দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ ও পরবর্তী ঘটনাপ্রবাহ

(1)

wØZxq wek¦hy× I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q-

 cvV-1 : hy‡×i weeiY I A¶kw³i AvZ¥mgc©b

 cvV-2 : hy×Kvjxb K‚UbxwZ I wewfbœ m‡¤§jb

 cvV-3 : RvwZmsN

cvV-4 : Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq Dcwb‡ekev‡`i cZb

 cvV-5 : ¯œvqy hy‡×i D‡ËRbv cÖkgb, mgvwß I bZzb wek¦e¨e¯’v

(2)

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i weeiY I A¶kw³i AvZ¥mgc©Y

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV c‡o Avcwb-

 wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ch©vqµwgK NUbv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 wØZxq wek¦hy‡× msNwUZ cwieZ©bKvix hy×mg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 wØZxq wek¦hy‡× civwRZ A¶kw³ ej‡qi †`kmg~‡ni AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi welqwU Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i cieZ©x K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ BD‡iv‡c Avevi msKU m„wó nq| BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ

†`‡k we‡klZ cÖ_g gnvhy‡× civwRZ Rvg©vwb‡Z DMÖ RvZxqZvev` e¨vcKfv‡e we¯Í…Z nq| 1929- 30 mv‡ji gnvg›`v wewfbœ †`‡k `~ive¯’v m„wó Ki‡j d¨vwm÷ `j¸wj Gi c~Y© my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i Ges Rbmg_©b‡K e¨envi K‡i BZvwj I Rvg©vwb‡Z ¶gZv `Lj K‡i|

Rvg©vwb‡Z wnUjvi Ges BZvwj‡Z gy‡mvwjwb e¨vcK mgim¾vi m~Pbv K‡ib| mgMÖ BD‡ivc `y‡Uv ci¯úi we‡ivax mvgwiK wkwe‡i wef³ n‡q hvq| Rvg©vwb I BZvwj hy‡×i m~Pbv K‡i| wnUjvi

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ AbvµgY Pyw³ K‡i weª‡Ub e¨ZxZ cwðg BD‡ivc `Lj m¤úbœ K‡ib|

wKš‘ wKQyw`b c‡iB wnUjvi nVvr †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµgY K‡i mevB‡K we®§Z K‡ib|

wek¦L¨vZ ¯ÍvwjbMÖv‡`i hy‡× iæk jvj evwnbxi nv‡Z wnUjv‡ii †mbvevwnbxi civRq hy‡×i †gvo Nywi‡q †`q| `~icÖv‡P¨i AvwacZ¨ wb‡q Rvcvb I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wQj| Rvcvb gvwK©b †bŠNuvwU cvj nvievi AvµgY Ki‡j hy³ivóª wgÎc‡¶i n‡q hy‡× †hvM †`q| ch©vqµ‡g BZvwj, Rvg©vwb I Rvcv‡bi civRq N‡U| eZ©gvb cv‡V hy‡×i ch©vqµwgK weeiY, weL¨vZ hy×mg~n Ges A¶kw³i AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

hy‡×i we¯Ívi t wØZxq wek¦hy×‡K me©vZ¥K hy× (Total War) ejv nq| ¯’j, Rj I AšÍix¶‡Zv e‡UB, mgy`ªM‡f©I hy× we¯Í…Z n‡qwQj| gviYv‡¯¿i eënvi, hy‡×i e¨wß, †jvK¶‡qi wePv‡i cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Zzjbvq wØZxqwU AviI fqven iƒc †bq| 1939 mv‡j 1 †m‡Þ¤î Rvg©vwb †cvj¨vÛ AvµgY Ki‡j d«vÝ I Bsj¨vÛ Rvg©vb‡ì weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| wKš‘ hy‡×i cÖ¯ÍzwZ‡Z wKQy mgq e¨q n‡j wnUjvi †cvj¨vÛ `Lj K‡i †bb| Gi ci mvgvb¨ ARynv‡Z wnUjvi †WbgvK© I biI‡q AwaKvi K‡ib| kw³kvjx AvZ¥i¶v ey¨n g¨vwR‡bv jvBb †f` K‡i d«vÝ AvµgY KwVb GB we‡ePbvq wnUjvi 1940 mv‡j †g gv‡m jy‡·gevM©, †ejwRqvg I nj¨vÛ AvµgY Ki‡jb| fvm©vB mwÜ Abyhvqx †ejwRqvg‡K †Ìqv AÂj¸wj cybivq Rvg©vbMY `Lj K‡i| nj¨vÛ‡K c`vbZ K‡i wnUjvi AZwK©‡Z d«vÝ Avµg‡Y K‡i| `kwU cvbRvi ev U¨v¼ wWwfmb, 3000 mv‡Rvqv Mvwo wb‡q 89 b¤î Rvg©vb c`vwZK wWwfkb wgÎc‡¶i ey¨n †f` K‡i DËi d«vÝ GwM‡q hvq|

wgÎevwnbx m¤ú~Y© Aeiæ× n‡q c‡o| 27 †g †_‡K 4 Vv Ry‡bi g‡a¨ cÖvq mv‡o wZb j¶ Bs‡iR I Ab¨vb¨ wgÎ‡mbv‡K 850 wU nvjKv †bŠhv‡b d«v‡Ýi WvbKvK© e›ì †_‡K Bsj¨v‡Û wb‡q hvIqv nq| AcÖwZnZ MwZ‡Z AMÖmi n‡q Rvg©vb evwnbx mgMÖ DËi d«vÝ AwaKvi K‡i| gy‡mvwjwbI wgÎc‡¶i weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i I BZvwj msjMœ d«v‡Ýi wKQy Ask `Lj K‡i †bb| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× d«v‡Ýi nv‡Z Rvg©vwbi civR‡qi cÖwZ‡kva †bIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ 1918 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤î Kv‡¤úB-Gi ebvÂ‡j †h †ijMvwoi g‡a¨ Rvg©vb cÖwZwbwa‡ì AvZ¥mgc©‡Y eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj,

cvV - 1

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 271 wnUjv‡ii Av‡`‡k †mB †ijMvwoi KvgivwU wVK †mB ¯’v‡bB Avbv nq Ges 1940 mv‡ji 21 Ryb Kvgivi Af¨šÍ‡i divwm cÖwZwbwaMY Rvg©vb †mbvcwZ KvB‡U‡ji Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| wnUjvi

¯^qs †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| DËi d«vÝ Rvg©vwbi AšÍf©~³ nq| `w¶Y d«v‡Ý wfwP (Vichy) bv‡g GK¯’vb bv‡ggvÎ ¯^vaxb divwm miKvi Rvg©vwbi Zvu‡e`vi n‡q ¶xY Aw¯ÍZ¡ euvwP‡q ivL‡jv gvk©vj

†cZuv nb evu GB cyZzj miKv‡ii cÖavb|

BD‡iv‡c wnUjv‡ii AcÖwZnZ AMÖMwZ‡Z Bs‡iR cÖavbgš¿x †P¤^vi‡jB‡bi weiæ‡× weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó nIqvq wZwb c`Z¨vM K‡ib| 1940 mv‡ji 10 †g DBb÷b PvwP©j bZzb cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡

MÖnY K‡ib| Rvg©vb Avµg‡Yi cieZ©x j¶¨ weª‡Ub wQj| mgy`ª DcK‚‡ji †emvgwiK †jvKRb‡K AcmviY K‡i Rvg©vb †bŠ-Avµg‡Yi weiæ‡× †mLv‡b e¨e¯’v †bIqv nq| eva¨Zvg~jK mvgwiK e„wË Pvjy Kiv nq| Aíeqmx Bs‡iR wegvb PvjKMY kw³kvjx jydZI‡q‡d‡¼ (Rvg©vb wegvb eni) ch©y`¯Í K‡i 15 AvM‡÷i g‡a¨ †gvU 180 wU Rvg©vb wegvb Zviv aŸsm K‡i| evi evi weª‡Ub Avµg‡Yi †Póv K‡iI wnUjvi e¨_© nq|

wnUjvi Bs‡iR‡`i Avwd«Kvq Rã Kivi e¨e¯’v K‡ib| BZvwj weªwUk †mvgvwjj¨vÛ AwaKvi K‡i|

Zviv wgki I my‡qR Lvj `Lj K‡i f‚ga¨mvMi AÂ‡j weªwUk cÖvavb¨ Le© Kivi †Póv K‡i| Rvg©vb

†mbvcwZ †iv‡gj GK `ya©l© †mbvevwnbx wb‡q wgk‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iIbv nb| Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ Iqv‡fj BZvwji AMÖMwZ †iva K‡ib| Bs‡iR evwnbx Avwewmwbqv AwaKvi K‡i †bq|

BwZg‡a¨ ejKvb AÂ‡j hy× we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| BZvwj wMÖm AvµgY Ki‡j weª‡Ub wMÖ‡mi c¶

†bq| eyj‡Mwiqv Zvi üZ AÂ‡j D×v‡ii Rb¨ BZvwj-Rvg©vwb A¶kw³i c‡¶ †hvM †`q| wnUjvi -

hy‡M v¯øvwfqv AwaKvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³ivóª mvnvh¨ `v‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ †`q| wKš‘

hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Zfv‡eB Rvg©vwbi AbyMZ _v‡K| µ‡g Rvg©vwb wMÖm I hy‡Mv¯øvwfqv AwaKvi K‡i †bq| mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c weª‡Ub wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o|

†mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡bi †hvM`vb t wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv wnUjv‡ii †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµgY| `y eQ‡iiI Kg mg‡qi c~‡e© m¤úvw`Z AbvµgY Pyw³ f½ K‡i wnUjvi GB Avµg‡Yi wm×všÍ †bb| GB Pyw³i cÖwZ wnUjvi KLbB kª×vevb wQ‡jb bv| gZv`k©MZ we‡iva QvovI BD‡µ‡bi Lv`¨km¨ I evKzi †c‡Uªvwjqv‡gi cÖwZ wnUjv‡ii `„wó wQj| Ab¨w`‡K evwëK I ejKvb AÂ‡j Rvg©vb AMÖMwZ‡K mybR‡i bv †`L‡jI ÷vwjb Rvg©vwbi m‡½ m™¢ve eRvq †i‡L P‡jb| wKš‘ ¶gZvi M‡e© gË wnUjv‡ii Kv‡Q Gi †Kvb g~j¨ wQj bv|

1941 mv‡ji 21 Ryb wKQy D”Pc`¯’ iæk Kg©Pvixi m¤§v‡b wnUjvi GK ˆbk‡fv‡Ri Av‡qvRb K‡ib| mKj‡K wew®§Z K‡i ciw`bB wekvj Rvg©vb evwnbx †mbvcwZ cvDjv‡mi Aax‡b iæk mxgvšÍ AwZµg K‡i SwUKvMwZ‡Z g‡¯‹vi w`‡K Qy‡U hvq| DË‡i evwëK †_‡K `w¶‡Y K…òmvMi ch©šÍ 400 wK:wg: mxgvšÍ Ry‡o iæk-Rvg©vb hy× ïiæ nq| gvÎ 26 w`‡b Rvg©vb evwnbx g‡¯‹vi `yB- Z…Zxqvsk `~iZ¡ cvi n‡q hvq| †jwbbMÖv` Aeiæ× nq| jvj‡dŠR †cvovgvwUi bxwZ (Scorched Earth Policy) AbymiY K‡i cðv`cmiY K‡i| A‡±vei gv‡mi †Mvovq g‡¯‹vI Aeiæ× nq|

wnUjvi m`‡c© †NvlYv K‡ib, Gevi P~ovšÍ hy‡×i ïiæ| P~ovšÍ hy× GwU wQj wVKB, Z‡e Rvg©vb c‡¶ bq, †mvwf‡qZ c‡¶|

