Combinational Circuits
LEC-05
Combinational Circuit
• Combinational Circuits (CC) are circuits made up of different types of logic gates.
A logic gate is a basic building block of any electronic circuit. The output of the combinational circuit depends on the values at the input at any given time.
• The combinational circuit do not use any memory. The previous state of input does not have any effect on the present state of the circuit.
• Combinational Logic Circuits are made up from basic logic NAND, NOR or NOT gates that are “combined” or connected together to produce more complicated switching circuits.
Sequential circuit
• The sequential circuit contains a set of inputs and output(s). The output(s) of
sequential circuit depends not only on the combination of present inputs but also on the previous output(s).
• Therefore, sequential circuits contain combinational circuits along with memory (storage) elements.
Differentiate between
Combinational and Sequential
Circuit.
The Adder
• An adder is a digital circuit that is used to perform the addition of numeric values. It is one of the most basic circuits and is found in arithmetic logic units of computing devices. There are two types of adders. Half adders compute single digit numbers, while full
adders compute larger numbers.
Half Adder
• Half adder is a combinational logic circuit with two inputs and two
outputs. The half adder circuit is designed to add two single bit binary number A and B. It is the basic building block for addition of
two single bit numbers. This circuit has two outputs carry and sum.
Full Adder
• Full Adder is the adder which adds three inputs and produces two outputs. The first two inputs are A and B and the third input is an input carry as C-IN. The
output carry is designated as C-OUT and the normal output is designated as S which is SUM.
Co= (A xor B). Ci + (A.B) SUM= (A XOR B)XOR Ci
ADDITION OF TWO 4 BIT NUMBER
• In a computer, for a multi-bit operation, each bit must be represented by a full adder and must be added simultaneously. Thus, to add two 8- bit numbers, you will need 8 full adders which can be formed by
cascading two of the 4-bit blocks. The addition of two 4-bit numbers is shown below.
• SELF STUDY
Implement the half adder and full adder circuit using BASIC gates
Encoders and Decoders
• Encoders convert 2N lines of input into a code of N bits and Decoders decode the N bits into 2N lines
Encoder
For simple encoders, it is assumed that only one input line is active at a time.
4 to 2 Encoder
• Let 4 to 2 Encoder has four inputs Y3, Y2, Y1 & Y0 and two outputs A1 & A0. The block diagram of 4 to 2 Encoder is shown in the following figure.
Logic circuit of a 4-2 priority encoder
Decoder
• The name “Decoder” means to translate or decode coded information from one format into another, so a binary decoder transforms “n”
binary input signals into an equivalent code using 2n outputs.
• Binary Decoder is another combinational logic circuit constructed from individual logic gates. If a binary decoder receives n inputs, it activates one and only one of its 2n outputs based on that input with all other outputs deactivated.
• a decoder generally decodes a binary value into a non-binary one by setting exactly one of its n outputs to logic “1”.
Block diagram of a decoder
The circuit diagram of 2 to 4 decoder
Implementing higher order decoder using lower order decoder
Self study
Implement 4 to 16 decoder using 3 to 8 decoders.
• Decoders are widely used in memory system of computers , where they respond to the address code input from the central processor to activate the memory storage location specified by address code..
Multiplexer
• Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has maximum of 2n data inputs, ‘n’ selection
lines and single output line. One of these data inputs will be connected to the output based on the values of selection lines.
• is a device which allows one of a number of inputs to be routed to a single output.
• Since there are ‘n’ selection lines, there will be 2n possible combinations of zeros and ones.
So, each combination will select only one data input. Multiplexer is also called as Mux.
• Multiplexers are useful in many situations. For example, in a CPU, data being written to
memory might come from one of a number of sources - from a register, from the result of a calculation, etc - so a multiplexer would be used to select data from the appropriate source.
• Another application is where we want to be able to choose one of several operations to
carry out on some data - all the operations can be calculated, and a multiplexer can be used to select the desired result