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ABSTRAK

SAROJINI SELVARAJU. Manajemen Kesehatan pada Pusat Pengayom Anjing dan Kucing. Dibawah bimbingan R.P. AGUS LELANA.

Selama di Indonesia dan Malaysia, penulis melihat banyak anjing dan kucing yang hidup menggelandang, liar, dan dalam kondisi kesehatan yang memprihatinkan. Walaupun belum terdapat data mengenai situasi ini, pemerintah dan masyarakat setempat perlu mengembangkan pusat pengayom untuk anjing dan kucing tersebut. Telaah pustaka ini dirancang untuk mengetahui manajemen kesehatan yang diperlukan dalam suatu pusat pengayom anjing dan kucing. Studi yang dilakukan meliputi studi literatur yang tersedia mengenai hal-hal yang seharusnya menjadi bagian dari manajemen tersebut supaya permasalahan kesehatan yang sering timbul pada pusat pengayom anjing dan kucing dapat dikurangi atau diatasi. Dari literatur-literatur yang didapatkan, masalah kesehatan yang sering timbul adalah perilaku hewan di pusat pengayom, penyakit infeksius, serta hewan yang ditemukan dalam kondisi menderita akibat kelaparan. Aspek manajemen yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut antara lain meliputi cara penangkapan, pengendalian dan penanggulangan penyakit, rehabilitasi, serta medik preventif. Penyelenggaraan manajemen kesehatan ini harus disesuaikan dengan misi pusat pengayom termasuk kesejahteraan hewan dan penyelamatan lingkungan.

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HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN DOG AND CAT SHELTERS

(MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN PADA PUSAT PENGAYOM

ANJING DAN KUCING)

SAROJINI SELVARAJU

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STATEMENT FORM

I hereby certify that my undergraduate thesis entitled Health Management in Dog and Cat Shelters (Manajemen Kesehatan pada Pusat Pengayom Anjing dan Kucing) is my own original work under the advice of my undergraduate

thesis advisor, and has not been proposed in any form at any tertiary institution. No portion of my undergraduate thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced under References at the end of this thesis.

Bogor, September 2012

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PERNYATAAN MENGENAI SKRIPSI DAN SUMBER

INFORMASI

Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi Health Management in Dog and Cat Shelters (Manajemen Kesehatan pada Pusat Pengayom Anjing dan Kucing) adalah karya saya dengan arahan dari pembimbing dan belum diajukan dalam bentuk apapun kepada perguruan tinggi manapun. Sumber informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam Daftar Pustaka di bagian akhir skripsi.

Bogor, September 2012

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ABSTRAK

SAROJINI SELVARAJU. Manajemen Kesehatan pada Pusat Pengayom Anjing dan Kucing. Dibawah bimbingan R.P. AGUS LELANA.

Selama di Indonesia dan Malaysia, penulis melihat banyak anjing dan kucing yang hidup menggelandang, liar, dan dalam kondisi kesehatan yang memprihatinkan. Walaupun belum terdapat data mengenai situasi ini, pemerintah dan masyarakat setempat perlu mengembangkan pusat pengayom untuk anjing dan kucing tersebut. Telaah pustaka ini dirancang untuk mengetahui manajemen kesehatan yang diperlukan dalam suatu pusat pengayom anjing dan kucing. Studi yang dilakukan meliputi studi literatur yang tersedia mengenai hal-hal yang seharusnya menjadi bagian dari manajemen tersebut supaya permasalahan kesehatan yang sering timbul pada pusat pengayom anjing dan kucing dapat dikurangi atau diatasi. Dari literatur-literatur yang didapatkan, masalah kesehatan yang sering timbul adalah perilaku hewan di pusat pengayom, penyakit infeksius, serta hewan yang ditemukan dalam kondisi menderita akibat kelaparan. Aspek manajemen yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan-permasalahan tersebut antara lain meliputi cara penangkapan, pengendalian dan penanggulangan penyakit, rehabilitasi, serta medik preventif. Penyelenggaraan manajemen kesehatan ini harus disesuaikan dengan misi pusat pengayom termasuk kesejahteraan hewan dan penyelamatan lingkungan.

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©Hak Cipta milik IPB, tahun 2012

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-Undang

Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh karya tulis ini tanpa mencantumkan atau menyebutkan sumbernya. Pengutipan hanya untuk kepentingan pendidikan, penelitian, penulisan karya ilmiah, penyusunan laporan, penulisan kritik, atau tinjauan suatu masalah, dan pengutipan tersebut tidak merugikan kepentingan yang wajar IPB.

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HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN DOG AND CAT SHELTERS

(MANAJEMEN KESEHATAN PADA PUSAT PENGAYOM

ANJING DAN KUCING)

SAROJINI SELVARAJU

Undergraduate Thesis

As partial fulfillment for the degree of

Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia

Skripsi

sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Kedokteran Hewan pada

Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

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Undergraduate thesis title : Health Management in Dog And Cat Shelters Name : Sarojini Selvaraju

NIM : B04058004

Approved by:

Validation date:

Dr. drh. H. RP Agus Lelana, SpMP., MSi. Undergraduate Thesis Advisor

Acknowledged,

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PREFACE

This undergraduate thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Bachelor's Degree in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bogor Agricultural University. It contains work done from February 2012 up to August 2012. My supervisor on the project has been Dr. drh. H. RP Agus Lelana, SpMP., MSi., whom has guided me so patiently. The thesis has been made solely by the author; most of the text, however, is based on the research of others, and I have done my best to provide references to these sources. To have completed this project is like a dream come true, for I have always been interested in sheltering animals. Throughout the process of completing this undergraduate thesis, I have learned a lot, and the initial idea I had on managing a shelter has surely changed for the better.

