Design and Analysis of 3.5 GHz Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna for S- Band Applications

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Design and Analysis of 3.5 GHz Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna for S- Band Applications

Conference Paper · April 2023

DOI: 10.1109/ICICACS57338.2023.10100219

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2023 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS)

Design and Analysis of 3.5 GHz Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna for S-Band Applications

Sifat Hossain

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna Khulna-9100, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected]

Tarikul Islam

Shahriar Alam

Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna Khulna-9100, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Faragi Sabbir Munna

Tanmoy Mondal

Sakib Khan Jim

Northern University of Business and Technology Khulna Khulna-9100, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Md. Mostafizur Rahman, SMIEEE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

Khulna-9203, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract— This research shows a novel patch antenna that is rectangular shaped. It is designed for 3.5 GHz frequency which is used for the applications of S-band. The antenna is structured using an FR4 substrate, which dielectric constant is 4.4 and a microstrip line is used as a feeding technique for the designed antenna. The performance of the antenna at 3.5 GHz produced a better return loss value of -43.52 dB, a large bandwidth of 2.3 GHz between 2.6 GHz and 4.9 GHz, and a gain of 2.646 dBi. To boost bandwidth, the substrate's thickness is raised. For analysis, various important performance parameters such as gain, radiation pattern, and return loss are determined from simulated results using CST Studio Suite software. The suggested antenna is assumed to function in the S-band.

Keywords— Microstrip, S-band, Patch, VSWR, dielectric- constant.

I. INTRODUCTION

Patch antennas are now an essential component of mobile systems due to their extensive use in modern communication systems and a number of favorable characteristics. Microstrip antennas are used in various commercial industries, including cellular communications, global positioning systems, broadcast satellite systems, and mobile satellite systems in addition to military applications like spacecraft, missiles, and airplanes. As a result, MSAs have become a crucial study topic [1]. These desirable characteristics include being economically priced, lightweight, low profile, and easy to fabricate [2].

A limited impedance bandwidth and low gain are two of MSAs' drawbacks. To deal with these main issues, various techniques have been suggested. The antenna properties have been enhanced recently by the development of wideband

features and high gain. Rectangular patches and a folded T- shaped antenna have been used to accomplish this. A sickle- shaped patch and a tapered feed line have also been used to achieve the same results [3]. However, the performance parameters (VSWR, reflected power, directivity, bandwidth, and gain) of the aforementioned antennas are constrained in

several ways.

Fig. 1. A 3D view of Microstrip Patch Antenna.

The typical design of a patch antenna is a substrate in the middle, a metallic patch on the top side, and the ground is at the bottom side, as shown in Fig. 1. For the bulk of commercial MSA applications, size reduction, and bandwidth expansion have become crucial design factors [4].

Additionally, it has been noticed that MSAs can operate in a number of frequency bands by utilizing slots on the patch of the microstrip antenna, such as W, L, U, and C-shaped slots [5], [6].

The orthogonal modes of a 4x4 and an 8x8 MIMO system are shown. Despite the antenna's near proximity, orthogonal

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modes offer good isolation. Other factors, including radiation efficiency, were reported in [7], ranging from 51% to 84% for 4x4 MIMO systems and from 49-72% for 8x8 MIMO systems. It was intended for a rectangle patch to function at 28GHz and 60GHz independently. This antenna cannot be manufactured due to its extremely small dimensions.

Additionally, it should be noted that because substrates are only offered up to 10 GHz in the millimeter wave frequency spectrum, the dielectric constant at those frequencies is erroneous. To function in the 3.5GHz band, a circular-shaped patch with a partial ground surface was created. The greatest gain of 3dB was achieved at 3.5 GHz in with an antenna bandwidth of 250MHz. In [8], the fundamental analysis of microstrip antennas is well laid forth. In [9], a 3.5GHz monopole antenna was developed. It is an 8-inverted loop array antenna and it covers a 200MHz bandwidth. From the following literature, it is clear that there are many limitations such as bandwidth problems, lower efficiency, return loss, and VSWR problem [10], [11].

The developed antenna is used in this study at 3.5 GHz in frequencies between 2.6 GHz and 4.9 GHz, encompassing applications in the S-band as well. The defective ground makes up the bottom of the proposed building, and the upper side is covered with the radiating patch. The source signal is delivered using microstrip feeding lines. The designed antenna has a better return loss of -43.52 dB and a large bandwidth of 2.3 GHz. The directivity and gain are both great, and the VSWR is likewise within the range of 1 and 2.

All the values of different performance parameters are very impressive than previous research. So, the proposed antenna is more efficient.

The structure of the paper is comprised of the following sections. The "Antenna Specifications and Design" section provides information on the antenna's design procedures. The results and performance analysis are reported in the section titled "Simulation Result Analysis." Final thoughts are provided in the "Conclusion" section.

II. ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGN Realizing the intended applications and adhering to the factors are the two primary criteria for antenna design.

Frequency is a very important parameter. The structure must be computed after the identification of the crucial data.

Software from the CST Studio Suite is used to model and build the antenna. At the beginning of this study, many design requirements will be listed, including the overall size, materials, feeding method, and some performance metrics like the VSWR, return loss, directivity, gain, and bandwidth.

The ground layer comes to mind first. It serves as the support framework. The substrate chosen affects both the antenna's thickness and the relative permittivity value. Determining the substrate material is crucial. The substrate's second layer is linked to the ground. The final and powerful part is an antenna-emitting patch. The simplest feeding method is microstrip line feeding. The feeding line, which is typically small according to the patch, transmits electricity.