B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖej kx‡Zi cÖ‡Kv‡c Rvg©vb evwnbx w`‡knviv n‡q c‡o| my`~i evwj©‡bi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vB Am¤¢e n‡q I‡V| iæk jvj‡dŠR Rvg©vb‡ì cÖejfv‡e evav †`q| 1942 mv‡ji cÖ_g jvj‡dŠR †jwbbMÖvW gy³ K‡i| †m‡Þ¤^‡i ïiæ nq weL¨vZ ÷vwjbMÖv‡ì hy×| Amg mvnwmKZvi m‡½ iæk RbMY jvj‡dŠ‡Ri m‡½ GK‡hv‡M Rvg©vb‡ì m‡½ i³¶qx msMÖv‡g wjß nq| b‡f¤î gv‡m †mbvcwZ SzK‡fi Aax‡b iæk evwnbx Rvg©vb‡ì †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ K‡i w`‡j 1943 mv‡ji

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Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Rvg©vb †mbvcwZ cvDjvm AvZ¥mgc©‡Y eva¨ nb| iæk Rbmvavi‡Yi AZzjbxq exiZ¡

I †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e ¯ÍvwjbMÖv‡`i hy× BwZnv‡m ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q|

Rvcv‡bi †hvM`vb

cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂ‡j Rvcvwb †bŠ-kw³i Afy¨Ìvb gvw©K©b hy³ivóª m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`‡L| Px‡b Rvcv‡bi AvMÖvmx bxwZI gvwK©b hy³ivóª cQ›` K‡iwb| †Kbbv hy³ivóª BZvwji m‡½ Rvcv‡bi ˆgÎxI gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi AcQ›` wQj| 1938 mv‡j Rvcvb‡K wegvb mieivn gvwK©b hy³ivóª eÜ K‡i †`q| µ‡g †c‡UªvwjqvgRvZ `ªe¨, †jvnv I hy‡×i cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY ißvwbI eÜ nq|

Rvcv‡b GB AvksKv †`Lv hvq †h, gvwK©b hy³ivóª nq‡Zv me ai‡bi AZ¨vek¨K `ª‡e¨i ißvwbB eÜ K‡i †`‡e| †mRb¨ Zvi `„wó c‡o ˆZj-mg„× Ij›`vR AwaK…Z B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Ici| 1941 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m `w¶Y B‡›`vPxb `Lj K‡i †bq| weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³ivóª Rvcv‡b †Zj mieivn eÜ K‡i|

bewbhy³ Rvcvwb cÖavbgš¿x †Zv‡Rv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ms‡M GK Pyw³i cÖ¯Íve Ki‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Pxb I B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Rvcvwb ˆm‡bï AcmviY `vwe K‡i| Rvcv‡bi Kv‡Q GB `vwe G‡Kev‡iB MÖnY‡hvM¨ wQj bv| IqvwksU‡b gvwK©b hy³ivóª I Rvcv‡bi cÖwZwbwa‡ì g‡a¨ hLb †kl ch©v‡qi Av‡jvPbv Pj‡Q †mB mgq 1941 mv‡ji 7 B wW‡m¤î AZwK©Z Rvcvwb wegvbeni nvIqvB Øx‡c cvj© nvievi †bŠ-NvwU AvµgY K‡i fxlYfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í K‡i| †mB m‡½ Rvcvb, weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| gvwK©b hy³ivóªI GKBfv‡e Rvg©vwbi †cvj¨vÛ AvµgY w`‡q BD‡iv‡c †h hy‡×i m~ÎcvZ, cvj©nviev‡i †evgv el©‡Yi d‡j Zv `~i cÖv‡PÏ we¯Í…Z nq|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †hvM`vb t wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ n‡j gvw©K©b hy³ivó wbi‡c¶ _vK‡jI †mLvbKvi RbgZ wgÎkw³f‚³ MYZvwš¿K ivóª¸wji c‡¶ wQj| weª‡Ub I d«vÝ‡K A¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ hy‡×i DcKiY wewµ Kiv ïiæ nq| wKš‘ hy‡×i ZxeªZv e„w× †c‡jI µgk Zv Avwd«Kv, f‚ga¨mvMi I ejKvb AÂ‡jI Qwo‡q co‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi c‡¶ m¤ú~Y© wbi‡c¶Zv eRvq ivLv KwVb n‡q c‡o| 1941 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m hy³ivóªxq Ks‡MÖm †jÛ-jxR AvBb (Lend-Lease Act) cvk K‡i hy×iZ wgÎkw³eM©‡K A¯¿ mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi wm×všÍ †bq| 1941 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m DËi AvUjvw›U‡Ki wbDdvDÛj¨v‡Ûi wbK‡U gvwK©b iYZix AvM÷v I Bs‡iR iYZix wcÖÝ Ad I‡qj‡m ivóªcwZ iæR‡fë I cÖavbgš¿x Pvw©P©‡ji g‡a¨ GKvwaK ˆeV‡Ki ci weL¨vZ AvUjvw›UK mb`

(Atlantic Charter) cÖKvwkZ nq| wek¦kvwšÍ i¶vq Acivci e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ AvµgYKvix ivóª¸wji weiæ‡× mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai D‡jøL Kiv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi evwYwR¨K RvnvR¸wj Rvg©vb Wz‡evRvnv‡Ri Øviv µgvMZ AvµvšÍ n‡Z _vK‡j gvwK©b †bŠ-evwnbx‡K Dchy³ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z ejv nq| K‡qK gvm ci cvj©nviev‡i Rvcvwb †evgv el©‡Yi m‡½ m‡½B gvwK©b hy³ivóª wek¦hy‡× †hvM

†`q|

BZvwji civRq t wnUjvi I gy‡mvwjwb †gvUvgywU GKB gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx I †ivg-evwj©b-†UvwKI A¶Pyw³i kwiK n‡jI Df‡qi g‡a¨ A‡bK wel‡qB g‡Zi Awgj wQj| wnUjvi `xN©¯’vqx hy‡×i Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ n‡jI BZvwji †m ¶gZv wQj bv| gy‡mvwjwb wnUjvi‡K ¯úó Rvwb‡q †`b †h,

†cvj¨v‡Ûi hy× AvÂwjK hy× †NvlYv Ki‡j BZvwj wbi‡c¶ _vK‡e| wKš‘ gy‡mvwjwb wnUjvi‡K weiZ Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| Z`ycwi BZvwji UvBi‡j Rvg©vb Awaevmx‡`i fwel¨r wb‡q Df‡qi g‡a¨

gZwe‡iva wQj| AZGe wek¦hy‡×i cÖ_g w`‡K Rvg©vwb I BZvwji m¤úK© gayi wQj bv|

Rvg©vwbi we®§qKi mvdj¨ Ges d«v‡Ýi cZb cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b NUvq| 1940 mv‡j Ryb gv‡m wnUjvi I gy‡mvwjwbi g‡a¨ wgDwb‡L GK ˆeVK nq| d«v‡Ýi m‡½ Dfq †`‡kiB hy×weiwZ

¯^v¶wiZ nq| wKš‘ `ywU cÖ‡kœ Avevi gZv‰bK¨ †`Lv †`q| cÖ_gZ Rvgv©wb d«vÝ‡K A¶kw³i AšÍf‚©³ K‡i weª‡U‡bi weiæ‡× Zv‡K e¨env‡ii c¶cvwZ wQj| BZvwj G‡Z AvcwË K‡i|

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 273 wØZxqZ, BZvwj †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvi m‡½ wgÎZvi c‡¶ wQj, wKš‘ Rvg©vwb Zv gv‡bwb| gZwe‡iva m‡Ë¡I wgÎZvi c‡¶ wQj, wKš‘ Rvg©vwb Zv gv‡bwb| gZwe‡iva m‡ËI f‚ga¨mvMixq I ejKvb hy‡×

Rvg©vwb BZvwj‡K meiKg mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kivq BZvwj Rvg©vwbi †bZ…Z¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq| Rvg©vwbi

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi weiæ‡× hy× †m mg_©b K‡i| Rvcvb gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv Ki‡j BZvwjI hy× †NvlYv K‡i|

1942 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS †_‡K hy‡×i MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq| Avwd«Kvq B½-gvwK©b evwnbx BZvwj‡K civ¯Í K‡i| 1943 mv‡ji †g gv‡m wgÎc¶ wZDwbm I wiRvU©v `Lj K‡i wb‡j Avwd«Kvq Avi

†Kv‡bv BZvjxq mvgªv‡R¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iB‡jv bv| Gi ci wgÎc‡¶i j¶¨ wQj wmwmwj| gvwK©b

†mbvcwZ c¨vUb I Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ g›U‡Mvgvwii †bZ…‡Z¡ 10 RyjvB ¯’j I Rj Dfq c‡_ AZwK©Z wmwmwj AvµgY ïiæ nq| 17 AvM÷ wmwmwj Awfhvb †kl nq| `xN© hy×, µgvMZ civRq I Avf¨šÍixY `yie¯’v gy‡mvwjwbi weiæ‡× †`kevmxi g‡a¨ Zxeª †¶v‡fi mÂvi K‡i| ivRv Z…Zxq wf±i Bgvby‡qj cwiw¯’wZi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjw× K‡i 1943 mv‡j 24 RyjvB gy‡mvwjwb‡K AcmvwiZ K‡ib|

†mbvcwZ K¬vK© cwðg BZvwj AwaKvi K‡ib| Bs‡iR evwnbx c~e© w`K †_‡K BZvwj AvµgY K‡i|

1944 Gi Ry‡b †ivg wgÎc‡¶i n¯ÍMZ nq| 1945 mv‡j wgÎevwnbx DËi BZvwj AvµgY Ki‡j Avevi BZvwj‡Z MY-Afz¨Ìvb N‡U| gy‡mvwjwb myBRvijv‡Û cjvq‡bi †Póv Ki‡j a„Z nb I Zvu‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| BZvwj webvk‡Z© AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i|

BD‡iv‡c wgÎkw³i AvµgY

1941 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m wnUjvi †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµgY Ki‡j cwðg BD‡iv‡ci †h †Kv‡bv

¯’v‡b wgÎc‡¶i wØZxq iYv½b †Lvjvi K_v we‡ePbv Kiv nw”Qj| wKš‘ `y'eQi †K‡U †M‡jI G e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ †bIqv nqwb, hwÌ ÷vwjb GB g‡g© evi evi Aby‡iva K‡i hvb| GB wej‡¤î KviY wb‡q gZwe‡iva Av‡Q| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z wgÎc‡¶i wØZxq iYv½b †Lvjvi gZ kw³ wQj bv| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib wgÎc¶ GBfv‡e wnUjvi KZ©„K †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb m¤ú~Y© aŸsm mva‡bi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQj| wKš‘ iæk evwnbx bvrwm‡ì cÖwZnZ K‡i G‡Kev‡i Rvg©vb mxgvšÍ ch©šÍ ewn®‹vi Ki‡j Rvg©vb‡ì weiæ‡× P~ovšÍ weR‡qi K…wZZ¡ hv‡Z ÷vwjb `vwe Ki‡Z bv cv‡ib

†mBRb¨ wej‡¤^ n‡jI ayiÜi PvwP©jv wØZxq iYv½b Lyj‡Z ivwR nb| Aek¨ G e¨vcv‡i P~ovšÍ wm×všÍ

†bIqv nq 1943 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i-wW‡m¤^‡i hLb ÷vwjb, PvwP©j I iæR‡j›U †Zniv‡b GK ˆeV‡K wgwjZ nb|

†Kvb ¯’v‡b wØZxq iYv½b †Lvjv n‡e Zv wb‡q wewfbœ gZ wQj| PvwP©j BZvwj A_ev ejKvb AÂj w`‡q Rvg©vwb‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki c‡¶ wQ‡jb| wKš‘ g~jZ gvwK©b †mbvcwZMY Kómva¨ n‡jI mvMi cvi n‡q cwðg BD‡iv‡c †mbv AeZi‡Yi c¶cvwZ wQj| G Kvi‡Y DËi-cwðg d«v‡Ýi bigvwÛ‡K