Without the help and guidance from the people around me, this project would not have seen its end. For that, I would like to gratefully thank:

1. Dr. drh. Hj. Sri Murtini, MSi., my counselor for guiding me since my very first years at the veterinary faculty making sure that I complete my education, and for being one of the examiners for my viva.

2. My parents, Selvaraju and Kamala; siblings, Chechi and Mathan anne; and my partner, Venothraj, for their unconditional support.

3. Drh. Rr. Soesatyoratih, MSi., and drh. Leni Maylina for being the evaluators in my thesis seminar, and Drh. Wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtyas, MSi., for being one of the examiners for my viva.

4. SPCA Selangor, Malaysia and Pondok Pengayom Satwa Jakarta, Indonesia for their co-operation and time.

5. My faithful, motivating, and ever-consoling friends: Ade Ocktaviani, Malni Sovinar ―Cupie‖, Vincentia Maria ―Vin‖, Indra Bagus Priastomo, Jeffrey Matheus, and to those who have wished me well.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

The author, Sarojini Selvaraju was born on the 6th of November 1985 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to father, Selvaraju, and mother, Kamala. Author is the youngest of two children.

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LIST OF CONTENTS

Animal Shelter Roles and Types ... 4

Policies and Protocols ... 5

Welfare and Health Management ... 6

Common Health Problems in Shelters ... 7

Behaviour ... 7

Common Diseases ... 8

METHOD...11

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 12

Capture and Surrender... 12

Lessons from Shelter Visits ... 21

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Common diseases in shelter dogs ... 9

Common diseases in shelter cats ... 10

WSAVA guidelines on canine vaccination for the shelter environment ... 19

WSAVA guidelines on feline vaccination for the shelter environment ... 20 1

2

3

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ABBREVIATIONS

AAHA American Animal Hospital Association

SPCA Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to

Animals

ASPCA American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

WSPA World Society for the Protection of Animals OIPA International Organization for Animal Protection OIE World Organisation for Animal Health

WHO World Health Organization

NCPPSP National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy URI Feline upper respiratory tract infections

FeLV Feline leukemia virus

FIV Feline immunodeficiency virus

FIP Feline infectious peritonitis

CDV Canine distemper virus

CPV-2 Canine parvo virus type-2

CIV Canine influenza virus

FVR Feline viral rhinotracheitis

FCoV Feline coronavirus

FPLV Feline panleukopenia virus

PPS Pondok Pengayom Satwa

HSUS Humane Society of the United States CHAI Concern for Helping Animals in Israel

RER resting energy requirement

NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

CAV-2 Canine adenovirus type-2

MLV Modified Live Virus

CPiV Canine parainfluenza Virus

rCDV Recombinant canine distemper virus

FCV Feline calicivirus

FHV-1 Feline herpes virus

WSAVA World Small Animals Veterinary Association

VGG Vaccination Guidelines Group

ASPCApro American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Professional

CAPC Companion Animal Parasite Council

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GLOSSARY

Animal shelter A holding facility for homeless animals, usually awaiting adoption, rescue, reclaim by owners, or euthanasia

Feral cats Un-owned cats that cannot be handled and is un-socialised

Semi owned cats Those for whom some kind of caregiver can be identified even if the caregiver does not regard themselves as owners in the conventional sense. Un-owned cats Those for whom an owner or caregiver cannot be

identified.

Stray dogs Any dog not under direct control to a person or not prevented from roaming.

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INTRODUCTION

Background

A large number of stray dogs, as well as feral and un-owned cats still roam the streets of Malaysia and Indonesia. Although official data regarding this situation is not yet available, there is certainly a need for animal shelters amongst the Indonesian and Malaysian society. Animal shelters have also become a necessity as animal welfare is now a major concern globally.

Feral cats are un-owned cats that cannot be handled and is un-socialised; therefore not suitable for placement in a home (Slater 2007). The OIE has defined stray dogs to be any dog not under direct control to a person or not prevented from roaming. ICAMC (2011) categorised cats into confined cats and roaming cats; and roaming cats into three subcategories: owned, semi-owned, and un-owned. Semi owned cats are those for whom some kind of caregiver can be identified even if the caregiver does not regard themselves as owners in the conventional sense, while un-owned cats are those for whom an owner or caregiver cannot be identified (ICAMC 2011). The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) (2011) defined an animal shelter as a holding facility for homeless animals, usually awaiting adoption, rescue, or reclaim by owners. Steneroden et al. (2011) added that animals in shelters are housed until transferred or euthanized in its definition of an animal shelter.

The first few shelters were built in the 19th century starting at Britain and followed with America by an animal welfare organization, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). The first known organized animal welfare began in 1824 in Britain (SPCA 2002). There were 22 philanthropists who founded the SPCA which was renamed, in 1840, as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) (RSPCA 2012). In the United States though, it started from Henry Bergh‘s battle for animal welfare and thence to the establishment of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866 (ASPCA 2012a).

