24 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna for S Band Wireles

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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

2.4 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna for S-Band Wireless Communications

To cite this article: Alaa M. Abdulhussein et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2114 012029

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

2.4 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna for S-Band Wireless Communications

Alaa M. Abdulhussein¹, Ali H. Khidhir², Ahmed A. Naser³

1University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq

2Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

3Directorate of Space and Communications, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

1Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. For any wireless communication, the antenna plays a very important role. The request for this technology is reduced antenna size, weight, and cost with a low profile, high performance, and low return loss (RL). To meet these requirements, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) can be used. This research represents the design and manufacture of the MPA for the 2.4 GHz applications with very low RL and perfect voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). Computer simulation technology (CST) studio is used to design and simulation. The proposed MPA is fabricated on flame retardant (FR-4) material as a substrate. The results show that the MPA is capable to deal with RL of -38.86 dB at the frequency of 2.393 GHz with a bandwidth (BW) of 58 MHz and VSWR of 1.02. The volume of the antenna is 75.85 × 57.23 × 1.6 .

Keywords: 2.4 GHz, MPA, S-Banc, FR-4, CNC method

1. Introduction

Wireless technology is very fast growing which gives a massive effect on public life nowadays.

Studies on the antenna are quickly developing in the recent research trend resulting in several antenna designs in new wireless communication technology because it lets a single antenna employed in different systems [1]. The S-band is defined as the frequency range from 2 GHz to 4 GHz consisting of a wavelength (λ) range of 75-150 mm [2]. The means of communication in any wireless domain is a well-organized antenna with small size, very high gain, low RL, and high BW. In such cases, MPA is common because of its excellent features, such as low profile, lightweight, low cost, dependability, and ease of manufacture [3, 4]. The essential construction of an MPA includes a metallic radiating patch component, which is combined into a grounded dielectric substrate as shown in Figure 1 [5].

The forms that the MPA can represent are such as rectangular shapes, trigonal, hexagonal, circular, and so on [6]. Different dielectric substrates are used in the MPA which determines the size and performance. The patch antenna is also termed the voltage radiator [7]. It is well-known that the use of substrate material in the design of radio frequency (RF) or microwave frequencies circuits is common for printed circuit board (PCB) materials and has some important challenges [8]. There are various techniques of MPA feeding. The microstrip feed line is one of them [9]. It's known that the 2.4 frequency can cover applications such as wireless local area network (WLAN), multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee [10-12]. Numerous programming languages had used to solving antenna equations and designing MPA structure [13-15]. But most of these

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2

calculators are specific to some parts of the antenna. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. In the second section, a detailed description of the design of the proposed MPA is presented. Simulation and experimental results are existing in the third and fourth sections consequently. Finally, the last section gathers the conclusion of the proposed work.

Figure 1. Basie structure of the MPA

2. Antenna Design

The proposed MPA is calculated at the resonant frequency ( ) of 2.4 GHz by using MATLAB Software. The width (W) and the length of the patch (L) values calculated from equations 1 to 5 [9].

The ground and patch layers are having copper material with 0.035 mm of the thickness ( ). Then the component is simulated by setting the input impedance 50 Ω for matching.

√ (1)

* + (2)

√ (3)

⁽⁾⁽ ⁾

( )( ) (4) (5) Where c is the speed of light in vacuum, is the dielectric constant, is the effective dielectric constant, is the effective length, and is the extended length. To design the transmission line, we only need to calculate the width ( ) of the transmission line from the equation 6 [9], because the length of the transmission line is linked with substrate structure and automatically determines.

{

√ *

+

√ * ( )+

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Where is the characteristic impedance and for matching should become 50 . The suggested solution to find the value of the is illustrated in the following steps:

2.1. A special algorithm is configured to calculate the .

2.2. To limit the solving region, the minimum value of feed line width ( ) and the maximum value of feed line width ( ) are suggested. and are optional values that determine the permissible range could be any positive real number.

Patch

Substrate Ground

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2.3. Increasing value ( ) assumed to determine the amount of rising each time and should choose from the predefined values as follows; 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, or 0.00001.

2.4. Assume the value of is equal to the value of 2.5. Add the value of the to the .

2.6. By testing the ( ) ratio, the appropriate section(first part or second part) of the equation can be selected.

2.7. Results of and are stored in the matrix.

2.8. If the value of still smaller than the value of max., the function return to step number (2.5) and using the Increasing Value again and so on. But if not, the loop will stop and a figure should plot between and values.