†e‡Q †bIqv nq| cÖ_g 36 wWwfkb †mbv AeZiY Ki‡e, c‡i AviI 10 wWwfkb `w¶Y d«v‡Ý bvgv‡bv n‡e| wm×všÍ nq †h, cÖvq 10 nvRvi wewfbœ ai‡bi wegvb G‡Z Ask †b‡e, hy×-RvnvR I wewfbœ cwienb hv‡bi msL¨v wQj mv‡o mvZ nvRvi| wgÎ c‡¶i †mbvevwnbx‡Z Av‡gwiKvb, Bs‡iR, KvbvWxq, Ij›`vR, †cvj biI‡qwRI, divwm I wMÖK ˆmwbK wQj| wW w`em (D Day) ev AeZiY w`e‡mi w`b avh© nq 1994 mv‡ji 1 Ryb| wKš‘ cÖwZK~j AvenvIqvi Rb¨ wcwQ‡q 6 Ryb Kiv nq| GB mywekvj mvgwiK Awfhv‡bi †bZv wQ‡ib Av‡gwiKvb †mbvcwZ AvB‡RbnvIqvi|

Rvg©vwb wgÎc‡¶i AeZi‡Yi m¤¢vebv Abygvb K‡i| `xN© Pvi eQi mgy`ªZxi Rvg©vb AwaKv‡i _vKvi d‡j `y‡f©`¨ AZjvwšÍK cÖvPx‡i cwiYZ nq| Zv m‡Ë¡I cÖwZ‡ivakw³ e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ gvk©vj iæÛ‡÷W QvovI wnUjvi wdì gvk©vj †iv‡gj‡K GB we‡kl `vwqZ¡ wbhy³ K‡ib| wKš‘ iY‡KŠkj

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wb‡q Df‡qi g‡a¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv †`q| ¯’j, †bŠ I wegvb wZb w`K †_‡KB wgÎ c¶ Rvg©vbevwnbxi

†P‡q kw³kvjx wQj|

AeZi‡Yi w`b mÜ¨v †_‡KB wgÎc‡¶i GK nvRvi †evgviæ wegvb DcK‚jeZx© Rvg©vb cÖwZi¶v NuvwU¸wji Ici wbwe©Pv‡i †evgv el©Y K‡i| me iKg †hvMv‡hvM wew”Qbœ K‡i †`Iqv nq| †kl iv‡Z

†mbv AeZiY ïiæ nq| cwð‡g gšÍeyM© †_‡K c~‡e© †kb ch©šÍ KuZ wZub DcØx‡ci 96 wK:wg: Ry‡o

†gvU cvuPwU ¯’v‡b wgÎ evwnbx bv‡g| GQvov Av‡gwiKvb QÎx ˆmb¨ AeZiY K‡i| 4 Ryb ¯¿xi Rb¥w`b I dz‡qiv‡ii m‡½ mv¶v‡Zi Rb¨ †iv‡gj evwj©b hvb| AK¯§vr AeZii‡Yi msev‡` wZwb

`ªæZ d«v‡Ý wd‡i Av‡mb| wKš‘ ZLb A‡bK wej¤^ n‡q ‡M‡Q| Rvg©vb †Mv‡q›`viv Dchy³ mg‡q mwVK msev` w`‡Z cv‡iwb| cuvPw`b a‡i Rvg©vb evwnbxi m‡½ B½-gvwK©b †mbvi Zzgyj hy× nq|

wgÎevwnbx bigvwÛ DcK‚‡ji 128 wK: wg: GjvKv AwaKvi K‡iI 32 wK:wg: †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|

ÔwW †W' ev bigvwÛ‡Z wgÎc‡¶i AeZiY wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i BwZnv‡m GK hyMvšÍKvix NUbv| c~e©

cwðg `yB mxgv‡šÍ hy‡×i m¤¢vebvi weiæ‡× Rvg©vb †mbvbvqKMY †mB wemgv‡K©i mgq †_‡K ûwkqvwi w`‡q Avm‡Q| wKš‘ fv‡M¨i cwinvm wnUjv‡ii †¶‡ÎI GB AvksKv ev¯Í‡e cwiYZ n‡jv| AvM÷

gv‡m divwm evwnbx Zz‡jv e›`‡i AeZiY K‡i| Zviv DËi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡q wgÎevwnbxi m‡½ wgwjZ nIqvi †Póv K‡i| †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡mi w`‡K BD‡iv‡c Rvg©vb cÖwZi¶v NvuwU¸wj aŸsm n‡q hvq| wgÎevwnbx `ªæZ‡e‡M Rvg©vwbi w`‡K GwM‡q P‡j|

Rvg©vwbi AvZ¥mgc©Y

cwðg mxg‡šÍ wgÎevwnbx hLb evwj©b Awfhv‡b e¨¯Í, c~e© mxgv‡šÍ ZLb jvj‡dŠR cuvPwU d«‡›U fvM n‡q `ye©vi MwZ‡Z Rvg©vb mxgv‡šÍi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| cÖ_g mvwii iæk †mbvbvqKMY †hgb RyKf,

†Kv‡bf, †Piwbqv‡Lvfw¯‹ GB Awfhv‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b| 1945 mv‡ji †deª“qvwi gv‡P© jvj‡dŠR evwj©b †_‡K 96 wK: wg: `~‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQj|

GwcÖj gv‡m B½-gvwK©b †dŠR nvgeyM©, DB‡UbeM© I g¨vmvWeyM© eivei Gje b`xi Zxi ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †mLv‡b †_‡K Zviv by‡igevM© ÷zUMv‡U©i w`‡K AMÖm‡ii A‡c¶v K‡i evwj©b †_‡K 105 wK:

wg: `~‡i| B½-gvwK©b I †mvwf‡qZ evwnbxi g‡a¨ GK cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiæ nq, †K Kvi c~‡e© evwj©‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|

Rvg©vb ivRavbx i¶vi Rb¨ wnUjvi kn‡ii cÖ‡ek c‡_ bvbv iKg evavi m„wó K‡ib| I‡Wi I w¯úª b`xi av‡i Av¸qvb evwnbxi MwZ‡iv‡ai Dchy³ AšÍivq m„wó Kiv nq| Z`ycwi evwj©‡bi Pvicv‡k wKQy cÖvK…wZK evavI wQj, †hgb Rjvf‚wg, R½j, Lvj, cÖf…wZ| 16 GwcÖj †kl ivZ 4 NwUKvi gvk©vj RyKf cÖPÛ †Mvjvel©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evwj©b Awfhv‡bi D‡Øvab K‡ib| 18B GwcÖj w¯úª b`x cvi n‡q 20 GwcÖj iæk †mbvevwnbx Rvg©vb †mbvevwnbxi m`i `ß‡i †Rv‡mb AvµgY K‡i| 21 GwcÖj iæk †mbv evwj©b kn‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i I iv¯Ívq iv¯Ívq hy× ïiæ n‡q hvq| RyKf, †Kv‡bf I i‡Kv‡mvfw¯‹i ˆm‡b¨i Øviv evwj©b m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Aeiæ× nq| evwj©bevmxi g‡a¨ Pig wech©q I AvZs‡Ki m„wó nq|

Ab¨w`‡K cwðg I `w¶Y w`K †_‡K B½-gvwK©b evwnbx µgk G¸‡Z _vK‡j Gme b`xi Zx‡i

†UviNvD kn‡ii Kv‡Q jvj‡dŠ‡Ri m‡½ 25 GwcÖj Zv‡`i †`Lv nq| ZLb †_‡KB dz¨‡qiv‡ii ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii ivB‡L'i ¯^cœ †f‡½ Pyigvi n‡q hvq|

evwj©‡bi Dci iæk AvµgY ïiæ nIqvi c~e© †_‡KB A_©vr 1945 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gvm †_‡KB P¨v‡Ýjvwii 50 dzU f‚M‡f©i bx‡P we‡klfv‡e wbwg©Z e¨vsKv‡i wnUjvi Avkªq wb‡Z eva¨ nb|

†mLv‡b †Mv‡qejm cÖgyL Nwbó `jxq mnKg©x, Wv³vi I cwiPvjKI wQ‡jb| wnUjv‡ii ZLb eqm 56 eQi| 1944 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB †evgv we‡õvi‡Y Zvui cÖvYbv‡ki †Póv nIqvi ci †_‡K wZwb GKUz Lyuwo‡q nvU‡Zb I nvZ `y‡Uv Kvuc‡Zv| 12 GwcÖj gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ iæR‡f‡ëi

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 275 g„Zz¨i Le‡i wZwb cyjwKZ nb| Avkv K‡ib GBevi nq‡Zv hy‡×i †gvo Nyi‡e| wKš‘ †Mv‡qwis Gi

¶gZv `L‡ji †Póvq wZwb w¶ß n‡q I‡Vb| jvj-†dŠ‡Ri evwj©b cÖ‡e‡ki msev‡` bvrwm bvqK wePwjZ n‡q c‡ob| wek¦vmNvZK †mbvcwZ‡`i wZwb Gi Rb¨ `vqx K‡ib| AwšÍg jMœ mgvMZ GB Dcjwä‡Z wnUjvi Zvui ivR‰bwZK `wjj cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡ib|

wnUjvi Zvui ¯’vei A¯’vei m¤úwË bvrwm `j‡K w`‡q hvb| `yj©f wPÎK‡g©i †h msMÖn Zvi wQj Zv

`vb K‡ib Rb¥f‚wg eªvDbvD‡K| †Mv‡qwis I wngjvi‡K `j †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| †bŠ-†mbvcwZ A¨vWwgivj †Wv‡qwbrm Zvui DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ nb| Bûw`‡`i weiæ‡× wZwb msMÖvg Pvwj‡q

†h‡Z e‡jb| 30 GwcÖj wnUjvi AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| Zvui g„Z‡`n e¨vsKv‡ii evB‡i P¨v‡Ýjvwii D`¨v‡b m¤ú~Y©fv‡e `vn Kiv nq| †Mv‡qejmI mcwiev‡i AvZ¥nb‡bi c_ †e†Q †bb|

wnUjv‡ii DËivwaKvix A¨vWwgivj †Wv‡qwbrm iæk †mbv A‡c¶v wgÎ c‡¶i Kv‡QB AvZ¥mgc©Y myweavRbK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ Zv nqwb| 1945 mv‡ji 9 †g †kliv‡Z Rvg©vb cÖwZwbwaeM©

wgÎc‡¶i cÖavb †mbvcwZ AvB‡RbnvIqv‡ii m`i `ßi d«v‡Ýi †iBgm kn‡i AvbyôvwbKfv‡e AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| weª‡Ub, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, d«vÝ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb GB PviwU †`‡ki PviwU c„_K `wj‡j Rvg©vbMY ¯^v¶i K‡i| GB Abyôv‡b Pvi c‡¶i †mbvcwZMY Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| Rvg©vb cÖwZwbwa wdì gvk©vj RW&j weRqx c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K D`vi e¨env‡ii Avkv e¨³ K‡ib|

ciw`b 4 †g, evwj©‡bi DcK‡Ú GKwU K‡jR fe‡b AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi g~j Pyw³cÎ ¯^v¶i AbywôZ nq| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, weª‡Ub I d«v‡Ýi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib h_vµ‡g gvk©vj RyKf, †mbvcwZ Kvj©-¯úvR, gvk©vj †UWvi I †mbvcwZ Zvwmwb| Rvg©vb c‡¶ ¯^v¶i K‡ib wdì gvk©vj KvB‡Uj, A¨vWwgivj †d«WeyM© I †mbvcwZ ÷vd| GB Abyôv‡bi ci wØZxq gnvhy‡×i BD‡ivcxq As‡ki Aemvb n‡jv| `~i cÖv‡P¨i iYf‚wg ZLbI DËvj wQj|

Rvcv‡bi AvZ¥mgc©Y

1941 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤^i Rvcvwb wegvb eni cvj© nvievi †bŠNvwU aŸsm Kivi m‡½ m‡½B `~i cÖv‡P¨

wØZxq wek¦hy× we¯Í…Z nq| Zviv wdwjcvBb‡m gvwK©b wegvbevwnbxI wbwðý K‡i| `w¶Y c~e©

Gwkqvi AmsL¨ Øxcmn nsKs, g¨vwbjv, wm½vcyi, †i½yb Zviv AwaKvi K‡i †bq| gvjq I Ij›`vR c~e© fviZxq Øxccy‡Äi (eZ©gvb B‡›`v‡bwkqv) Zviv AwaKvi K‡i|