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to the human race for a very long time hence the concern of their welfare. The dog has been a close companion of humans for at least 15,000 years (Savolainen et al. 2002) and cats have closely accompanied the development of human society for over 4000 years (Slater 2007). Added with the increasing population of dogs and cats on the streets, these animals have earned the attention of concerned parties. The current world population of domestic dogs is estimated as 500 million dogs (Villa 2008) and the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) estimates that 75% of the world‘s dog population are strays. The number of feral cats worldwide is unknown, but it is estimated by ASPCA that the number of feral cats in the United States of America alone to be in the tens of millions (ASPCA 2012b) and in China it is estimated to be 500,000 (OIPA 2009). In both Malaysia and Indonesia, the total estimated number of either animal is still unknown.

Due to the drastic increase in animal shelters all over the world, there should be more guidelines and scientifically researched standardization in the management of it, and more specifically its health management. The term ‗health‘ in an animal shelter does not merely focus on the disease perspective. Therefore a health management protocol should be made by shelters to cover all aspects of health as extensively as possible.

Problem Formulation

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with shelter, in which these animals are kept off the streets, are less exposed to threat, and it also lessens their contribution to the spread of diseases. The health management in a shelter plays a major role in its effectiveness. It is important that a proper health management is instilled in every step starting from the capture and surrender of these dogs and cats, controlling the disease, rehabilitating dogs and cats in need, and preventive measures. These components can aid in increasing the health status of each shelter animal, which consequently increases the health status of the shelter‘s surrounding environment.

Objective

The main objective of this thesis is to study and outline the importance of health management in animal shelters, its components, and also the elements that should be taken account should there be standardization in animal shelters in future.

Benefits

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Animal Shelter Role and Types

Most animal shelters back in 1800‘s were intended for handling large numbers of dogs for brief periods of time as part of animal control programs (Newbury et al. 2010). Wandering dogs, posing a nuisance and safety risk, would have been picked up and taken to the pound. It was not uncommon for pound masters to kill unclaimed dogs by clubbing or drowning them (Lane and Zawistowski 2007).

According to ACTAsia For Animals (2012), shelters are a temporary solution to a complex problem which include animal abuse, abandoned pets, puppy mills and unwanted litters which then lead to overpopulation of strays, disease transmission, sick and injured animals, and animal attacks. Therefore, a shelter‘s role includes animal rescue, re-homing, re-uniting, public health and safety, providing a permanent sanctuary, education and campaigning, and a means for humane killing or euthanasia. According to Animals Asia and the Humane Society International (2007), an animal shelter‘s tasks should include providing a safe, clean, comfortable and species-appropriate environment for animals in need, preventing animal cruelty and suffering, teaching humane principles to the community, and lobbying for the enactment and enforcement of adequate animal protection laws. Some shelters have no-kill policies and will hold dogs until they are reclaimed, re-homed, are humanely killed for medical reasons, or die (Stafford 2006).

An observation was done by Eckhardt (2011) on the types of animal shelters present at current time. From the observation, Eckhardt reported that there are six types of shelters: municipal shelters, traditional animal shelters, limited-admission animal shelters, balanced-population animal shelters, animal sanctuaries, and rescue organizations. Hurley and Miller (2009) simply categorized shelters into municipal shelters, private Zshelters, and other types of shelters.

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quarantines of animals that may have bitten someone, capture of free - roaming animals, nuisance complaints, investigation of animal cruelty complaints, handling of wildlife, and they are required to help every animal that comes to them (Eckhardt 2011, Hurley and Miller 2009). Private shelters are not-for-profit organizations; they are privately funded and their policies are often set by elected or volunteer boards of directors (Hurley and Miller 2009).

Traditional animal shelters typically are committed to care for any animal that comes to them, and may be under contract with the local municipality to provide animal care or control. Limited-admission animal shelters do not euthanize animals for space but limit intake. Balanced population animal shelters exist in communities that have reached ‗balanced companion animal populations‘. They take care of any animal in need, and do not euthanize for space. Animal sanctuaries primarily handle special needs, unadoptable animals, and large animals. Rescue organizations are dedicated to one breed or one type of animal, work through volunteers and foster homes, and have finite number of space (Eckhardt 2011).

Policies and Protocols

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(Reeve et al. 2004; Rogelberg et al. 2007). Authority and responsibility must be given only to those who have the appropriate knowledge and training. Supervision and accountability for all staff and volunteers are essential to ensure that policies and protocols guide daily activities (Newbury et al. 2010).

All animals must carry out basic life processes and therefore have basic needs which can be grouped into five areas: physiological needs, social, psychological needs, environmental needs, and behavioural needs. Animals in captivity, such as pets or animals in a shelter or zoo are entirely dependent upon humans to provide the conditions that will satisfy their basic needs (RSPCA 2006). The ACTAsia For Animals (2012) organization stated that a high standard of animal welfare that covers the five freedoms in animal welfare is essential in an animal shelter. The five freedoms: freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom to express normal behaviour, and freedom from fear and distress; they are applicable to all animals use by humans and pets (Edwards 2010; Villalobos 2011).

