Extraction of Liquid Fuel from Pyrolysis of Waste Tyres with Catalyst

Submitted project in partial fulfillment of the conditions for obtaining the title of Master of Science at the Department of Energy. Shameem Hossain at Department of Energy Technology, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khu!na, Bangladesh. 34;Extraction of Liquid Fuel from Pyrolysis of Waste Tires with Catalyst" has been approved by the examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering at the Department of Energy Techniogy, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology.

Ms. Nawsher Ali, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, for allowing me to use the facilities and support to carry out part of the project in the Heat Engine Lab.

Literature Review 24

LIST OF TABLES

General

Bangladesh is a developing country and is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a total population of 156.6 million. Consequently, the tire pyrolysis products can also vary in terms of yield and chemical composition, depending on the source and grade of the tires [14]. The influences of pyrolysis temperature, catalytic temperature, heating rate and CT ratio on the yield and fraction of the derived oils were investigated.

The properties of the derived oil had also been analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) - mass spectroscopy (MS) for potential use as chemical feedstock, such as benzene, toluene and xylenes.

Scope of Present Investigation

Other components in the tire are: carbon black, extender oil, which is a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, accelerator, typically an organosulfur compound, zinc oxide, and stearic acid. Products of band pyrolysis vary its characteristics and quality depending on type and size of raw material, size and system configuration of reactor, efficiency of heat transfer, vapor residence time. A detailed characterization of the entire pyrolysis fluids obtained at optimal operating conditions was carried out, including physical properties, elemental analyses, GCV etc.

Study of automobile tire waste as food material for availability in this country at cheap price.

Objectives of the Research Work

Tyre Fundamentals

Different Types of Rubber Used in Tyre
Synthetic Rubber
Reclaimed Rubber
Vulcanized Rubber
Devulcanized Rubber
Waste Generation of Tyre

Due to its elasticity, resilience and durability, rubber is the basic component of tires used in automobiles, aircraft and bicycles. Natural rubber is one type of rubber that also includes vulcanized rubber which ends up in a variety of rubber products. A significant shortfall in the UK's capacity to recycle its used tires is also predicted due to the lack of economically viable alternatives to landfill [25].

It needs a lot of space because the volume of tires cannot be compressed.

Figure 2.2: Growth rates of transport vehicles

Effects of Waste Tyre on Environment

Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

The viscosity of the oil is an important property, as it affects, for example, the flow of liquid through the pipelines. The lower the viscosity of the oil, the easier it is to pump and a10mi7e and obtain finer droplets. The kinematic viscosity of the pyrolysis fluids was determined using glass capillary kinematic viscosity according to ASTM-D445 test methods.

It is a measure of the volatility of the oil as well as the ease of ignition. The parameter is an indication of the minimum temperature at which the oil can be pumped without heating the storage tank. Distillation can result in essentially complete separation (almost pure components), or it can be a partial separation that increases the fusion of selected components of the mixture.

The chemical properties of pyrolytic oil can be determined by Ibliowing tests such as gross calorific value (GCV), FTIR. Gross calorific value is a measure of the amount of heat released in total combustion and therefore measures the energy content of a fuel. The gross calorific value (GCV) of the pyrolysis liquids was determined by an oxygen bomb calorimeter.

The functional group compositions of the pyrolysis liquids were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the basic constituent group. Standard FTIR spectra of hydrocarbons were used to identify functional groups of pyrolysis oil components.

Cost Analysis

Cost Analysis of Pilot Plant Tech no-economic assessment
Capital Costs

The majority of the fixed operating costs (maintenance, overheads, taxes and insurance) were based on percentages of the fixed capital investment (FC1).

Pyrolytic Conversion

Pyrolysis Process
General Cracking
Catalyst Uses in Tyre Pyrolysis

Some of the volatile gas phase substances condense to a black, viscous liquid called bio-oil [37], which has a number of synonyms, including pyrolysis oil, bio-crude oil, biofuel oil, wood liquor, wood oil, liquid smoke, wood distillates, pyroligne tar and pyroligne acid [38]. 36] pyrolysis basically involves the thermal decomposition of tire rubber at high temperatures (300-900°C) in an inert atmosphere. The higher weight or depth of color of the arrows indicates the degradation of the corresponding cover materials in the higher temperature ranges.

The recovery of liquid oil, known as pyrolysis oil or pyrolytic oil, for tire rubber can be as high as 58% by weight and has a higher calorific value of the order of 42 MJ!kg. The char yield from the process is in the order of 35-38% (by weight) for tire rubber. Furthermore, the fuel oil, part of the oil product, has a maximum content of up to 15% by weight at a temperature of 350°C.

Some of the more common mineral zeolites are analcime, habazite, clinoptilolite, heulandite, natrolite, phillipsite, and stilbite. As already mentioned, zeolites are aluminosilicate meshes of fine liv rnicroporous solids, known as "molecular sieves". The term molecular sieve refers to a special property of these materials, i.e. the ability to selectively sort molecules based primarily on the size exclusion process. The maximum size of a molecular or ionic species that can enter the zeolite pores is controlled by the dimensions of the channels.

The protons that exist in the zeolite are associated with aluminum atoms which together with silicon atoms (occupying places in the centers of top-connected tetrahedron of oxygen atoms) form the three-dimensional framework of the zeolite. Both catalysts increase the yield of the aromatic fraction (with a high concentration of xylenes) compared to thermal pyrolysis.