1942 mv‡ji †g gvm †_‡K hy‡×i MwZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| wgWI‡q Øx‡ci hy‡× gvwK©b wegvb Avµg‡Y Rvcvwb †bŠeni fxlYfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq| 1943 mv‡j Dqv`vj Kvbvj, wbDwMwb wgÎc¶

`Lj K‡i| G NUbvi ci wØgyLx AvµgY Pvwj‡q wgÎc¶ G‡K G‡K wdwjcvBbm, wMjevU© I gvwiqvbv ØxccyÄ D×vi K‡i| 1945 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m mvgwiK w`K †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I wKbvIqv ØxccyÄI wgÎc¶ AwaKvi K‡i †bq| myfvlP›`ª emyi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvRv` wn›` †dŠR Rvcvwb †mbvi mnvqZvq evg©v †_‡K gwYcyi ch©šÍ GwM‡q Av‡m fvi‡Zi Dci AvNvZ nvbvi D‡Ï‡k¨| wKš‘ Ab¨Î RvcvwbMY civwRZ n‡q _vKvq GB j¶¨ wedj nq|

Rvg©vwbi AvZ¥mgc©Y I wKbvIqvi cZ‡bi ci Rvcvb wcQy nU‡Z _v‡K| weª‡Ub gvwK©b hy³ivóª I

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb 1945 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m cUmyWvg m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ n‡q Rvcvb‡K AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi Avnevb Rvbvq| wgÎc‡¶i wegvbevwnbx Rvcv‡bi wewfbœ kn‡i wegvb nvgjv Ae¨vnZ iv‡L|

Ab¨w`‡K 1941 mv‡j iæk-Rvcvb wbi‡c¶Zvi Pyw³ evwZj K‡i †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Rvcvb AwaK…Z gvÂzwiqv Avµg‡Yi wm×všÍ †bq| BwZg‡a¨ 6 AvM÷ gvwK©b hy³ivóª wn‡ivwkgvq AvYweK

†evgv wb‡¶c K‡i| 4 AvM÷ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb gvÂzwiqv AvµgY K‡i| 9 AvM÷ gvwK©b hy³ivóª bvMvmvwK‡Z AvYweK †evgv e¨envi Ki‡j Rvcv‡bi AvZ¥mgc©Y Kiv Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv c_

†Lvjv _vK‡jv bv|

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1945 mv‡ji 2 †m‡Þ¤^i gvwK©b iYZix Ôwg‡kŠix‡Z Rvcvb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| `~i cÖv‡P¨ wgÎc‡¶i cÖavb †mbvcwZ g¨vKAv_©v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ciivóªgš¿x wm‡Mwgrmy AvZ¥mgc©Y I

†mbvcwZ D‡gRy `wj‡j ¯^v¶i K‡ib| gvwK©b hy³ivóª QvovI Bsj¨vÛ Pxb, A‡÷ªwjqv, KvbvWv wbDwRj¨vÛ, nj¨vÛ, divwm I †mvwf‡qZ cÖwZwbwa Dcw¯’Z wQj| gÂzwiqv‡ZI Rvcvwb evwnbx civf‚Z n‡q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b K‡i| GB fv‡e `~i cÖv‡P¨I wek¦hy‡×i Aemvb nq|

(9)

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 277 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

1| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i m~Pbv nq-

(K) 1939 mv‡j (L) 1940 mv‡j

(M) 1941 mv‡j (N) 1942 mv‡j

2| wØZxq wek¦hy×Kv‡j d«v‡Ýi cyZzj miKv‡ii bvg wK?

(K) `¨Mj (L) gvk©vj †cZv

(M) R¨vK wgivK (N) GW©IqvW© evjv`yi

3| wnUjvi ivwkqv AvµgY K‡ib 1941 mv‡ji-

(K) 20 Ryb (L) 21 Ryb

(M) 22 Ryb (N) 23 Ryb

4| wW †W n‡”Q-

(K) AeZiY w`em (L) cjvqb w`em

(M) AvµgY w`em (N) hy× weiwZ w`em

DËi 1| (K) 2| (L) 3| (M) 4| (K) (L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cÖv_wgK we¯Ívi (†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †hvM`v‡bi c~e© ch©šÍ) m¤ú‡K©

Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †hvM`vb cwiw¯’wZi †gvo KZUzKz Nyiv‡Z †c‡iwQj?

3| `~icÖvP¨ Ges BD‡iv‡c A¶ kw³i weiæ‡× gvwK©b hy³ivóª wK f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQj|

4| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× A¶ kw³i AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi welqwU eY©bv Kiæb|

(10)

hy×Kvjxb K‚UbxwZ I wewfbœ m‡¤§jb

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV c‡o AvcwbÑ

 hy×Kvjxb K‚UbxwZ m¤ú‡K© GKwU mvaviY aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

 AvUjvw›UK I †Znivb m‡¤§jb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 Bqvëv m‡¤§jb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 cUm&Wvg m‡¤§jb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq 1941 mv‡ji 22 Ryb wnUjv‡ii †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµgY Ges 7 wW‡m¤^i Rvcv‡bi gvwK©b †bŠNuvwU cvj©nviev‡i †evgvel©Y gvwK©b hy³ivóª, weª‡Ub I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨ Af‚Zc~e© ˆgÎx eÜ‡bi m„wó K‡i| Zviv Rvg©vwb-BZvwj-Rvcvb GB A¶ kw³i weiæ‡×

mw¤§wjZfv‡e iæ‡L ùvovq| d‡j hy‡×i MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq| GB hy×Kvjxb wgÎkw³e‡M©i ivóª‡bZv‡ì g‡a¨ wewfbœ m‡¤§j‡b A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv n‡qwQj| iY‡KŠkj wel‡q wm×všÍ MªnY Ges hy‡×vËi we‡k¦i cybM©Vb m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯Íve MÖnY G mKj m‡¤§j‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj| GB m‡¤§jb¸‡jvi wm×v‡šÍi wfwË‡Z hy‡×vËi we‡k¦ RvwZmsN cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges wewfbœ kvwšÍ Pyw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj| wgÎkw³i kxl© †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jv m‡¤§jb n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv AvUjvw›UK m‡¤§jb (1941 I 42), g‡¯‹v m‡¤§jb (1942), KvmveøvsKv m‡¤§jb (1943),

†Znivb m‡¤§jb (1943), Bqvëv m‡¤§jb (1945), cUm&Wvg m‡¤§jb (1945) BZ¨vw`| Gme m‡¤§j‡bi g‡a¨ †gvU PviwU m‡¤§jb †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡¤œ Gme m‡¤§j‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

GK. AvUjvw›UK m‡¤§jb

1941 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U iyR‡fë I weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x DBb÷b PvwP©j AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii †bŠen‡i wgwjZ n‡q AvUwU kZ© wewkó kvwšÍPyw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| AZci

`y‡`‡ki ivóªcÖavb wgwjZfv‡e GKwU †NvlYv †`b hv AvUjvw›UK PvU©vi bv‡g L¨vZ| G‡Z ejv nq

†h, mKj RvwZ‡K AvZ¥wbqš¿YvwaKvi I ivóªxq mxgvbv m¤ú‡K© wbivcËv †`Iqv n‡e| †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë hy‡×vËi c„w_ex‡K evK ¯^vaxbZv, ag© cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv Ges Abvnvi I fxwZ †_‡K gyw³i Avk¦vmevYx ïwb‡qwQ‡jb| mgy`ªc‡_ Aeva hvZvqvZ, ciivR¨ MÖvm bxwZi Aemvb, wbi¯¿xKiY I ¯’vqx kvwšÍ cÖwZôv BZ¨vw` D”P Av`‡k©i †NvlYv †`qv n‡qwQj| 1942 mv‡j weª‡Ub, gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Pxb I ivwkqv GKwU †NvlYvc‡Î ¯^v¶i K‡i AvUjvw›UK PvU©v‡ii D‡jøwLZ bxwZ I Av`k©‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQj| c‡i AviI 22wU †`k G‡Z ¯^v¶i Ki‡j †gvU msL¨v 26-G DbœxZ nq| GB †NvlYv RvwZmsN †NvlYv (United Nations Declaration) bv‡gI L¨vZ| KviY RvwZmsN ev United NationsK_vwU G m‡¤§j‡bi †NvlYvcÎ †_‡KB †bIqv n‡qwQj|

`yB. †Znivb m‡¤§jb

cvV - 2

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 279 1943 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m cvi‡m¨i (eZ©gvb Bivb) ivRavbx †Zniv‡b wgÎ c‡¶i GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZK Dfq w`K †_‡KB Gi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK| mvgwiK †¶‡Î

`y‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ P~ovšÍ Kiv nq| B‡Zvc~‡e© AvM÷ gv‡m KvbvWvi KzB‡e‡K A¨vs‡jv- Av‡gwiKvb m‡¤§j‡b DËi BD‡iv‡c AvµgY cwiPvjbvi R‡b¨ Acv‡ikb IfvijW© (Operation Overlord) bv‡g †h mvgwiK AvµgY cwiPvjbvi cÖv_wgK wm×všÍ †bIqv nqÑ G m‡¤§j‡b P~ovšÍfv‡e Zv Aby‡gvw`Z nq| Av‡iv wm×všÍ †bIqv nq †h, d«v‡Ýi `w¶Y w`K †_‡KI AvµgY cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e| ivR‰bwZK w`K †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, ÷¨vwjb I PvwP©‡ji g‡a¨ fzj-eySveywS I m‡›`n GLv‡b cwi`„ó nq Ges iæR‡fë Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iva gxgvsmvq ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib|

†Zniv‡bi m‡¤§j‡bi g~j¨vqb

†Znivb m‡¤§j‡b hw`I hy‡×vËi gxgvsmvi wfwË m¤ú‡K© mvaviYfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Z_vwc

†Kv‡bv ev¯Íe ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| hy‡×vËi c„w_ex‡Z GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb cÖwZôvi Kv‡R iæR‡fë ÷¨vwj‡bi mg_©b Av`v‡qi †Rvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| iæR‡fë,

÷¨vwjb I PvwP©j hy‡×vËi Rvg©vwbi fwel¨Z wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zviv GKgZ nb †h, Rvg©vwb‡K LÐ weLÐ Kiv n‡e| wKš‘, Kxfv‡e Zv Kiv n‡e †m wel‡q Zviv HKg‡Z¨ †cŠuQ‡Z cv‡ibwb| †cvj¨v‡Ûi mxgvbv wba©viY wb‡q A‡bK Av‡jvPbv nq| ivwkqv KvR©b jvBb (The Curzon Line) Ggbfv‡e †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i hv‡Z jff (Lvov) ivwkqvi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ nq|

iæR‡fë I PvwP©j ¯^xKvi K‡i ‡bb †h, cwðg w`‡K †cvj¨vÛ m‡i hv‡e| d‡j c~e©w`‡K †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †cvj¨v‡Ûi wKQy Ask cv‡e e‡j wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| c~e© BD‡iv‡c †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi f‚wg jv‡fi cÖ‡kœI cwðgv †bZ…e„›` wKQyUv bgbxq g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib| we‡klfv‡e †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë `~i cÖv‡P¨i hy‡× ivwkqvi AskMÖn‡Yi cyi®‹vi wn‡m‡e Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z ivwR wQ‡jb| me‡k‡l ÷¨vwjb hLb wdbj¨v‡Ûi hy×‡K †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi AbyK‚‡j wb‡q Avmvi R‡b¨ gvwK©b I weªwUk mvnvh¨ Pvb, ZLb hy‡×i ¶q¶wZ wecyj n‡e G ARynv‡Z iæR‡fë I PvwP©j welqwUi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib|

wZb. Bqvëv m‡¤§jb

wejyß †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖRvZš¿ Ges eZ©gvb BD‡ivcxq †`k BD‡µ‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ wbevm n‡”Q Bqvëv| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q GLv‡b wZb cÖavb (The Big Three) A_©vr hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ Gd.wW. iæR‡fë, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †hv‡kd ÷¨vwjb Ges e„‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x Db÷b Gm PvwP©‡ji g‡a¨ kxl© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| hy×Kvjxb m‡¤§jb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Bqvëv m‡¤§jb AZ¨šÍ