According to RSPCA (2006), the most important policy decisions are on neutering, rehoming and euthanasia. Newbury et al. (2010) stated that a clearly defined mission that forms the basis of shelter policies should include animal care, intake, treatment, adoption, and euthanasia. The establishment of policies helps to guide an organisation‘s work and will shape the day-to-day running of a shelter. The policies at a shelter should represent the principles that organisation sees as important. Benefits of establishing shelter policies: sets, maintains and monitors standards, ensures continuity of animal care, prevents misunderstanding and confusion for staff and supporters, and it ensure compliance with relevant legislation.

Welfare and Health Management

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disease or infirmity. The OIE (2010) defined the ‗good state of welfare‘ as: if the animal (as indicated by scientific evidence) is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter/killing (OIE 2010).

Appropriate management is just as important for small animals, whether their environment is that of a single or multiple-pet home or a more intensive housing situation such as a kennel or cattery (Kahn and Line 2008). An understanding of the shelter‘s mission is critical to the design of an effective shelter health program (Hurley and Miller 2009). Hurley and Miller (2009) also stated that the design of a comprehensive program to control, manage, and reduce the transmission of disease in animal shelters is a challenge for the veterinary professional.

Common Health Problems in Shelters Behaviour

The National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy (NCPPSP) Regional Shelter Study found that behavioural problems, including aggression toward people or nonhuman animals, were the most frequently given reasons for canine relinquishment and the second most frequently given reasons for feline relinquishment (Salman et al. 2000). The behaviours associated with the decision to relinquish a canine or feline include aggression, separation-related behaviour, house soiling, fearful behaviour, destructiveness, vocalization, disobedience, digging, and chewing (Salman et al. 2000).

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Aggression is not a unitary phenomenon but serves a variety of functions in an animal‘s life and can be dealt with effectively by determining the type of aggression (Houpt 2011). Aggression is defined as a behavior that leads to - or of which the apparent aim is to - to do harm to the physical (and/or psychological) integrity or freedom of another individual (Dehasse and Cornett 2003). Terry (2008) categorized dog aggression into human-directed aggression and inter-dog aggression. Categories of human-directed aggression include fear, possessive, territorial/protective, maternal, predatory, and dominance. Categories of inter-dog aggression include status-related, fear, arousal, possessive, protective, territorial, redirected, and predatory.

It is now understood that keeping a social, inquisitive species in a bland environment results in abnormal behaviours indicative of compromised welfare. Unwanted adult pets now outnumber puppies and kittens, with many euthanized animals exhibiting potentially resolvable behaviour problems (Salman et al. 2000).

Common Diseases

Control of infectious and zoonotic diseases are a major problem in animal shelters (Foley and Bannasch 2004) where newly introduced animals can carry a variety of pathogens, stressed animals are more vulnerable to infection, and crowded and less-than-excellent hygiene conditions promote the spread of infection (Spain et al. 2001; Helps et al. 2005; Petersen et al. 2008).

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Canine distemper and canine parvo are the two most common infectious diseases, and preventable infectious canine diseases especially in unvaccinated dogs housed in pet shops, puppy mills and animal shelters (Larson and Schultz 2006; Schultz 2006b; Lechner et al. 2010; Steneroden et al. 2011) (Table 1). Puppies are the most susceptible to parvo, especially if they have roundworms or other internal intestinal parasites, protozoa, or bacteria. Despite aggressive therapy, parvo may have a high fatality rate. On the other hand, many adult dogs that become infected never actually show clinical signs of disease (Appel and Barr 2009). Canine distemper is associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurologic clinical signs and is commonly spread through aerosol or droplet exposure however infection may occur through contact with other body secretions or through transplacental transfer (Litster et al. 2011).

Table 1 Common diseases in shelter dogs

Name Cause Information Source

Canine distemper Canine Distemper Virus

Canine parvo Canine Parvo Virus After infection, it takes 5 days or longer for

Canine Influenza Canine influenza subtype H3N8 virus

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Ringworm, or dermatophytosis, is one of the most common infectious skin diseases of young and long-haired cats (Miller 2007).

Table 2 Common diseases in shelter cats

Name Cause Information Source important factor influencing the incidence and course of feline URI.

Griffin vertically from infected queens to their kittens and horizontally among cats that live together or infected leukocytes. The major mode of transmission is via bite percent of cat cases and 70 percent of dog cases.

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METHOD

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Health Management Components in Dog and Cat Shelters

Health management in an animal shelter is the key to achieving a shelter‘s role and missions as there is nothing more important than the health of its animals and environment. Duffield et. al. (2003) defined health management in a veterinary aspect as the promotion of health and prevention of disease in animals within the economic or business framework of the animal owner or industry, while recognizing the issues of animal welfare, human safety, and environmental impact. With that definition, an effective health management for a dog and cat shelter should start from the moment the dogs and cats are captured (Figure 1).

Figure 1 The diagram of health management components in dog and cat shelters.

Capture or Surrender

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strays as a means to population control. The OIE (2012), under the terrestrial animal health code, stated that capture of dogs should be achieved with the minimum force required and equipment should be used that supports humane handling, also uncovered wire loops should not be used for capture. Tame dogs can be captured with a little bait and a simple covered loop to put around their neck. More suspicious animals may be captured using a covered loop on the end of a handle or a net. Wilder animals may need to be trapped using a cage trap which is baited for a few days to get the animal accustomed to it before it is sprung (Stafford 2006).

