels.
Aquaculture in paddy field and intensive fish culture in tanks and borrowpits.
Industrial effluent should Effect due to increased be treated before pollution load
releasing in to the surface generation water.
Provide openings at major routes and construct road structures leaving adequate clearance above HFL for plying boats.
Intensive agriculture is
encouraged to
compensate the loss.
Urban and industrial expansion will add to existing problems of urban drainage, sanitation pollution, which need to be addressed in different project planning.
Improve Law and Order situation. More police box to be provided In different places of DND zone.
More garbage bin to be provided under the Dhaka City Corporation Matuail Garbage yard to be planned properly to reduce air pollution.
4.9 Environmental management plan Urban development plan
The present development trends in the study area as well as the opinion! socio-economic study predict that major urbanization in the area is inevitable. Eventually the requirement for all types of urban facilities will be pre-requisite for normal life of the inhabitants of the area. In absence of facilities other than housing the environmental situation will degrade gradually. As such a planned development of the area is a must in order to keep the environmental condition favorable for the inhabitants. To ensure planned development a master plan detailed development plan for areas on priority basis are to be prepared and followed. The local authoritylbody be empowered for controlling the planned development and enforcement for rules and regulations pertinent to the development.
Development work
The development work is the program area would consist of house building, road construction, and drainage system, pipeline construction both for water and gas, electric cable laying and sewerage line construction, sanitary landfill, water and waste treatment plan. During the construction phase necessary precaution is to be taken to minimize drainage congestion, air pollution through addition of excessive dust, lack of sanitation, sound pollution, surface water quality deterioration and traffic congestion. Environmental management is also required for post development situation which would address solid waste management, on site and off site sanitation, appropriate management of the wastes from treatment plants and environmental consideration for other associated utility service.
Green-belt landscaping
As per urban region planning, there should be 25% green belt in the landscaping of development area. Also buffer zone for specific pollutant category is to be considered for
balanced development. The green belt and landscaping should be prepared as per master plan.
Reuse/recycling of waste
The recycling and reclamation of waste are to be promoted for conservation of resources and preservation of environmental degradation.
Investment planning
There should be sufficient provision for both capital and O&M cost especially for road, sewerage system, treatment plant, and solid waste management and for other utility services.
Management organization
Development work needs constant supervIsIOn for systematic and planned progress, quality control, enforcement of rules and regulations and maintenance of the secondary development work such as development at private level. To facilitate the development.
activities there should be a management organization responsible for getting approval for development plan and budget from higher authority, implementation of primary level of development work and monitoring private level development work.
Environmental monitoring program
The environmental-monitoring program for monitoring of ambient environmental quality
for strategic location necessary parameters and at required frequency is to be planned
including effluent and emission if any. Monitoring data should be compiled, analyzed and
evaluation report is to be prepared for future reference and management decision.
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion:
After the study on " Environmental Impact Assessment Due to the Urbanization of DND project area" the following conclusion may be drawn:
(i) The area is situated near the Dhaka City which was a Flood Control Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI) project, but due to the tremendous pressure of urbanization it did not urbanized in a proper manner rather it is urbanized in a haphazard way.
(ii) The objective of the study is to find out the positive and negative parameters under the Environmental Evaluation System (EES) methodology and the following is the broad findings of the study: Out of 35 parameters the non- affected. parameters are climate & hydrology (Total 2). Negatively affected parameters are surface water quality, air & noise pollution, soil quality, fisheries, aquatic biology, terrestrial flora & fauna, agriculture, navigation, drainage, sewerage & waste disposal, sanitation, resettlement, population, agricultural land loss, public health, parasitic disease, public safety, urban space, and disposal of garbage (Total 19). Positive parameters are ground water quality, forest, water supply, power/gas supply, recreation, flood control, industry, road/railway, socio- economic, nutrition, shopping center, medical facility and landscape (Total 13).
Overall environment carry positive values of environmental impacts units (EIUs).
(iii) The basic negative findings can be described as follow: (a) Surface water deterioration due to the industrial as well as homestead pollution which pollutes the nearby canals and finally discharges into the river Lakya. There are so many dying industries situated in DND area where the effluent not being treated. (b) The fisheries sector also deteriorated due to surface water pollution and hence it is suggested to increase more culture fish production in the project area. (c) Drainage condition inside the project area deteriorated considerably. People suffer a lot during the monsoon period due to improper drainage system and haphazard
urbanization also due to the lack of drainage infrastructure. (d) The sanitation condition did not improve adequately. The area is not under Dhaka City Corporation jurisdiction. People still uses open space defecation. (e) Air and noise being polluted in DND project area. Huge number of traffic passes through the area daily. The Dhaka-Chittagong highway passes through the area in the northern part. DCC solid waste dumping yard situated at Matuail just near the project area, gives fowl smell all the time. The industrial area at Jurain and Postogola situated in the project area creates air and noise pollution. (f) The Public safety that is the law and order situation plays vital role for an urban situation. But in DND area it deteriorated very much. The number of police control station to be increased. Every day we find several crime reports about the area. (g) The agriculture promotions hampered due to the urbanization. It is suggested that intensive agriculture be encouraged to compensate the loss. (h) regarding disposal of garbage it is suggested that more garbage bin to be provided under the Dhaka City Corporation
(iv) The basic positive findings can be described as follow: (a) Because of the industrialization in the project area people of the area gets job here and there specially on the both sides of the river Sitalakhya. (b) The landscape of the area is changed. The area is not a rural area now. The area is close to the City center i.e.
Motijheel as a result of fact the land value of the area increased tremendously during the last decade. (c) The area is flood free in nature, which attracts people to live inside the area. (d) The area is very much well connected by road and railway to other parts of the country, which is a positive impact. (e) The socio-economic condition of the area is good. The people of the area are relatively educated. There living standard is good and they earn relatively better income. (f)The area has access to the electricity, gas and water supply system (g) the medical facility and shopping centers increased considerably in the DND project area. Recently Matuail mother and child clinic established in the project area. (h) Regarding recreation facilities in the project area, their area some retarding pond situated in the project area and the river Lakhya adjacent to the project area attracts people for recreation.