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY GLv‡b †h wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡qwQj Zv cieZx©Kv‡ji BwZnvm‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|

GLv‡bB hy‡×vËi c„w_exi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb Ges bZzb wek¦ e¨e¯’vi cwiKíbv Kiv nq| GLv‡b fwel¨Z c„w_exi R‡b¨ PviwU †gŠj wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| Gme wm×všÍ n‡”QÑ

(1) Rvg©vwb msµvšÍ (2) †cvj¨vÛ msµvšÍ (3) `~icÖvP¨ msµvšÍ (4) RvwZmsN msµvšÍ|

G m‡¤§j‡b †K›`ªxq e¨w³Z¡ wQ‡jb `yRb| GKRb gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Gd.wW iæR‡fë Ab¨Zg

†mvwf‡qZ †bZv †hv‡kd ÷¨vwjb| cieZx©Kv‡j M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, iæR‡fë bgbxq I D`vi g‡bvfvem¤úbœ e¨w³ wQ‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi cÖwZc¶ ÷¨vwjb AZ¨šÍ GK‡ivLv I Abgbxq cÖK…wZi e¨w³ wQ‡jb| d‡j †`Lv hvq †h, Bqvëv m‡¤§j‡b †mvwf‡qZ ¯^v_© cÖwZdwjZ n‡qwQj †ewk|

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A‡bK cwðgv HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib †h, ÷¨vwj‡bi GK‡ivLv g‡bvfve ØvivB Bqvëv m‡¤§jb cÖfvweZ n‡qwQj| iæR‡fë †Kb bgbxq wQ‡jb Gi DË‡i A‡bK M‡elK e‡j‡Qb †h, iæR‡fë wQ‡jb †W‡gv‡µU `‡ji m`m¨ hviv HwZn¨MZfv‡e D`vicš’x|

DBwjqvg †P¤^vi wj‡bi g‡Z, Bqvëv m‡¤§jb wQj †mvwf‡qZ K‚UbxwZi e¨vcK mdjZvi GKwU

`„óvšÍ Ges GKB mv‡_ gvwK©b †ZvlYbxwZi GKwU cÖgvY|

Bqvëv m‡¤§j‡bi g~j¨vqb

(K) cÖ_g wm×všÍ t A¶ kw³i civR‡qi m~Pbv n‡qwQj c~e© w`K †_‡K| c~e© BD‡ivc ZLb wQj

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Aax‡b| ZLb G‡K ejv n‡Zv ¯^vaxb BD‡ivc ev (Liberated Eurpoe), hy‡×i ci ¯^vaxb BD‡iv‡c MYZvwš¿K miKvi Kv‡qg n‡e| GB MYZ‡š¿i iƒc wK n‡e Zv ¯úó K‡i ejv nqwb| GUv wK cyuwRev`x MYZš¿, bv mgvRZvwš¿K MYZš¿ †mUvB wQj cÖkœ| G inm¨gqZv ev A¯úóZvi Kvi‡Y 1945 mv‡ji cieZx© mg‡q c~e© BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK †`‡k †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi GK”QÎ cÖfv‡e mgvRZvwš¿K miKvi Kv‡qg nq| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb mgvRZš¿‡K cÖK…Z MYZš¿

e‡j e¨vL¨v K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K cwðgv cyuwRev`x †`k¸‡jv G e¨e¯’v‡K wbe©vPbnxb Ges GKbvqKZš¿

e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i|

(L) wØZxq wm×všÍ t Bqvëv‡Z me‡P‡q KwVb mgm¨v wQj †cvj¨vÛ wb‡q Ges Gi wcQ‡b AwaKvsk mgq e¨q nq| †cvj¨v‡Ûi ivR‰bwZK fwel¨Z wK n‡e Zv wb‡q ÷vwjb A½xKvi Ki‡jb †h,

†cvj¨v‡Û GKwU AšÍeZx©Kvjxb miKvi MwVZ n‡e Ges †mLv‡b wKQy A-KwgDwb÷ m`m¨ †bIqv n‡e| iæR‡fë GB e³e¨ †g‡b †bb|

(M) Z…Zxq wm×všÍ t iæR‡fë Ges PvwP©‡ji e³e¨ wQj ÷¨vwj‡bi Kv‡Q †h, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi R‡b¨ Operation Overlord Kiv n‡qwQj, ZvB GLb ÷¨vwj‡bi DwPZ

`~icÖvP¨ Avµg‡Y Zv‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv| GKv wgÎkw³ I hy³iv‡óªi c‡¶ Rvcvb‡K †gvKvwejv Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| ZvB Rvg©vwbi g‡Zv `yw`K †_‡K Rvcvb AvµgY K‡iB Zv‡K civf‚Z Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| ejv n‡jv †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb hw` Rvcvb AvµgY K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K cyi®‹vi wn‡m‡e Kzwij ØxccyÄ Ges gvÂzwiqv I g‡½vwjqvi wKQy Ask †`Iqv n‡e| ÷¨vwjb Rvg©vwbi AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi `yB- wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Rvcv‡b Avµg‡Y m¤§Z nb|

(N) PZz_© wm×všÍ t Rvg©vwbi KvQ †_‡K ¶wZc~iY Av`v‡qi R‡b¨ Rvg©vwb‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| hy³ivóª, weª‡Ub, d«vÝ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Aax‡b GKwU K‡i Ask _vK‡e Ges ZLb Zviv ¶wZc~iY Av`vq K‡i †b‡e| cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbvi ci †bZ…e„›` g‡¯‹v‡Z

¶wZc~iY msµvšÍ GKwU Kwgkb (Reparation Commission)¯’vc‡b m¤§Z nb|

(O) cÂg wm×všÍ t RvwZmsN welqK `y‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ GK. †fvU`vb c×wZ wb‡q GKwU gxgvsmvq DcbxZ n‡qwQ‡jb kxl© †bZviv| ejv n‡jv †h, cÖ¯ÍvweZ RvwZmsN AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi `vwhZ¡ _vK‡e wbivcËv cwil‡ì nv‡Z| wbivcËv cwil‡ì cuvPwU ¯’vqx m`m¨ _vK‡e Ges Zv‡ì Aby‡gv`b Qvov wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbicËvi †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ †bIqv hv‡e bv| cieZx©Kv‡j GUv‡K ejv n‡q‡Q †f‡Uv kw³ (Veto Power)| G m‡¤§j‡b

÷¨vwjb wbivcËv cwil‡`i mKj cÖ¯Ív‡e †f‡Uv ¶gZv e¨env‡ii `vwe cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z m¤§Z nb|

w¯’i nq †h, †KejgvÎ AcÖYvjxMZ cÖ¯Ív‡e †hgb wek¦kvwšÍ i¶v, hy× eÜ BZ¨vw` cÖ‡kœ †f‡Uv ¶gZv e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 281

`yB. G m‡¤§j‡b †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Zvi 15wU cÖRvZš¿‡K m`m¨c` cÖ`v‡bi `vwe cybe©¨³ K‡i|

†kl ch©šÍ †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë Av‡cvl cÖ¯Íve †`b| wm×všÍ nq †h, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, evB‡jviæk I BD‡µb RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf Ki‡e| we‡klZ wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Amg mvnwmKZv cÖ`k©b I wecyjfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í nIqvi R‡b¨ cÖRvZš¿ `y‡Uv‡K RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` †`Iqv nq|

c~e© BD‡ivc I Rvg©vwb msµvšÍ †h wefw³ wm×všÍ †bIqv nq, Zv cieZx©Kv‡j ¯œvqyhy×‡K Z¡ivwb¦Z K‡iwQj| hw`I Bqvëv mg‡SvZv‡K e¨vcKfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq Z_vwc RvwZmsN cÖwZôvi c‡_ Bqvëv m‡¤§jb‡K GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1945 mv‡ji 17 RyjvB cUm&Wvg m‡¤§jb Avi¤¢ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b ÷¨vwjb, PvwP©j, G¨vUwj Ges †cÖwm‡W›U Uz¨g¨vb †hvM

†`b| GZw`b hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë| wKš‘ Zuvi AvKw¯§K g„Zz¨i ci GB cÖ_g Uªyg¨vb gvwK©b cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e kxl© m‡¤§j‡b †hvM †`b| Ab¨w`‡K weª‡U‡b wbe©vP‡b wR‡Z PvwP©‡ji cwie‡Z© G¨vUwj bZzb cÖavbgš¿x nIqvq m‡¤§j‡bi evwK w`b¸‡jv‡Z G¨vUwj †hvM

†`b| ÷¨vwj‡bi cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx Uªyg¨vb mfvcwZi Avmb MÖnY K‡ib| cUmWvg m‡¤§j‡b Rvg©vwb,

†cvj¨vÛ I c~e©BD‡ivc msµvšÍ wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|

(K) Rvg©vwb msµvšÍ wm×všÍ

wgÎkw³ Rvg©vwbi cÖwZ Kx ai‡bi bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e †m wel‡q P~ovšÍ mgv‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| ev¯Íe myweavi R‡b¨ ivR‰bwZK bxwZ‡K A_©‰bwZK bxwZ †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|

wgÎkw³ Kxfv‡e Rvg©vwb `Lj Ki‡e Zvi GKwU ivR‰bwZK wb‡`©kvejx BD‡ivcxq Dc‡`óv Kwgkb ˆZwi K‡i Ges G wel‡q cÖvq mKj †¶‡ÎB HKg‡Z¨ †cŠuQv m¤¢e nq| Rvg©vwb `L‡ji D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ejv nqÑ

(1) Rvg©vwbi m¤ú~Y© wbi¯¿xKiY I AmvgwiKxKiY Ges mvgwiK Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb me KjKviLvbvi AcmviY ev wbqš¿Y Kiv n‡e;

(2) Rvg©vwbi RbMY‡K Rvwb‡q †`Iqv †h, Zviv GKwU Pig mvgwiK civRq eiY K‡i‡Q Ges Zviv hv K‡i‡Q Zvi `vwqZ¡ Zviv Gov‡Z cv‡i bv;

(3) bvrwm `j Ges Gi mn‡hvMx msMVb I ms¯’v‡K aŸsm Kiv| mKj bvrwm cÖwZôvb †f‡½

†`Iqv hv‡Z †Kv‡bv mgq G¸‡jv Avi cybiæ¾xweZ bv nq| Rvg©vwbi mvgwiK Kvh©Kjvc Ges cÖPviYv wbwl× Kiv n‡e;

(4) MYZvwš¿K wfwË‡Z Rvg©vwbi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb cybM©wVZ Kiv n‡e Ges AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î Rvg©vwb‡K GKwU kvwšÍwcÖq †`k wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e|

cU&mWvg m‡¤§j‡b wgÎkw³ Rvg©vwbi A_©‰bwZK bxwZi e¨vcv‡i GKg‡Z †cŠuQvb †h, Rvg©vwbi A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv mxgve× ivLv n‡e| G‡Z Rvg©vwbi hy× Kivi ¶gZv `ye©j n‡e| Av‡iv ejv nq

†h, wgÎ kw³i `L‡j _vKvKvjxb Rvg©vwb‡K GKwU ALÐ GKK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e| ¶wZc~iY cÖ‡kœ wm×všÍ †bIqv nq †h, ¶wZc~iY Ggbfv‡e Av`vq Kiv n‡e hv‡Z, we‡`wk mvnvh¨ Qvov Rvg©vb RbM‡Yi RxweKv wbe©v‡ni m¤ú` Awewkó _v‡K| Av‡iv ejv nj †h, Rvg©vwbi RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb †hb BD‡iv‡ci g~j f‚L‡Ði RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb‡K AwZµg bv K‡i GB welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Rvg©vwbi KvQ †_‡K AvÂwjK wfwË‡Z ¶wZc~iY Av`v‡qi K_v ejv n‡qwQj|

(L) Ab¨vb¨ wm×všÍ

(1) Aw÷ªqv‡K Rvg©vwb †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i PviwU mvgwiK AwaK…Z AÂ‡j wef³ Kivi wm×všÍ|

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(2) †cvj¨v‡Ûi mxgvbv ¶z`ª BD‡ivcxq kw³i mv‡_ kvwšÍ Pyw³i Lmov m¤úv`‡bi `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡qwQj|

cUm&Wvg m‡¤§j‡bi g~j¨vqb

cUmWvg m‡¤§j‡b Rvg©vwb m¤ú‡K© †h ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ †bIqv nq, Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv ev`vbyev`

nqwb| wKš‘ ¶wZc~iY Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡kœ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ B½-gvwK©b kw³i Zxeª ev`vbyev` nq| cUm&Wvg m‡¤§j‡bi wm×všÍ¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, BD‡ivcxq welqvejxi mgvav‡bi e¨vcv‡i Gme wm×všÍ `xN©¯’vqx †Kv‡bv mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡iwb| G wm×všÍ¸‡jvi g~j j¶¨ wQj Rvg©vwb‡Z Ges BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨Î Rw½ gZev` Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKv‡ii Aemvb K‡i MYZvwš¿K miKvi Kv‡qg Kiv| wKš‘ hy‡×vËi hy‡M GB MYZ‡š¿i iƒc‡iLv MYZvwš¿K bv mgvRZvwš¿K auv‡P msMwVZ n‡e †m wel‡q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ gvwK©b hy³ivóª I weª‡U‡bi gZwe‡iva †`Lv †`q| Avi Gfv‡eB m~Pbv nq ¯œvqy hy‡×i|

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 283 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| AvUjvw›UK PvUv‡i ¯^v¶i K‡i KqwU †`k?