The use of catch poles or rabies poles must not be used to restrain cats. A humane wire box-shaped live trap, purpose-designed boxes or nets should be used for handling fractious cats (Griffin and Hume 2006; Newbury et al. 2010). Over forceful handling is more likely to result in increased fear and aggressive behaviour, and injury to animals and people. Judicious use of tranquilizers can be the most humane option for handling a frightened, fractious, or feral animal (Newbury et al. 2010).

Dogs should be transported in an enclosed vehicle, and dogs should be penned individually to reduce inter-dog aggression, while cats should be transported in individual carriers that are covered (Stafford 2006). During transportation animals should have adequate space, comfortable air conditions, and good air quality (Newbury et al. 2010).

Capture and surrender methods are the first approach to stray dogs ad un-owned cats; it is vital that minimal stress is induced towards these animals so as to not affect their future behaviour. The effect that an animal's experience has on its future behaviour varies because an animal‘s behaviour is a result of genetics and lifetime experiences.

Disease Control

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sanitation, staff training, etc., must be taken into consideration when implementing an infectious disease control plan (AAHA 2011).

Segregation. Different holding areas should be provided for animals to be euthanized, strays, adoptable animals, quarantined animals, and those in isolation. Within these areas, adults must be separated from juveniles of the same species. The adults have a much greater chance of carrying disease without showing any clinical signs, and the young are most susceptible.

Stress is minimized through keeping dogs away from cats. A study on measuring and assessing stress in shelter cats showed that urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratios were highest among cats with high exposure to dogs (Dinnage 2006). Urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratios can be monitored to noninvasively assess stress levels in confined cats (McCobb et al. 2005). Pregnant and nursing animals should be separated from the rest, also spayed/neutered animals for easy identification (HSUS 2012, RSPCA 2006, CHAI 2004, Newbury et al. 2010).

Quarantine. Pre-adoption quarantine is the mandatory waiting period an animal is held before being displayed for adoption. All new arrivals should be examined by a veterinarian within 24 hours of their arrival at the shelter (HSUS 2012; RSPCA 2006). The HSUS suggests that dogs should be quarantined for 10 days, and cats for 14 days, while RSPCA suggests 7 to 10 days of quarantine for dogs, and 14 days for cats. Animals showing clinical signs should be isolated and treated on-site or on a separate facility, treated in general, or removed from shelter or euthanized (Hurley 2005a).

Selection. Eliminating the obviously sick and poor-conditioned animals from the population first will automatically raise the overall level of health in the facility (CHAI 2004). After removing these factors, subjective factors such as breed, temperament, available space and comparative condition and adoptability are used.

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appropriate facility (Newbury et al. 2010). Isolation areas should have good biosecurity measures including air flow with exhaust separated from other animal housing areas (CHAI 2004).

Euthanasia. Euthanasia is the most severe way to separate an animal out of the population (CHAI 2004). Depending on the shelter‘s policy, euthanasia is usually done to end the suffering of an animal, spreading of disease, behavioural issues and as population control. The HSUS (2012) recommends an overdose injection of sodium pentobarbital for the euthanasia of companion animals because it rapidly causes loss of consciousness, followed by cessation of respiration and cardia arrest. The dosage 2.24 ml per 10 kgs (IV/IC) or 6.72 ml per 10 kgs (IP/PO) of body weight as a baseline, then adjust upward for specific circumstances to achieve smooth, rapid, and peaceful transition through the four stages of anaesthesia (CHAI 2004). Pre-medication such as acepromazine and xylazine can be used.

Biosecurity and sanitation. Biosecurity are measures put in place to reduce the likelihood of the introduction of a disease into a country, region, or specific location, such as veterinary premises, or animal facility. The protocols and precautions include proper cleaning, disinfection and precautionary methods of ensuring that diseases are not carried from one premise to another. Clean and disinfect animal housing, bowls, dishes and other feeding and watering containers daily or more often when necessary. When moving animals always clean and disinfect the area where the animal will be kept and then clean and disinfect the area where the animal was moved from. Wear clean coveralls or smocks to handle and care for animals. If caring for sick animals, take care of healthy animals first. Change clothes (from isolation area) and wash hands prior to moving from one group of animals to another. Do not use or allow equipment to enter the premises unless it has been properly cleaned and disinfected prior to entering the premises. Foot baths used to disinfect footwear of people coming and going from animal areas can be used, especially at isolation area.

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develop clinical signs need to be isolated. Pens, cages or rooms should be kept clean using disinfectants that are known to kill the organisms associated with diseases (Schultz 2006a).

Population control. Newbury et al. (2010) stated that shelters must have policies and protocols to maintain adequate capacity for care and housing. Policies must provide a means of balancing admission with the outcomes available (adoption, transfer, release, return to owner, euthanasia, or others).

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation is a treatment or treatments designed to facilitate the process of recovery from injury, illness, or disease to as normal a condition as possible (Wolbring 2009). With that definition, rehabilitation should be a part of health management in shelters where the health of shelter animals or intakes are always challenged and should be restored to as normal a condition as possible (Orihel and Fraser 2008).

