FUEL OIL PRODUCTION THROUGH PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE USING ACTIVATED CARBON AND BENTONITE CLAY AS CATALYST
By Nadya Sanjaya
11404020
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING-
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT CONCENTRATION FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
August 2018
Revision after the Thesis Defence on 24 July 2018
Nadya Sanjaya STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Nadya Sanjaya
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri., ST., MSc
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si
____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Samuel Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
Nadya Sanjaya ABSTRACT
FUEL OIL PRODUCTION THROUGH PYROLYSIS OF PLASTIC WASTE USING ACTIVATED CARBON AND BENTONITE CLAY AS CATALYST
By
Nadya Sanjaya, Student
Dr.-Ing Diah Indriani Widiputri., ST., MSc, Advisor Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Increasing amount of plastic waste has become main concern to the environment.
Since plastic waste is non-biodegradable and takes millions of years to be decomposed. Therefore proper solutions need to be found such as by using pyrolysis process that can produce liquid fuel oil. And in order to obtain more yield of the fuel oil, catalyst of active carbon and activated bentonite clay was used in this research.
The activation of bentonite clay was done physically at 700°C for 6 hours. And the fuel oil analysis includes observation on yield, density, viscosity, flashpoint, heating value and FTIR. It can be conclude that increasing the temperature and using catalyst in pyrolysis can increase the yield of fuel oil produced. And the most effective catalyst mass ratio of active carbon and activated bentonite clay are 30:70 at temperature of 350°C, which yielded 69.74%. Higher amount of activated bentonite is more effective than active carbon as catalyst. From the fuel oil analysis the average density of pyrolysis fuel oil is 0.7807 kg/L and the kinematic viscosity is 1.0cst, which density and kinematic viscosity is in between of kerosene and gasoline. The flash point of fuel oil was ranging from 9.15-28.15°C, which is closest to Ethyl Alcohol 70%. Calorific result of fuel oil using catalyst and non-catalyst show that the are a slight increase in calorific value of pyrolysis oil when added with catalyst with
Nadya Sanjaya value of 45.722141 MJ/kg on temperature 350°C with non-catalyst. This demonstrates that the various amount of catalyst ratio influence the calorific value. The calorific value of pyrolysis oil is almost equal to the diesel oil heating value of 44.8 MJ / kg.
Based on FTIR analysis results it is known that the largest component of liquid fuel product contains alkane and alkene. Comparison between spectrum of FTIR result without catalyst, with spectrum of FTIR result with catalyst of 30:70, it is seen that there is a change in the reduction of stronger absorption peaks and forming a simpler new bond as it can be seen that there is a significant increase of peak intensity in wavenumber (886.75 cm-1) after using catalyst. Wavenumber 1456.02 cm-1 and886.75 cm-1 show the formation of aromatic compound of C=C and C-H which are similar to the structure of benzene in gasoline.
Keywords: pyrolysis, Active carbon, Activated bentonite, Yield, Density, Viscosity, Flashpoint, Heating value, FTIR.
Nadya Sanjaya
© Copyright 2018 by Nadya Sanjaya All rights reserved
Nadya Sanjaya DEDICATION
I dedicate this works for the future of planet Earth and the country I loved: Indonesia
Nadya Sanjaya ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and co-advisor Dr.- Ing Diah Indriani Widiputri, ST., MSc and Hery Sutanto S.Si., M.Si for their patience, motivation, vast knowledge, and also for the immense support. Their guidance helped me in research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisors and mentors for my thesis work.
Besides my advisors, my sincere thanks also go to Mr Wanto Qisim, S.T., M.Eng from P4TK BMTI. And also to the rest of the committee who provided me help during this work, and who gave access to the laboratory and research facilities.
Without their precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my family: my loving parents and to my brother, sister, and my dog for supporting me spiritually and mentally throughout writing this thesis and for my life in general.
Nadya Sanjaya TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 8
LIST OF FIGURES ... 10
LIST OF TABLES ... 12
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 13
1.1 Background ... 13
1.2 Research Problems ... 14
1.3 Research Objectives ... 15
1.4 Significance of Study ... 15
1.5 Research Question ... 15
1.6 Hypothesis ... 15
CHAPTER 2-LITERATURE REVIEW ... 16
2.1 Plastic Waste ... 16
2.2 Polypropylene ... 18
2.3 Plastic Solid Waste Treatments ... 19
2.4 Type of Processes in Feedstock Recycling ... 21
2.5 Pyrolysis Methods ... 21
2.5.1 Pyrolysis Reaction Mechanisms of Polypropylene ... 24
2.5.2 Factors affecting pyrolysis process ... 25
2.5.3 Pyrolysis Product ... 26
2.5.4 Characteristic of Pyrolysis fuel oil (Pyrolytic Oil) ... 27
2.6 Catalyst for Pyrolysis Process ... 30
2.6.1 Type of Catalyst According to Phase of Reactant ... 31
Nadya Sanjaya
2.6.2 Catalyst for Thermal Cracking ... 32
2.7 Type of Natural clay ... 32
2.7.1 Bentonite Clay ... 35
2.7.2 Activation of Clay as Catalyst ... 35
2.7.3 Active Carbon as Catalyst ... 35
CHAPTER 3-RESEARCH METHODS ... 37
3.1 Design of Experiment ... 37
3.2 Venue and Time ... 38
3.3 Materials and Equipment ... 38
3.3.1 Materials ... 38
3.3.2 Equipment ... 39
3.4 Schematic Diagram of Pyrolysis Equipment ... 40
3.5 Experimental Procedure ... 42
3.6 Sample Preparation ... 42
3.7 Catalyst Preparation ... 43
3.8 Clay Pretreatment and Activation ... 43
3.9 Test Setup ... 44
3.10 Analytical Procedure ... 45
CHAPTER 4-RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION ... 48
4.1 Equipment Preparation ... 48
4.2 Equipment Design Modification ... 48
4.3 Pyrolysis of PP without catalyst ... 52
4.3.1 Effect of Sample to Catalyst Ratio on Fuel Oil Quality & Yield ... 54
4.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Fuel Oil Quality and Yield ... 59
4.4 Calorific Value ... 62
4.5 FTIR ... 62
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ... 66
5.1 Conclusions ... 66
5.2 Recommendations ... 66
REFERENCES ... 67
APPENDICES ... 70
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 80