(K) 10wU (L) 15wU

(M) 20wU (N) 26wU|

2| †Znivb m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1945 mv‡jiÑ (K) †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m (L) A‡±vei gv‡m (M) b‡f¤î gv‡m (N) wW‡m¤î gv‡m|

3| Bqvëv †Kvb †`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨ wbevmÑ

(K) weª‡Ub (L) BD‡µb

(M) ivwkqv (N) Rvcvb|

4| Bqvëv m‡¤§jb †mvwf‡qZ †dWv‡ik‡bi †`k¸‡jv RvwZms‡Ni KqwU m`m¨c` †`Iqv nqÑ

(K) 3wU (L) 6wU

(M) 9wU (N) 15wU|

5| cUmWvg m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ibÑ (K) ÷¨vwjb (L) Uªy¨g¨vb

(M) iæR‡fë (N) G¨vUjx|

DËi 1| (N) 2| (M) 3| (L) 4| (K) 5| (L)

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| AvUjvw›UK I †Znivb m‡¤§jb m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv e¨³ Kiæb|

2| Bqvëv m‡¤§j‡bi wm×všÍmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv Kiæb|

3| cUm&Wvg m‡¤§j‡bi GKwU msw¶ß weeiY w`b|

mnvqK MÖš’cwÄ

1| W.S. Churchi II ; The Second World War.

2| R.O. Paxton ; Europe in the Twentieth Century

3| B,GBP,Kvi ; `yB gnvhy‡×i AšÍeZx©Kvjxb AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i BwZnvm (evsjv GKv‡Wwg) 4| AwmZ Kzgvi †mb ; AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i BwZnvm|

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RvwZmsN

D‡Ïk¨

 RvwZms‡Ni DrcwËi cUf‚wg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 RvwZms‡Ni MVb KvVv‡gv Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 RvwZcyÄ Ges RvwZms‡Ni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

 RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

GKwU wek¦ msMVb wn‡m‡e RvwZcyÄ wØZxq wek¦hy× cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| d‡j msMVbwUi

¯^vfvweK g„Zz¨ N‡U‡Q| wØZxq wek¦h‡×i fqvenZv Ae‡jvKb K‡i c„w_exi kvwšÍKvgx gvbyl ¯’vqx kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ e¨vKzj n‡q I‡V| A‡b‡KB G mZ¨ Dcjwä Ki‡jv †h, AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I ˆgÎx cÖwZôv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j me©vZ¥K aŸsm Ges Acg„Zz¨ Awbevh©| hy×K¬všÍ wek¦evmxI Aaxi AvMÖ‡n GKwU Kvh©Ki wek¦ msMV‡bi cÖv_©bv Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gvbe BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q †h mKj AvÂwjK I AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb M‡o D‡VwQj †mme msMV‡bi e¨_©Zv †_‡K wk¶v wb‡q Ges mvdj¨ †_‡K AbycÖvwYZ n‡q wek¦ †bZ…e„›` wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgqB wbišÍi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| we‡k¦i mve©‡fŠg ivóªmg~‡ni mw¤§j‡bi wfwË‡Z GKwU me©Rbxb msMVb ¯’vcb K‡i mgMÖ we‡k¦ ¯’vqx kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi i¶v KivB wQj Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨| Pvi eQ‡ii D‡`¨vM I Av‡qvR‡bi cwiYwZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ nq RvwZmsN|

RvwZms‡Ni DrcwËi cUf‚wgt wewfbœ m‡¤§jb

wnUjv‡ii †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb AvµgY I `~icÖv‡P¨ Rvcv‡bi m‡½ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi µgea©gvb we‡iva wØZxq gnvhy‡×i mvaviY Pwi‡Î cwieZ©‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡i| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ iæR‡fë I weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©j ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ mv¶vr I Av‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡ib|

wbD dvDÛj¨v‡Ûi Kv‡Q DËi AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i AMv÷v I wcÖÝ Ad& I‡qjm iYZix‡Z `yB ivóª‡bZv GK †Mvcb ˆeV‡K wgwjZ nb| w`bwU wQj 9 AvM÷ 1941| hy‡×i j¶¨ I bxwZ wek`

Av‡jvPbv nq| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci hy×‡iv‡a I AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ eRvq ivL‡Z Ggb wKQy Bw½Z GB ˆeV‡K wQj, ejv †h‡Z cv‡i hvi g‡a¨ fwel¨‡Zi RvwZms‡Ni (United Nations Organisation) Bw½Z wQj| AvUjvw›UK mvM‡ii GB ˆeV‡K M„nxZ bxwZ¸wj AvUjvw›UK mb`

(Atlantic Charter) bv‡g BwZnv‡m cwiwPZ|

AvUjvw›UK mb`

AvUjvw›UK mb‡ì Z…Zxq `dvq my¯úófv‡e mg¯Í †`k I RvwZi mve©‡fŠgZ¡, mvqË¡kvmb I RvZxq mË¡v cybiæ¾xe‡bi Avk¦vm †Ìqv nq| Aek¨ i¶Ykxj I †Nvi mvgªvRëv`x PvwP©j GB †NvlYvi AvIZv †_‡K fviZ, evg©v I weª‡U‡bi mvgªvR¨‡K ev` †`b| Z`ycwi GB mb‡ì wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ cÖwZôv, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv e„w×, kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q cvi¯úwiK weev‡ì mgvavb cÖf…wZi D‡jøL Kiv nq|

cvV - 3

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 285 AvUjvw›UK mb` wQj gvwK©b hy³ivóª I weª‡U‡bi wØcvw¶K †Mvcb Av‡jvPbvi dmj| 1942 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m IqvwksU‡b RvwZmsN †NvlYvcÎ (United Nations Declaration) ¯^v¶wiZ nq|

gvwK©b hy³ivóª, weª‡Ub, Pxb I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb cÖ_‡g G‡Z ¯^v¶i K‡i| c‡i AviI evBkwU

†`k GwU Aby‡gv`b K‡i| AvUjvw›UK mb`‡K bxwZMZfv‡e GB †NvlYvc‡Î MÖnY Kiv nq| 1943 mv‡j b‡f¤^i gv‡m gvwK©b hy³ivóª I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi ciivóª gš¿xÎq Kv‡W©j nvj, Av›Uwb B‡Wb I g‡jvUf we‡k¦i me kvwšÍKvgx †`‡ki Rb¨ GB AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi Øvi Db¥y³ ivLvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|

Gici †Znivb m‡¤§jb (1943) RvwZms‡Ni Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| 1944 mv‡ji IqvwksUb¯’ Wv¤^viUb IK‡mi ˆeV‡K gvwK©b hy³ivóª, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, weª‡Ub, Pxb cÖf…wZ e„nr kw³eM© RvwZms‡Ni iƒc‡iLv m¤ú‡K© wek` Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GB ˆeV‡K †f‡Uv (Veto) ev wbivcËv cwil‡` GKK we‡ivwaZvq †Kv‡bv cÖ¯Íve bvKP Kivi AwaKvi wb‡q gZwe‡iva †`Lv †`q|

ZvQvov †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Zvi AšÍf©y³ me cÖRvZ‡š¿i Rb¨ c„_K †fvUvwaKvi `vwe Kivq mgm¨v

†`Lv †`q| GLv‡bB w¯’i nq †h, RvwZms‡Ni KvVv‡gv, D‡Ïk¨, AvBbwewa cÖf…wZ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨

A`~i fwel¨‡Z GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Kiv n‡e| 1945 mv‡j Bqvëv m‡¤§j‡bi iæR‡fë, PvwP©j I ÷vwjb w¯’i K‡ib †h, cieZ©x 25 GwcÖj hy³iv‡óªi mvbd«vbwm‡¯‹v‡Z GK m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Kiv n‡e †hLv‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ RvwZms‡Ni GKwU mb` (Charter) cÖYxZ n‡e|

wbw`©ó w`‡b Kg©e¨¯Í mvbd«vbwm‡¯‹v kn‡i mvivwe‡k¦i †gvU 51wU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaeM© GK gnvm‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nb| wewfbœ mswkøó wel‡q cysLvbycy•L I wek` Av‡jvPbvi ci RvwZms‡Ni D‡Ïk¨, bxwZ, msMVb cÖf…wZ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| cuvPwU e„nrkw³i †f‡Uv †Ìqvi AwaKvi, AvÂwjK wbivcËv i¶vi eë¯’v, AwQ (Trustee) msµvšÍ mgm¨v cÖf…wZ cÖ‡kœ wKQy RwUjZv †`Lv †`q| we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi ci †f‡Uv MÖvn¨ nq, AvÂwjK wbivcËv eë¯’vi Rb¨

RvwZms‡Ni cÖ¯Íve Kvh©Kix Kivi mv‡c‡¶ Aby‡gvw`Z nq, RvwZms‡Ni Aax‡b c„_K AwQ cwil`

MV‡bi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| 111wU aviv m¤^wjZ RvwZms‡Ni mb`wU me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ nq|

RvwZmsN mb`

cÖ¯Ívebvq ejv nq, fvex cÖRb¥‡K hy‡×i wefxwlKv †_‡K i¶v I †gŠwjK gvbe AwaKvi I b¨vq wePvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z RvwZmsN `„pcÖwZÁ| e„nËi ¯^vaxbZvi †cÖ¶vc‡U mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ, DbœZZi RxebhvÎvi gvb, RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z mycÖwZ‡ekxmyjf AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv mywbwðZ Kiv RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨| me RvwZi mgvb AwaKvi I AvZ¥wbqš¿‡Yi `vwe ¯^xKvi K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv I mnve¯’vb e„w× Kiv RvwZms‡Ni D‡Ïk¨|

D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨

RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ ivóªeM© wØcvw¶K ev AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨vi mgvav‡b hy× cwinvi K‡i mb`

wb‡`©wkZ kvwšÍc~Y© c‡_ gxgvsmvi A½xKvi K‡i| mb` j•NbKvix ivóª‡K RvwZmsN kvw¯Í †`Iqvi AwaKvix I m`m¨ ivóªeM© Zv mg_©b Ki‡e| mvaviY Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î RvwZmsN n¯Í‡¶c bv Ki‡jI wek¦kvwšÍ wewNœZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡j RvwZms‡Ni GB AwaKvi bxwZMZfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| AvÂwjK wbivcËv msMVb¸wj‡K RvwZmsN cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a kvwšÍ i¶vi

`vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` DwjøwLZ AvPiYwewa †g‡b Pj‡Z †h me kvwšÍKvgx ivóª B”QzK Zv‡ì m`m¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡e| Z‡e †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi †hvM¨Zv wePv‡i wbivcËv cwil‡ì mycvwik I mvaviY cwil‡ì g‡bvbqb cÖ‡qvRb| wbivcËv cwil‡ì mycvwik I mvaviY cwil‡ì m¤§wZ‡Z Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi m`m¨c` evwZjI n‡Z cv‡i|