Feeding. The most basic treatment to start with is nutrition. Intakes that have gone through starvation due to being neglected or trapped in a place without food and water should be re-fed with caution due to the occurrence of ‗refeeding syndrome. ―Refeeding syndrome‖ is a description of multiple metabolic disturbances that occur during and complicate the reinstatement of oral, enteral, or parenteral nutrition in malnourished or starved patients (Lippo and Byers 2008). A refeeding diet should be high-fat and low carbohydrate, with adequate potassium, phosphate, and magnesium (Hurley 2005b). Hurley (2005b) suggests that initially, ¼ of resting energy requirement (RER = (30 x BWkgs) + 70) should be given in six small meals per day. Later, it can be increased by 1/8 to ¼ of the total requirement over several days.

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Geriatric dogs may require a diet restricted to canned food or the dry food mixture, soaked. Nursing mothers must be fed with puppy chow on puppy schedule. Geriatric cats and nursing cats, and sick cats are restricted to canned food (CHAI 2004).

Emergency treatments. Wound treatment must be implied to injured animals. Open injuries should be treated with care so as to prevent infection or to immobilize already infected wounds from further damage. Most animal shelters only can afford to provide symptomatic relief for medical conditions, unless the shelters are of the sanctuary type. Symptomatic relief include analgesics, antimicrobials, antipyretics and diarrhoea treatment. Response to disease must be an integral part of every shelter health program; plan should include measures to minimize transmissions to unaffected animal or people and ensure appropriate care of the affected animal (Newbury et al. 2010; Hurley and Miller 2009).

Pain management. Pain must be treated to alleviate suffering; there is a pharmacological and non-pharmacological approach to treatment of pain (Newbury et al. 2010). Non pharmacological approach include: providing quiet areas, human contact (routine, brushing, grooming, and even massage), and positive training and exercise are extremely important for animals; pharmacological approach include the use of analgesics such as opioids, alpha-2-agonists, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and adjuvant agents (Looney 2006).

Stress management. The most important effect from a shelter health standpoint is that stress causes the body to produce excess steroids such as adrenalin, suppressing the immune system, leaving animals wide open to infection, and may make vaccination ineffective; therefore, anything that can be done to decrease stress will improve overall health (CHAI 2004).

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cycles and probably of circadian rhythms, disruption of familiar habits, and more generally, unpredictability and loss of control.

Healthy animals should be kept in the same cage for the duration of their stay at the shelter whenever possible, and not removed from the cage every day for disinfection. Cages should be cleaned with minimal disruption to the occupant, and only disinfected between occupants (HSUS 2012).

Behavioural issues. Dog behaviour assessments in shelters are increasingly used to determine their suitability for rehoming, and help to increase the rate of successful adoptions. Temperament and physiologic profile assessment of dogs placed for adoption in a shelter would be of value for the management of the shelter. It would allow predictions about the (re)activity of dogs in the new environment, and at the same time makes it possible to alert the future owner on the characteristics of the dog he is going to adopt (Costanza 2009).

Aggression can be treated according to its type. Possessive aggression can be treated by denying the dog desired items and by offering a more desirable item. Territorial aggression can be treated by denying the dog the opportunity to practice this type of behaviour – desensitized and counter-condition to dogs and people.Counterconditioning and desensitization are the cornerstones to treatment of fears and anxieties (Horwitz 2002). Inter-dog aggression can be prevented by early age neutering and by spaying/neutering adult dogs. Training dogs in the shelter to be good with other dogs increases the chance of their being rehomed (Poulsen et al. 2010).

Feline aggression due to fear can be treated by desensitizing and counter-conditioning gradually. Medications to decrease anxiety include serotonin partial agonists – buspirone (Terry 2008).

Preventive Medicine

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information is usually available on the bag of the food. This allows shelter staff to monitor intake and adjust as necessary. Fresh clean water and proper food are the basics nutritional requirement for physical health.

Vaccination. All animals should be vaccinated with core vaccines and wormed upon arrival unless documentation of vaccination is provided for an animal at the time of admission to a shelter (RSPCA 2006; Newbury et al. 2010; HSUS 2012; Day et al. 2010). Core vaccines for dogs in a shelter are recommended by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (Table 3). Table 3 WSAVA guidelines on canine vaccination for the shelter environment

Recommended given after 6 weeks of age.

Two doses 2–4

The administration of rabies vaccine will be determined by whether the shelter is in a country in which the disease is endemic, and by local statute

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Core vaccines for cats are Feline Panleukopenia/Parvovirus (FPV), Feline Calicivirus (FCV), Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR)/FHV-1, Rabies Virus (RV) (Schultz 2006a; Day et al. 2010) (Table 4). Pregnant and mildly ill dogs and cats should also be vaccinated, but severely ill animals should be isolated and treated first (Newbury et al. 2010; RSPCA 2006; CHAI 2004)

Table 4 WSAVA guidelines on feline vaccination for the shelter environment Vaccine Kittens

(<− 16 weeks) Adult and Adolescent (> 16 weeks)

Comments

The VGG does not recommend the use of other feline vaccines in the shelter situation (Day et al. 2010).

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treatment of tapeworm though its cost may prevent routine use. All dogs and cats that test negative for heartworm should be put on preventative; diethyl carbamazine is given daily, or ivermectin is given monthly. Most shelters do not do testing for heartworm due to cost restrictions.