Some equations are used to determine the proper dimension for the specified designing of the antenna. The necessary equations are shown:

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ℇ = ^(ℇ ⁾ + ^(ℇ ⁾ [1 + 12 ] ^⁄ (2)

The dimensions of the antenna are measured by the following formulas to improve antenna performance. In Table I, the measurement of the parameters is displayed.

TABLE I. MEASUREMENT OF THE ANTENNA

Name of the parameter Value in mm Length of the ground 16.36

Width of the ground 49.2

Length of the substrate 54 Width of the substrate 49.2

Length of the patch 23.8

Width of the patch 18.9

Thickness of the ground 0.035 Thickness of the substrate 1.5 Thickness of the patch 0.035

Fig. 2. 3D image of the Antenna.

The planned antenna is depicted in Fig. 2 as consisting of ground on the bottom, a substrate in between the ground and the patch, and a conducting patch on the upper side. The PEC (perfect electrical conductor) makes up the conducting ground and patch of the planned antenna. The FR4 substrate is a dielectric substance. The relative permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent are 4.4 and 0.02 respectively. To find the appropriate resonance frequency and outstanding values for all the performance parameters, the geometric characteristics of the designed antenna are changed.

III. SIMULATION RESULT ANALYSIS

The suggested antenna is designed using the CST software, and also the simulation results are examined. It is demonstrated through parametric analysis how different parameters affect frequency. As the length of the patch increases, the operating frequency has been shown to begin to fall, and as the patch’s length lowers, it has been seen to begin to climb. The resonance frequencies move as the patch size changes consistently. The desired resonance frequency is 3.5 GHz after modifying the patch's length and other variables.

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Fig. 3. S-Parameters of the designed Antenna.

S11 is very frequently stated and used in connection with antennas. The reflection coefficient (S11) calculates the amount of power reflected from the antenna. All power is reflected and therefore not radiated if S11=0 dB. When the return loss is less than -10dB that means 90% of the power is delivered to the antenna. In Fig. 3, the band of the antenna is shown as being below -10 dB. The designed antenna has a better return loss of -43.52 dB and a bandwidth of 2.3 GHz which covers S-band applications.

VSWR must be between 1 and 2 in order to virtually prevent an antenna and feed line mismatch. The profound frequency's VSWR value is 1.01, as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. VSWR of the designed Antenna.

In the field of electromagnetics, an antenna's directivity is defined as the amount of radiation it emits and concentrates in one direction which means the ratio of an average radiation of intensity to its single-direction radiation intensity. The gain of an antenna is a function of radiation efficiency that is smaller than its directivity. For dish and short dipole antennae, the directivity of an actual antenna might differ by 1.76 dBi and 50 dBi, respectively. According to Fig. 5, directivity has a value of 2.818 dBi.

Fig. 5. Directivity of the designed Antenna.

An essential performance parameter in electromagnetics is the antenna gain, which combines the antenna's radiation efficiency and directivity. The efficiency with which an antenna converts input power into radio waves that go in a certain direction is known as the gain of a transmitting antenna. How well radio waves from a given channel are turned into electrical power is shown by the receiving antenna gain. When someone uses the word "gain," they typically mean the highest gain or, in the absence of a direction, the gain of the antenna's major lobe direction. The gain when it

depends on a direction is represented by the antenna pattern, sometimes referred to as the radiation pattern.

The gain of the planned antenna, which is 2.646 dBi, is shown on Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Gain of the designed Antenna.

Table II provides the antenna's performance for various substrate thicknesses.

TABLE II. ANTENNA PERFORMANCE FOR VARIOUS SUBSTRATE THICKNESS

This research aim is to improve bandwidth, return loss, and efficiency. Table III compares the results to past investigations.

TABLE III. COMPARISON WITH THE RECENT RESEARCH

IV. CONCLUSION

This paper shows a designing for a 3.5 GHz patch antenna operating between 2.6 GHz and 4.9 GHz. A microstrip line is used for the feeding technique. Many parameter adjustments are needed for enhanced return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, and efficiency. Return loss is under -10 dB at the desired resonant frequency. The suggested antenna will function better for applications in the S-band such as surface ship radar, weather radar, and some communications satellites (microwave devices, communications, microwave ovens, mobile phones, radio astronomy, wireless LAN, ZigBee, GPS, Bluetooth, amateur radio). Comparing the new antenna to earlier studies demonstrates that it is superior to the others based on return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, and efficiency. The antenna's low return loss, VSWR, and positive gain make it appropriate for

Substrate Thickness (mm)

Return Loss (dB)

VSWR Gain (dBi)

Directivity (dBi)

Bandwidth (GHz)

1.1 -32.33 1.7 1.934 2.138 1.7

1.2 -34.21 1.2 1.947 2.211 1.8

1.3 -35.43 1.1 2.158 2.301 2.1

1.4 -38.24 1.05 2.364 2.576 2.2

1.5 -43.52 1.01 2.646 2.818 2.3

Ref. Return loss (dB)

VSWR Gain (dBi)

Bandwidth (GHz)

Efficiency

[12] -16.32 1.36 3.65 dB 0.2 -

[13] -24.51 - 6 dB 0.15 98%

[14] -26.35 1.1 3.68 0.64 -

[15] -41.3 1.01 4.45 1.13 97.2%

This work

-43.52 1.01 2.64 2.3 93.9%

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all of the following applications. The antenna would next need to be fabricated, and the results would need to be tested.

Comparing the new antenna to earlier studies demonstrates that it has better performance.

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