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msMVb I D‡Ïk¨

mvbd«vbwm‡¯‹v m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ mb` Abyhvqx 1945 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei wbDBqK© kn‡i RvwZms‡Ni cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m| †gvU QwU ms¯’v wb‡q RvwZms‡Ni msMVb M‡o I‡V| GB¸wj n‡jv (1) mvaviY cwil` (General Assembly) (2) wbivcËv cwil` (Security Council) (3) A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil` (Economic and Social Council) (4) AwQ cwil` (Trusteeship Council) (5) AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq (International Court of Justice)I (6) `ßi (Secretariat)

mvaviY cwil` t me m`m¨ ivóª‡K wb‡q mvaviY cwil` MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ ivóª cuvPRb cÖwZwbwa †cÖiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e hw`I GK iv‡óªi GK †fvU| mvaviY cwil` cÖwZ eQi GKRb mfvcwZ wbe©vPb Ki‡e| GQvov †Zi Rb mnmfvcwZ I mvZRb ¯’vqx KwgwUi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡e| mvaviY cwil` KZ©e¨ m¤úv`v‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ AviI K‡qKwU KwgwU MwVZ nq| G¸‡jv nj ivR‰bwZK I wbivcËv msµvšÍ KwgwU, A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ KwgwU, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK KwgwU, kvmbZvwš¿K I Avq-e¨q msµvšÍ KwgwU, AvBb m¤úwK©Z KwgwU cÖf…wZ|

Kvh©vejx t

mvaviY cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb eQ‡i GKevi K‡i AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Z‡e AwaKvsk m`‡m¨i Aby‡iv‡a †Kv‡bv we‡kl NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mvaviY mfvi Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb Kiv hv‡e| wek¦kvwšÍi

Av‡jvPbvI Gi KZ©e¨| e„nr kw³e‡M©i cvi¯úwiK gZwe‡iv‡ai d‡j I †f‡Uv eë¯’vi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq wbivcËv cwil‡` APjve¯’v †`Lv †`q| †m‡¶‡Î mvaviY cwil` n¯Í‡¶c K‡i gxgvsmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v¸wj Zv‡ì Kvh©weeiYx mvaviY cwil‡ì Kv‡Q †ck Ki‡e|

I `kRb A¯’vqx m`m¨ (c~‡e© wQj Qq) wb‡q GB cwil` MwVZ| cuvPRb ¯’vqx m`m¨ n‡jv gvwK©Y hy³ivóª, ivwkqv, weª‡Ub, d«vÝ, mgvRZš¿ev`x Pxb (c~‡e© wQj ZvBIqvb)| A¯’vqx m`m¨MY

`y'eQ‡ii Rb¨ ch©vqµ‡g mvaviY cwil` KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ nb| 1978 mv‡j GKevi Ges 1999- 2000 mv‡j GKevi G wb‡q evsjv‡`k `y'evi wbivcËv cwil‡`i A¯’vqx m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Q|

wbicËv cwil‡`i cÖavb KZ©e¨ AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v Kiv| kvwšÍ wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q cwil` Z`šÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i| kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv ga¨¯’Zv, wePvi A_ev Dchy³ †h †Kv‡bv kvwšÍc~Y© c_ Aej¤^b cwil‡`i ¶gZvfz³| kvwšÍf½Kvix iv‡óªi weiæ‡×

cÖ‡qvRbgZ eë¯’v †bIqvi ¶gZv cwil‡ì Av‡Q| GB kvwšÍg~jK eë¯’v `y'iKg n‡Z cv‡i- A_©‰bwZK eqKU I mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶c| mvaviY cwil‡ì †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡I wbivcË cwil‡ì|

†Kv‡bv GKRb ¯’vqx m`‡m¨i Am¤§wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖ¯Íve LvwiR n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| AvcvZ`„wó‡Z

†f‡Uv e¨e¯’v AMYZvwš¿K g‡b n‡jI †Kv‡bv AvšÍR©vwZK m`m¨vi mgvav‡b e„nr ivóe‡M©i GKgZ nIqvi cÖ‡qvRbxZvi Ici Gi Øviv ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq| we‡kl †Kv‡bv e„nr kw³i g‡Zi weiæ‡×

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RvwZms‡Ni mb‡Ì gvbeRvwZi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wk¶vi cÖmvi NwU‡q mvgvwRK êlg¨ `~i K‡i gvbe mgv‡Ri me©v½xb g½‡ji A½xKviI mb‡` ¯^xK…Z nq| GB D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨B A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil‡ì m„wó Kiv nq| mvaviY cwil`

¯^v¯’¨mn Rb-Kj¨vYg~jK wewfbœ Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn I mvaviY cwil`‡K GB g‡g© AewnZ Kiv| (2) m`m¨ ivóª¸wj‡Z b~¨bZg gvbe AwaKvi A_©vr †gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK

¯^vaxbZv i¶v cÖf…wZ wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY| (3) cwil‡`i Aaxb¯’ wewfbœ we‡klÁ ms¯’vi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab I Av_©-mvgvwRK wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Kiv|

cwil‡`i Aaxb¯’ ms¯’v¸wji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨, wk¶v, weÁvb I mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯’v (UNESCO), Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v (FAO), AvšÍR©vwZK kªwgK ms¯’v (ILO), AvšÍR©vwZK A_©-fvÛvi (IMF), cÖf…wZ| GQvov BD‡iv‡ci Rb¨ wbhy³ A_©‡bwZK Kwgkb (EEC), Gwkqv I `~i cÖv‡P¨i Rb¨ wbhy³ Kwgkb (ECAE) I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi Rb¨ Kwgkb (ECLA) D‡jøL‡hvM¨| AvšÍR©vwZK ¯Í‡i wkï weKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ MwVZ n‡q‡Q GK Riæwi Znwej (UNICEF), ÎvY I cybe©vmb cÖkvmb (UNRRA)|

AwQ cwil` t wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i †k‡l AwaKvsk Jcwb‡ewkK kvm‡biB Aemvb n‡q‡Q| GLbI hviv civaxb I AZ¨šÍ cðvrc` Zv‡ì ivLv n‡q‡Q RvwZms‡Ni ZË¡veav‡b AwQ cwil‡ì kvmbvax‡b| mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, AwQ eë¯’vi Aaxb¯’ AÂj¸wji ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK gvb Dbœqb K‡i c~Y© ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍzZ K‡i †Ìqv|

Kvh©vejx

RvwZcyÄ ev jx‡Mi Aaxb¯’ g¨vb‡WU AÂjmg~n I wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i †k‡l A¶kw³i nvZ †_‡K gyw³cÖvß AÂj¸wj AwQ cwil‡ì `vwq‡Z¡ ivLvi eë¯’v nq| g¨v‡ÛU eë¯’vq c~e©Zb A‡Uvgvb ev Zzi¯‹ mvgªv‡Rï wewfbœ AÂj K‡qKwU e„nr kw³i g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †Ìqv nq| g¨v‡ÛU AÂj¸wji Ici cwi`k©b ¶gZv †mLvbKvi Awaevmx‡ì †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQj bv| wKš‘ AwQ eë¯’vq Gi my‡hvM Av‡Q|

AwQ AÂj¸wj AwaKvskB Avwd«Kvq Aew¯’Z- †hgb, Bs‡iR I divwm †Uv‡Mvj¨vÛ, divwm K¨v‡giæb, BZvjxq †mvgvwjj¨vÛ, Uv½vbvBKv, iæqvÛv-eyiæwÛ cÖf…wZ| RvwZms‡N Av‡d«v-Gkxq ivóª¸wji cÖfve e„w× cvIqvq AvwQ AÂj¸wji mykvmb I `ªæZ ¯^vaxbZvi e¨e¯’v mywbwðZ nq|

MwVZ nIqvi wbqg ivLv nq| lvU I mË‡ii `k‡Ki ci ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi DÌv‡bi ci AwQ AÂ‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv K‡g hvq, d‡j AwQ cwil`I Kvh©Z ¸iæZ¡ nxb n‡q c‡o|

c‡i Pyw³wU mb‡` mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv nq| RvwZcy‡Äi Aaxb¯’ AvšÍR©vwZK wePvjvj‡qi Zzjbvq GB wePvivjq AviI eo I DbœZgv‡bi nq| AvBbÁ wn‡m‡e mycÖwZwôZ I wb‡Ri †`‡ki m‡e©v”P

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Av`vj‡Z wbhy³ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ e¨w³‡K GLv‡b wePviK wbhy³ Kiv nq| wbhyw³i mgq we‡k¦i wewfbœ mf¨Zv I AvBb e¨e¯’vi cÖwZdjb n‡”Q wKbv †mw`‡K `„wó ivLv nq| mvaviY cwil`

I wbivcËv cwil‡`i msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U wePviKMY wbhy³ nb beQ‡ii Rb¨| wePvi‡Ki msL¨v 15 Rb| RvwZms‡Ni me m`m¨ ivóªB AvšÍRv©vwZK wePvivj‡qi m`m¨| AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v, m`m¨ ivóª¸wji weev‡`i gxgvsmv, we‡klÁ mwgwZ¸wj‡K AvBbMZ civgk©`vb cÖf…wZ wePvivj‡qi GLwZqv‡ii g‡a¨ c‡o| w` †n‡M Gi Kvh©vjq Aew¯’Z|

`ßi t

RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, GKRb gnvmwPe (Secretary General) I mvsMVwbK Kg©x‡`i wb‡q `ß‡i MwVZ n‡e| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †fŠMwjK AÂj †_‡K †hvM¨Zv I mZZvi gv‡bi wfwË‡Z

`ß‡ii Kg©Pvixe„›` wbhy³ nq| wbivcËv cwil‡ì mycvwikµ‡g mvaviY cwil` gnvmwPe wb‡qvM K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i GiKg †h †Kv‡bv NUbv RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe wbivcËv cwil‡ì `„wó‡MvP‡i Avb‡eb| RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’vi g‡a¨ mg¤^q mvab Zvui Aci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| GB ms¯’v¸wji Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ `ßi cwi‡ekb Ki‡e| RvwZms‡Ni bvbvb cwÎKv cÖKvkbv. êÁvwbK I Ab¨vb¨ RbKj¨vYg~jK msMVb¸wji ZË¡veavbI `ß‡ii KZ©e¨|

RvwZms‡Ni Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve gnvmwPe mvaviY cwil‡` Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| GQvov mvaviY cwil‡`i Kvh©weeiYx †ck, Kg©m~wP cÖYqb cÖf…wZI gnvmwP‡ei KZ©e¨| e¨w³ wn‡me wZwbB GKgvÎ RvwZms‡Ni ms¯’v I msMVb¸wji Ici cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wUªM‡f jxB (Trygve Lie) wQ‡jb RvwZms‡Ni cÖ_g gnvmwPe| RvwZms‡Ni m`i `ßi hy³iv‡óªi wbDBqK© kn‡i Aew¯’Z|

`xN©w`be¨vcx i³¶qx hy‡×i ci we‡k¦i cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© wgÎc¶ GK AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‡bi K_v wPšÍv K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ_g I wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Dfq †¶‡ÎB GKwU K‡i GB cÖwZôvb AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iÑh_vµ‡g RvwZcyÄ (League of Nations)I RvwZmsN (United Nations Organisation)|

`vwei Ask wn‡m‡e RvwZcyÄ wQj †hb gvwK©b ivóªcwZ DBjm‡bi gvbm mšÍvb| GB e¨_©Zvi AwfÁZv †_‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgqKvi gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ I Ab¨vb¨ wgÎc¶xq †bZvMY wk¶v †bb|