Ideally, animals should receive parasite prevention on entry and regularly throughout their shelter stay to prevent environmental contamination and minimize risk to people in the shelter (Newbury et al. 2010). The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Professional (ASPCApro) (2012) suggested to treat all animals at intake and to treat for external parasites, such as fleas and ticks, which are also easily spread to others and can be carriers of disease. The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) (2012) recommends the usage of fipronil for treatment and control of fleas, ticks, and lice on both dogs and cats.

Stress control. Behaviour enrichment strategies that appear to successfully help reduce stress include maintaining distance between cat and dog kennels to avoid barking dogs, locating cats near windows and natural lighting, providing perches and hiding places, and elevating cat cages from the floor (Miller 2006). Appropriate housing that meets the behavioural needs of animals minimizes stress (Griffin and Hume 2006). Successful enrichment programs should not be considered optional as it reduces stress by providing mental and physical stimulation (Newbury et al. 2010).

Spay/neuter. Puppies and kittens neutered at early ages (6 – 7 weeks) have shorter recovery times than those neutered at more traditional ages; mortality and morbidity rates have also been reported as lower (Howe and Olson 2000). Spaying and neutering animals can also prevent aggression and stress in shelters, besides population control as a means to controlling the spread of diseases (CHAI 2004; Howe and Olson 2000; ICAMC 2011; Newbury et al. 2010).

Lessons from Shelter Visits

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about their policies and management. The SPCA Selangor can be classified as a traditional animal shelter, in which they accept any dogs and cat brought to them without selecting, and they also euthanize dogs and cats after a selection process for space. The PPS Jakarta on the other hand is a no-kill shelter, in which they limit the amount of animals that can be taken into their care. Therefore, the PPS Jakarta can be classified as a limited-admission shelter. The PPS Jakarta only performs euthanasia if a severely sick animal is prognosed incurable by their veterinarian.

The method of euthanasia in both PPS Jakarta and SPCA Selangor suits the method suggested previously, that is an overdose injection of sodium pentobarbital. The SPCA Selangor disposes the cadavers through their local garbage collectors which may not be the best method of disposal, for it may be a source of the spread of diseases. The PPS Jakarta buries the cadavers in the land surrounding them.

At the SPCA Selangor, dogs and cats are fed with premium dry food sponsored to them in abundance, so they do not run out of dry food as a nutritional source. Dogs are fed twice a day and the cats are fed three times a day. At the PPS Jakarta, dry food is not always available, so both cats and dogs are fed boiled rice and chicken or beef. Their dogs and cats are given dry food twice a week as additional nutrition source.

The SPCA Selangor and PPS Jakarta already implement good sanitary practices for example cleaning the houses twice a day with disinfectants such as hypochlorite and TH4® (combination of quaternary ammonium compounds and gluteraldhyde), and changing attire when handling animals. Neither the SPCA Selangor nor PPS Jakarta has the facility for isolation. PPS Jakarta sometimes transfers animals that need to be isolated to the Jakarta Animal Hospital (RSHJ) nearby, depending on available funds and severity of the case. The SPCA Selangor might chose to euthanize the infected animal to save the other animals at their shelter from being infected. This is also due to their policy of saving more healthy lives, rather than focusing on one sick animal.

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CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Conclusion

Based on this literature study, it can be concluded that an established health management in shelters should consist of disease control, rehabilitation, and preventive medicine. These components are needed to promote optimal health and welfare for the shelter animals. This will consequently promote the health of the public and environment.

Suggestions

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ATTACHMENT

Figure 2 Segregation area for dogs that are ready to be adopted at the SPCA, Selangor.

Figure 3 Segregation for new arrival cats which are not ready for adoption at the SPCA, Selangor

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Figure 5 Spacious housing for cats at the SPCA Selangor

Figure 6 Spacious housing for dogs at the SPCA Selangor

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Figure 8 Spacious and separate housing for cats at the PPS Jakarta

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INTRODUCTION

Background

A large number of stray dogs, as well as feral and un-owned cats still roam the streets of Malaysia and Indonesia. Although official data regarding this situation is not yet available, there is certainly a need for animal shelters amongst the Indonesian and Malaysian society. Animal shelters have also become a necessity as animal welfare is now a major concern globally.

Feral cats are un-owned cats that cannot be handled and is un-socialised; therefore not suitable for placement in a home (Slater 2007). The OIE has defined stray dogs to be any dog not under direct control to a person or not prevented from roaming. ICAMC (2011) categorised cats into confined cats and roaming cats; and roaming cats into three subcategories: owned, semi-owned, and un-owned. Semi owned cats are those for whom some kind of caregiver can be identified even if the caregiver does not regard themselves as owners in the conventional sense, while un-owned cats are those for whom an owner or caregiver cannot be identified (ICAMC 2011). The American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) (2011) defined an animal shelter as a holding facility for homeless animals, usually awaiting adoption, rescue, or reclaim by owners. Steneroden et al. (2011) added that animals in shelters are housed until transferred or euthanized in its definition of an animal shelter.

The first few shelters were built in the 19th century starting at Britain and followed with America by an animal welfare organization, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA). The first known organized animal welfare began in 1824 in Britain (SPCA 2002). There were 22 philanthropists who founded the SPCA which was renamed, in 1840, as the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) (RSPCA 2012). In the United States though, it started from Henry Bergh‘s battle for animal welfare and thence to the establishment of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) in 1866 (ASPCA 2012a).