Figure 3.1: Flow diagram of tyre pyrolysis process

Reaction Mechanisms during Pyrolysis of Tyre

The capacity of the FJZSM-5 zeolite catalyst has a great influence on obtaining high yields of olefins (partly ethane and propane), which reduces the molecular weight of the oil fraction and decreases the yield of tar compared to thermal pyrolysis. The conversion of waste tire rubber to valuable petroleum hydrocarbons was investigated using catalytic pyrolysis. The mixture of an acidic (SiO2) and basic (Al2O3) catalyst used for pyrolysis, where the yield of derived gas, oil and solid has been investigated with respect to temperature, time and amount of catalyst.

Therefore, there is no obvious mechanism for the loss of char with increasing temperature, except that higher temperature evaporates some of the solid hydrocarbon content of the char [58]. Since the yield of solids does not decrease in the temperature range of 475-575 °C, we can conclude that the decomposition of the tire is complete and that carbon material has been formed. An increase in gas yield at higher temperatures is also ensured by carbon loss reactions.

The temperature range investigated was 350-700°C in isothermal regime and the non-isothermal experiments were carried out at heating rates of 5-20°C/iiiiii to a final temperature of 600°C. 60] studied the pyrolysis of tire waste in a circulating fluidized bed reactor for a temperature range of 360-810°C with a feed size of 0.32-0.8 mm and a residence time of 1-5 sec and reported that the optimal conditions were: 500°C C'. Chang [62] pyrolyzed tire waste with a particle size of 2 mm in diameter with an N2 atmosphere over a temperature range of 200-800°C in a reactor, whose structural design was similar to the Dupont TGA of model V2.2A-9900.

They controlled the temperature of the reactor by changing the air supply by means of an air blower. Cunlijjè and Williams [58] also found similar results that oil yield decreases from g in weight) and gas yield increases in a temperature range of 450–600°C while carbon yield remains almost constant with an average value of 37, 8% (by weight).

Introduction

Materials and methods

Experimental Set-up

To support the raw material, a distribution plate was installed, which is at a distance of 30 mm from the bottom of the reactor.

Experimental Procedure

Experimental Data

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

General

Presentation of Results

Graphical Presentation of Result

Discussion

Effect of Sample Size anti CT ratio on Product Yield of Tyre
Effect of Operating Time on Product Yield of Tyre
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

The effect of different ratios of CT yields of tire petroleum products at the optimum reactor temperature (450 °C) is presented in Table 4.10 and Table 5.9 The mass fractions of liquid oil, char and gas produced were shown along with the sample size in the figure. 5.10, it can be seen that more working time was required to complete the conversion, which results in an incomplete distribution of the sample, resulting in higher char production and less oil. The physical composition of the liquid sample obtained by pyrolysis of waste tires is presented in the table: 5.1 1.

The most important property obtained is the energy content of the liquid and it is 37.98 Mi/kg without catalyst and 39.01 MJ/kg when the CT ratio is 0.30, reflecting the high potential of using oil as a crude fuel . The test was conducted at the heat engine laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna. Absorption frequency spectra representing functional group composition analysis of waste tire pyrolysis oil are shown in Figure 5.13 for no catalyst, Figure 5.14.

The fuel properties of pyrolytic oil compared to the commercial automotive diesel that is mostly used are shown in Table 5.11 and Table 5.12. The low viscosity of liquids, 4.62-4.90 cSt at 30°C, is a favorable feature when handling and transporting liquids. On the other hand, the flash point of the liquid coming out of the tire v.

The pour point of the pyrolysis oils from waste tires is relatively low compared to that of automotive diesel fuel, but the laboratory experience of the current study shows that this does not pose a problem even at 7°C. The gross calorific value of the charcoal fraction was 22-25 MJ/kg, which is comparable to that of good quality coal.

Conchisioi

More efficient fractionation columns can be used for the separation of pyrolysis oil fuel into different fractionates. Different kinetic methods and models can be used for designing a suitable reactor to maximize the oil product. Pyrolysis reactor can be designed in such a way that lower cost can prevent catalytic cracking for the production of gasoline and LPG as liquid fuel.

Haniu, Produktion af flydende brændstoffer og kemikalier fra Pyrolysis of Bangladesh Cykel/rickshaw Tire Wastes, Science Direct Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Elsevier, 2008, Vol. Haniu, Feasibility Study for Thermal Treatment of Solid Tire Wastes in Bangladesh by Using Pyrolysis Technology, Science Direct Journal of Waste Management, Elsevier, 2011. Poirier, Karakterisering af pyrolytisk lys Naptha form Vaccum Pyrolysis of used Tires Comparison with Petroleum Naptha , 74Fuel (11).

Markos, “Optimization of Scrap Car Winches Recycling into Valuable Oil Fuels” Petroleum and Coal, Vol. Bhatt Prathmesh M, Patel Paresh D, Suitability of Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) as an Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines, International. Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, pp. Islam Sarker Innovation in Pyrolysis Technology for Scrap Tire Management: An Energy and Environment Solution”.

Beg Alam Oil Fuels and chemicals from the pyrolysis of waste motorcycle tires, composition and related properties". Oases and charcoal in connection with the pyrolysis of different brands of waste car tires.