†`Iqvi Ici †Rvi †ewk †`b| wKš‘ Gevi hy× Aemv‡bi A‡bK Av‡MB GB cwiKíbvi ïiæ nq|

1941 mv‡ji AvUjvw›UK ˆeVK iæR‡fë-PvwP©j Av‡jvPb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 1945-Gi mvbd«vbwm‡¯‹v m‡¤§jb ch©šÍ wewfbœ mgq, wewfbœ ch©v‡q RvwZmsN MV‡bi Av‡jvPbv P‡j‡Q| d‡j RvwZcy‡Äi DrcwËi ci †h ai‡bi mgm¨v e„nr kw³e‡M©i g‡a¨ †`Lv †`q RvwZms‡Ni †¶‡Î †m¸wji A‡bKUv mgvavb c~‡e©B n‡q hvq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Zzjbvq wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i †¶‡Î wZb ivóª cÖavb, iæR‡fë, PvwP©j I ÷vwjb A‡bK †ewk `~i`„wóm¤úbœ wQ‡jb|

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 289 RvwZcyÄ I RvwZms‡Ni GKB D‡Ïk¨ I j¶¨ wb‡q `ywU wewfbœ mg‡q m„ó `y'wU AvšÍRv©vwZK ms¯’v|

hy× †iva Kivi cÖ‡Póv nqZ A‡bK cyi‡bv wKš‘ AvšÍRv©wZK ¯Í‡i ¯’vqx kvwšÍ eRvq ivLvi †Póv Kvh©Z RvwZcyÄ w`‡qB ïiæ n‡qwQj| †mB A‡_© RvwZmsN ZviB DËim~ix| cÖ_gwU GKwU aviYvi m„wó K‡iwQj, wØZxqwU Zvi mv_©K cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Df‡qi g‡a¨ wKQy ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡`i Zzjbvq RvwZcy‡Äi cwil` A‡bK †ewk AmsnZ ev f½yyi wQj|

cÖ_gwU‡Z ¯’vqx m`‡m¨i I Zvi msL¨vi cwieZ©b nq evievi| wKš‘ wbivcËv cwil‡` ¯’vqx m`‡m¨i msL¨v AvRI AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q| ïay ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y me©m¤§Zfv‡e ¯’jvwfwl³ n‡q‡Q mgvRZvwš¿K Pxb|

RvwZcy‡Äi †¶‡Î cwil` I mvaviY cwil‡`i g‡a¨ ¶gZv I `vwq‡Z¡i myôz wefvRb wQj bv, RvwZms‡Ni †¶‡Î Zv Av‡Q| mvaviY cwil` A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jI kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶vi †¶‡Î wbivcËv cwil`B my¯úófv‡e AwaK ¶gZvi AwaKvix|

RvwZcy‡Äi wewa Abyhvqx †KejgvÎ AvµgYvZ¥K hy×B Ôhy×' wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| d‡j A‡bK ivóªB A‡NvwlZ hy‡×i Øviv Zvi ¯^v_©wmw× K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ RvwZms‡Ni †¶‡Î ïaygvÎ hy×B bq, hy‡×i m¤¢vebv gvÎ †`Lv w`‡jB wbivcËv cwil‡`i n¯Í‡¶c Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q| ZvQvov RvwZmsN

†mbvevwnbxi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i RvwZcy‡Äi †m kw³ wQj bv|

ejv nq †h Ô‡f‡Uv' eë¯’v RvwZms‡Ni KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡b AšÍivq m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ RvwZcy‡Äi me©m¤§Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi bxwZI GKBiKg evavi m„wó Ki‡Zv| RvwZcyÄ cwil‡ì AšÍf©y³ bq Ggb m`m¨ cwil‡ì wm×všÍ gvb‡Z eva¨ wQj bv, wKš‘ wbivcËv cwil‡ì wm×všÍ me m`m¨ ivóª †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨|

RvwZcy‡Äi Zzjbvq RvwZms‡Ni Kg©m~wP A‡bK e¨vcK| ivR‰bwZK w`K ev` w`‡jI RvwZms‡N I Zvi Aaxb¯’ we‡klÁ ms¯’v¸wji gva¨‡g gvbevwaKvi I gvbeKj¨vYmn Lv`¨, K…wl, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨

cwiPvwjZ nq bv|

RvwZcyÄ I RvwZms‡Ni Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbvq †evSv hvq †h RvwZmsN †hb RvwZcy‡Äi GK ms‡kvwaZ I cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹KiY| RvwZmsN A‡bK †ewk msMwVZ, mymsnZ| hy‡×i cybive„wË

†iva A‡¯¿i webv‡ki gva¨‡gB ïay m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb gvby‡li `„wófw½i cwieZ©b| Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK RvMi‡Yi g‡a¨ w`‡qB Zv m¤¢e| RvwZmsN †mB aviYviB cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Q|

A‡bK i³ I aŸs‡mi wewbg‡q wØZxq wek¦hy‡× Aïf kw³i civfe mywbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj|

wek¦RbgZ d¨vwmó kw³i weiæ‡× hvq| RvwZms‡Ni Rb¥ †mRb¨ GK Avkvi Av‡jvi mÂvi K‡i|

†gvZv‡q‡bi weiæ‡× wmwiqv I †jevb‡bi Awf‡hvM, B‡›`v‡bwkqv I †Kvwiqvi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖkœ,

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wgk‡ii my‡qR mgm¨v cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv cÖksmvi `vwe iv‡L| Ab¨w`‡K wek¦¯^v¯’¨

ms¯’v, K…wl I Lv`¨ ms¯’v, wek¦ e¨vsK, wk¶v, weÁvb I mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯’v, kªwgK ms¯’v, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zv e„w× mvnvh¨ K‡i| AbybœZ †`k¸wji A_©‰bwZK, KvwiMwi I evwYwR¨K Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| gvbevwaKvi I wkï- Kj¨v‡Yi †¶‡Î RvwZms‡Ni Aaxb¯’ ms¯’v¸wj AvRI cÖksmbxq KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|

†_‡K gy³ Av‡Q| wKš‘ Zvi D‡b¥lc‡e© RvwZmsN‡K ¯œvqyhy‡×i N~Y©ve‡Z© co‡Z nq| cwðgx †RvU ebvg †mvwf‡qZ †RvU GB Ø‡›`¡ RvwZmsN‡K A‡bK †¶‡Î bxie `k©‡Ki f‚wgKv wb‡Z n‡q‡Q|

¯’vc‡b bZzbfv‡e evauv m„wó Ki‡Q, AvZ‡¼i m„wó K‡i‡Q| Av‡d«v-Gwkq †`k¸wj RvwZms‡N msL¨vMwiô nIqv m‡Ë¡I Pxb Qvov Avi †KDB wbivcËv cwil‡`i ¯’vqx m`‡m¨i c` cvqwb|

mbvZbx mvgªvR¨ev‡`i Aemvb n‡jI bZzb †gvo‡K Zvi Dcw¯’wZ AvRI wek¦evmxi ksKvi KviY|

D”Pgv‡M©i K~UbxwZi `vev †Ljvq RvwZmsN GLbI Amnvq †eva K‡i| RvwZms‡Ni Dci GKK civkw³ hy³iv‡óªi cÖfve Av‡iv Mfxi n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GZ`m‡Ë¡I RvwZms‡Ni Dc‡hvwMZv †gv‡UB n«vm cvqwb| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i ¶z`ªI AbybœZ †`k¸wj Zv‡`i `ye©j Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AvksKvq RvwZmsN‡KB g‡b K‡i †kl wePv‡ii ¯’j ¯œvqyhy‡×i Aemv‡bi ci RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv Av‡iv e¨vcK n‡q‡Q|

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvm-2 c„ôv- 291 1| RvwZmsN †NvlYvcÎ ¯^v¶wiZ nq-

(K) 1942 mv‡j (L) 1943 mv‡j

(M) 1944 mv‡j (N) 1945 mv‡j

(K) IqvwksUb m‡¤§j‡b (L) g‡¯‹v m‡¤§j‡b (M) mvbd«vwÝ‡Kv m‡¤§j‡b (N) †Zniæb m‡¤§j‡b|

3| RvwZms‡Ni cÖavb A½ msL¨v-

(K) 3 wU (L) 4 wU

(M) 5 wU (N) 6 wU

(K) GKevi (L) `yBevi

(M) wZbevi (N) Pvievi

5| RvwZms‡Ni cÖ_g mnvmwP‡ei bvg-

(K) Kwd Avbvb (L) D_v›U

(M) wU‡M‡f jxB (N) ey‡Uªvm Nvwjt

DËi: 1| (K) 2| (M) 3| (N) 4| (L) 5| (M)

(L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1. RvwZms‡Ni DrcwËi cUf‚wg Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 4

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Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq Dcwb‡ekev‡`i cZb

D‡Ïk¨

 Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq Dcwb‡ekev‡`i cZ‡bi KviYmg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;

1945 mv‡j hLb wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgvwß nq ZLb c„w_ex‡Z civaxb gvby‡li msL¨v wQj 75

†KvwU| Ab¨w`‡K 1991 mv‡j civaxb gvby‡li msL¨v wQj gvÎ 15 j¶| c„w_ex‡Z `ªæZnv‡i civaxb †`k¸‡jv †h ¯^vaxb n‡q wM‡qwQj Zvi KviY cvðv‡Zï mvgªvRëv`x †`kmg~n Zv‡ì Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡K ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb K‡i ev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †h cÖwµqvq Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jv ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i Zv‡K Abycwb‡ekxKiY e‡j| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci GB cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡qwQj, AvRI Zv m¤ú~Y© nqwb| c„w_exi wKQy wKQy ¶z`ª f‚-L‡Ð AvRI Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb Pvjy Av‡Q| †hgb, cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii wKQy ¶z`ª Øxc GLbI civaxb i‡q‡Q|

Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq Dcwb‡ekev‡`i cZb n‡qwQj cÖavbZ wZbwU Kvi‡Y|

(K) RvZxqZvev‡`i DÌvb I weKvk;

(M) RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv|

(K) RvZxqZvev‡`i DÌvb I weKvk

†kvl‡Yi cvkvcvwk Zv‡ì wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi NwU‡qwQj| cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi KZ¸‡jv †gŠj Dcv`vb-†hgb Bsj¨v‡Ûi †MŠiegq wecøe, Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, divwm wecøe GB gnËg NUbvewj‡Z gvby‡li AwaKvi I ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡qwQj| Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z hLb cvðvZ¨ wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i ZLb GB gnËg NUbvewjI GKwU ¶z`ª Ask‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i| cÖwZwU Dcwb‡e‡kB GKwU wkw¶Z †kªYx M‡o I‡V| msL¨vq Giv ¶z`ª n‡jI A_©we‡Ë Giv wQj h‡_ó kw³kvjx| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv mvgªvRëv`x †`‡ki nv‡Z _vKvq Giv Amš‘ó wQj| d‡j Zviv mvgªvRëv`x kw³‡K GKgvÎ cÖwZØ›`¡x wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i| ZvB cÖwZwU Dcwb‡e‡k hLb Av‡›`vjb I we‡`ªvn †`Lv †`q ZLb Giv †bZ…Z¡ †`q| GB †kªYxwUi †bZ…‡Z¡ †h RvZxqZvev‡ì weKvk nq Zv MYgvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³i R‡b¨ h‡_ó wQj bv| wKš‘ Zviv MYgvbyl‡K RwoZ K‡iwQj RvZxqZvev`x Av`‡k©| G Ae¯’vq mvgªvRëv`x kw³mg~n †`Lj †h, hw`

GB †kªYx‡K ¶gZv bv †`qv hvq, Zvn‡j kªwgK K…lK Ges mvaviY gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ªæZ mgvRZvwš¿K Av`k© Qwo‡q co‡e| d‡j Jcwb‡ewkK kw³¸‡jv GB ¶z`ª †kªYxi (DVwZ ey‡R©vqv) nv‡Z ¶gZv cÖ`vb wbivc` g‡b K‡iwQj|

Dcwb‡e‡k RvZxqZvev` weKv‡k wKQy AvšÍR©vwZK NUbvewj cÖfve †d‡j| wKQy welq AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e mviv wek¦‡K bvov w`‡qwQj| †hgbÑ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg, 13wU ivR¨ weª‡U‡bi weiæ‡× hy× K‡i ¯^vaxb n‡qwQj| 1776 mv‡ji 4 RyjvB Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †NvlYvq gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡qwQj hv e¨vcK gvbyl‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i wQj| A‡bK HwZnvwmK Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg‡K MYZvwš¿K msMÖv‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvBjdjK (Milstone of democratic revolution) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| divwm wecøe gvby‡li