2.9. Accordingly, the function starts to find the closest value of the to the 50 Ω and so can know the value of .

Figure 2 illustrates the flowchart of previous steps. The value of the plays an important role in determining the number of loops for calculating for each value of the .

Figure 2. Flowchart to calculate transmission line width.

Inset feed depth ( ) and inset feed gap (g) calculated using equations 7 and 8, respectively after mathematically rearrangement [16].

(√

) (7)

(

√ ) (8) Find the closest

Zc to 50 Ω Start

𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓, h, 𝑍𝑖𝑛, 𝑉𝑖

𝑊 min., 𝑊 max. 𝑊 𝑊 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑊 𝑉_𝑖

𝑊

𝑍_𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑊

𝑍_𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑍_𝑐 & 𝑊 In the Matrix

End Yes Yes

No No

Yes No

Plot figure (𝑊 Z_c) 𝑊 𝑊 𝑚𝑎𝑥

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4

Where is a resonant input resistance and taken as 50 . The structure dimensions of the MPA are illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Structure of the proposed MPA

The length ( ) and width ( ) of the substrate taken as the double size of length and width of the patch [17]. Table 1 present all parameters of the proposed MPA with an accuracy of 10 μm.

Table 1. MPA parameters

No. Parameters Value (mm) Description

1 W 37.93 Width of Patch

2 L 28.61 Length of Patch

3 Y0 10.69 Inset Feed Depth

4 g 0.25 Inset Feed Gap

5 Wf 2.52 Feed Line Width

6 Wg 75.85 Width of Substrate

7 Lg 57.23 Length of Substrate

3. Simulation Results

Figure 4 shows that the minimum return loss was -51.89 dB with an impedance bandwidth of 74 MHz (from 2.361– 2.435 GHz). Ideally, the VSWR value is between 1 and 2 which has been achieved for as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4. Return loss of the MPA Figure 5. VSWR of the MPA

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From Figures 6 and 7 it can be seen that the directivity is about 6.8 dBi and the gain is about 3.121 dBi of the far-field radiation patterns.

Figure 6. Polar plots of the directivity Figure 7. 3-D radiation pattern of the gain

4. Experimental Rresults

Figures 8 and 9 presented the fabricated MPA. FR-4 was used with the dielectric constant ( ) of 4.424 and substrate thickness (h) of 1.59 mm. Computerized numerical control (CNC) machine (Acctek AKM6090) technique used, for fabricating the printed circuit board (PCB). After testing the antenna, the results were very close to the simulated results.

Figure 8. Front view of the MPA Figure 9. Back view of the MPA

The antenna was tested experimentally by using SiteMaster (Anritsu S362E) as shown in Figure 10.

As shown in Figure 11, the return loss of the experimental result has to decreasing to -38.86 dB from the simulated one. The practical resonant frequencies shifted slightly to 2.393 GHz in.

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6

Figure 10. SiteMaster device Figure 11. Comparison in RL results Table 2 represents all simulation and experimental results for the resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR.

Table 2. The simulated and experimental results for proposed MPA Parameters Simulated Experimental

Frequency GHz 2.398 2.393

Return loss dB -51.89 -38.86

Bandwidth MHz 74 58

VSWR 1.005 1.02

Table 3 presents the comparison between the practical results of the proposed MPA and other antennas in terms of resonant frequency, return loss, bandwidth, and VSWR. It can be observed that the proposed antenna has a narrow bandwidth,which is desirable in some applications. The lower return loss means that the antenna has no loss power and it can convert all input signals into electromagnetic waves perfectly. It has also been observed that the proposed antenna reports the value of VSWR almost closer to 1 in comparison to all the references displayed, which represent there are no reflected waves or perfect matching in the transmission line.

Table 3. Comparison between experimental results of proposed MPA and other references Studies Resonant frequency

GHz

Return loss dB

Bandwidth

MHz VSWR

[18] 2.38 -23.55 220 1.389

[19] 2.58 -14.09 40 1.492

[20] 2.43 -24.03 1000 1.14

[21] 2.45 -14.4 20 1.471

Proposed MPA 2.393 -38.86 58 1.02

5. Conclusion

Based on the experimental results, the antenna parameters such as return loss, VSWR, gain, and bandwidth helps us to identify the effective antenna which is mostly suitable for S-band frequencies.

The proposed antenna is better when compared with other references in terms of RL and VSWR. Also, the gain and bandwidth values are around of previous studies results. Therefore, the MPA results disclose the appropriateness of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee applications. Our suggestion is to adopting this designed antenna as a basis for developing by using it in array to increasing the gain.

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