The mangrove ecosystem is extremely important to support the various aquatic species of the region (Islam and Wahab, 2005). Since most of the world's shrimp supply comes from developing countries, shrimp farming methods, as well as their impacts, are an important area of focus (Joffre et. al., 2015; Kelly, 2012). Some of the problematic biological issues include poor growth rate, inability to maintain adequate pH, likely due to high rates of microbial respiration, high CO2 concentration and bacterial infections in animals (Browdy et. al., 2006) .
The benefits of an environmental impact assessment for shrimp farmers are that they will gain a deeper understanding of the importance of the local ecosystem to the sustainability and success of their operation and will be able to identify which elements of their surrounding ecosystem are important. A male canal named 'Hatkata Khal' runs towards the west and there are some crops and residences on the southern side of the farm. Several methods of data collection were used to effectively and transparently assess the biodiversity and potential ecological effects of the farm.
Several focus group discussions and meetings with various entities were conducted to explore in depth the significant impact of the farm. Several transect walks were conducted to determine the impacts of the farm on the villagers and to identify the natural resources around the farm. Village Sages, Village Representative, Upazila Fisheries Officer, Additional Provincial Commissioner are key informants.
Multiple interviews were conducted to find out the actual scenario of the village, positive and negative issues towards shrimp and what impacts should be maximized and minimized to get better yield as well as improvement of livelihood of the village in relation to the country.
RESULT
- Impact on national or international protected areas
- Impact on ecosystem and land uses in studied area
- Impact on natural habitat of terrestrial and aquatic animals
- Impact on water environment
- Salinization in adjacent waterbody
- Salinization of ground water
- Chemicals compounds use in health management
- Disinfectants
- Biosecurity
Ecosystems adjacent to Farisa Agro Farm's Limited were aquaculture pond ecosystem, canal ecosystem, rice field ecosystem and mangrove ecosystem (Figure 3). The salinity of water in Kalindi River was recorded 15 ppt in winter season and the adjacent water body close to Farisa Agro Farm drainage area “Sarkar Canal” was recorded 17 ppt. In Farisa Agro Farm's Limited, the distance between the natural buffer zone and the nearby Kalindi River was 540 m (Figure 4).
The recorded chloride conductivity found in the disposal area of the Farisa Agro farm was 5.65 dS/m, and in the adjacent agricultural field 4.49 dS/m. Farisa Agro Farm Limited treated the river water with 5 ppm potassium permanganate for 24 to 48 hours and Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited and MK Aquaculture used bleaching before discharging the water into their production pond. Farisa Agro Farm has also provided a "curved net" inside the farm for added protection from predators.
Authority of Farisa Agro Farm did not allow to kill any species inside the farm. In addition, bell sound system and bird fence were used by Farisa Agro Farm farm set for extra protection which was environment friendly.
DISSCUSSION
- Zones, protected areas and standard rules for responsible shrimp farming Shrimp farms have been constructed on a variety of coastal lands, including salt pans,
- Conservation and maintenance of habitat of endangered species
- Salinity intrusion and effluent management system
- Disease management and treatment
- Chemicals and drugs
- Predator management
Many shrimp farmers often kill mammals and reptiles because they consider them harmful to the shrimp. That is, the animals could eat shrimp and share the food of shrimp. Teknaf Game Reserve IUCN Category lV (Habitat), the only game reserve of Bangladesh, is 7 km and 13 km away from Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited and MK Aquaculture respectively. From the above points it is clear that farms have not destroyed any type of mangrove or habitat of ecological importance and farms.
Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited is located in the center of Teknaf sadar just on the bank of Naf River. From the above discussion on coastal barrier placement, we come to the point that Farisa is relatively secured, Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited is moderately secured and MK Aquaculture is less secured. There is a considerable existence of natural vegetation such as mangrove trees and bushes at Farisa, Aqua Shrimp Farm and MK Aquaculture within 200 meters and width not less than 100 m.
Agricultural land is located on the south side of the farm, and a local road is on the west side of the farm. The farm uses 100 micron mesh on three sides of the farm so there is no chance of any kind of animal entering, including humans. In Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited, mangroves and the Naf River lie on the north and east sides.
MK Aquaculture has taken the same initiative of 500 micron mesh size only to prevent the entry of domestic animals. Farisa Agro Farm Limited has developed a harvest basin where effluent comes via outlet and is treated with bleach before being released into natural resource. 22 Farm Limited and MK Aquaculture are impeding the Naf River ecosystem by directly releasing operating water and effluent without undergoing any type of treatment.
Farisa Agro Farm Limited uses a three-layer inlet filtration system which includes a wooden gate that remains open only at the time of water intake, a net with a mesh size of one hundred microns that traps all kinds of disease vectors such as snakes, rodents and finally an iron fencing that the latter provides protection against predators and other harmful elements. Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited and MK Aquaculture use nets with a mesh size of five hundred microns which are relatively larger in mesh size than Farisa Agro Farm Limited to keep out disease vectors. Farisa Agro Farm Limited and Aqua Shrimp Farm Limited use hand and foot baths set up at the entrance of each pond to stop the spread of cross-contamination from one pond to another.
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
An Analysis of the Shrimp Fishery Value Chain of Sinaloa, Mexico, Mexico: Center for Globalization Governance and Competitiveness. Analysis of the production chain of marine shrimp culture in Southern Brazil, Anais de Academia Brasileira de. Subjugation to shrimp: Shrimp farming in Thailand and elsewhere has led to wholesale destruction of the world's mangrove forests, Environmental Journal, v.
Quality Management in Shrimp Supply Chain in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Problems and Measures (CAS Discussion Paper No. 43), [Online], Available at: http://webhost.ua.ac.be/cas/PDF/CAS43. pdf. Literature Review on World Shrimp Farming, Center for the Law and Economics of the Sea CEDEM – University of Western Brittany, France. Growth of Mali's mango exports: Linking farmer to market through innovations in the value chain', in Yes, Africa Can: Success Stories from a Dynamic Continent, pp.
A canal locally called 'Hatkata Khal' flows alongside the farm which is about 3 km long; originates from the Kalindi River which is 4km away from the farm. A canal locally called 'Hochkar Khal' flows alongside the farm and originates from the Naf River. Farm uses two reservoir dams for storage of the clean water for immediate use and continuous use.
Next to the farm runs a canal with the local name "Hada Khal", which originates from the Naf River. The main purpose of this discussion was to know the various capabilities and limitations accepted by the workers and to get an idea of the farm work environment. At this meeting, the employees presented their duties to the farm and spontaneously discussed what their employment system was like and whether or not they were satisfied with the current farm capacity.
The main purpose of the meeting was to identify the farm's impact on society and the environment. SUFO showed that there are seven recognized semi-intensive farms in Shyamnagar Upazila and Farisa Agro Farm's Limited is one of them.