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to the human race for a very long time hence the concern of their welfare. The dog has been a close companion of humans for at least 15,000 years (Savolainen et al. 2002) and cats have closely accompanied the development of human society for over 4000 years (Slater 2007). Added with the increasing population of dogs and cats on the streets, these animals have earned the attention of concerned parties. The current world population of domestic dogs is estimated as 500 million dogs (Villa 2008) and the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) estimates that 75% of the world‘s dog population are strays. The number of feral cats worldwide is unknown, but it is estimated by ASPCA that the number of feral cats in the United States of America alone to be in the tens of millions (ASPCA 2012b) and in China it is estimated to be 500,000 (OIPA 2009). In both Malaysia and Indonesia, the total estimated number of either animal is still unknown.

Due to the drastic increase in animal shelters all over the world, there should be more guidelines and scientifically researched standardization in the management of it, and more specifically its health management. The term ‗health‘ in an animal shelter does not merely focus on the disease perspective. Therefore a health management protocol should be made by shelters to cover all aspects of health as extensively as possible.

Problem Formulation

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with shelter, in which these animals are kept off the streets, are less exposed to threat, and it also lessens their contribution to the spread of diseases. The health management in a shelter plays a major role in its effectiveness. It is important that a proper health management is instilled in every step starting from the capture and surrender of these dogs and cats, controlling the disease, rehabilitating dogs and cats in need, and preventive measures. These components can aid in increasing the health status of each shelter animal, which consequently increases the health status of the shelter‘s surrounding environment.

Objective

The main objective of this thesis is to study and outline the importance of health management in animal shelters, its components, and also the elements that should be taken account should there be standardization in animal shelters in future.

Benefits

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Animal Shelter Role and Types

Most animal shelters back in 1800‘s were intended for handling large numbers of dogs for brief periods of time as part of animal control programs (Newbury et al. 2010). Wandering dogs, posing a nuisance and safety risk, would have been picked up and taken to the pound. It was not uncommon for pound masters to kill unclaimed dogs by clubbing or drowning them (Lane and Zawistowski 2007).

According to ACTAsia For Animals (2012), shelters are a temporary solution to a complex problem which include animal abuse, abandoned pets, puppy mills and unwanted litters which then lead to overpopulation of strays, disease transmission, sick and injured animals, and animal attacks. Therefore, a shelter‘s role includes animal rescue, re-homing, re-uniting, public health and safety, providing a permanent sanctuary, education and campaigning, and a means for humane killing or euthanasia. According to Animals Asia and the Humane Society International (2007), an animal shelter‘s tasks should include providing a safe, clean, comfortable and species-appropriate environment for animals in need, preventing animal cruelty and suffering, teaching humane principles to the community, and lobbying for the enactment and enforcement of adequate animal protection laws. Some shelters have no-kill policies and will hold dogs until they are reclaimed, re-homed, are humanely killed for medical reasons, or die (Stafford 2006).

An observation was done by Eckhardt (2011) on the types of animal shelters present at current time. From the observation, Eckhardt reported that there are six types of shelters: municipal shelters, traditional animal shelters, limited-admission animal shelters, balanced-population animal shelters, animal sanctuaries, and rescue organizations. Hurley and Miller (2009) simply categorized shelters into municipal shelters, private Zshelters, and other types of shelters.

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quarantines of animals that may have bitten someone, capture of free - roaming animals, nuisance complaints, investigation of animal cruelty complaints, handling of wildlife, and they are required to help every animal that comes to them (Eckhardt 2011, Hurley and Miller 2009). Private shelters are not-for-profit organizations; they are privately funded and their policies are often set by elected or volunteer boards of directors (Hurley and Miller 2009).

Traditional animal shelters typically are committed to care for any animal that comes to them, and may be under contract with the local municipality to provide animal care or control. Limited-admission animal shelters do not euthanize animals for space but limit intake. Balanced population animal shelters exist in communities that have reached ‗balanced companion animal populations‘. They take care of any animal in need, and do not euthanize for space. Animal sanctuaries primarily handle special needs, unadoptable animals, and large animals. Rescue organizations are dedicated to one breed or one type of animal, work through volunteers and foster homes, and have finite number of space (Eckhardt 2011).

Policies and Protocols

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(Reeve et al. 2004; Rogelberg et al. 2007). Authority and responsibility must be given only to those who have the appropriate knowledge and training. Supervision and accountability for all staff and volunteers are essential to ensure that policies and protocols guide daily activities (Newbury et al. 2010).

All animals must carry out basic life processes and therefore have basic needs which can be grouped into five areas: physiological needs, social, psychological needs, environmental needs, and behavioural needs. Animals in captivity, such as pets or animals in a shelter or zoo are entirely dependent upon humans to provide the conditions that will satisfy their basic needs (RSPCA 2006). The ACTAsia For Animals (2012) organization stated that a high standard of animal welfare that covers the five freedoms in animal welfare is essential in an animal shelter. The five freedoms: freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom to express normal behaviour, and freedom from fear and distress; they are applicable to all animals use by humans and pets (Edwards 2010; Villalobos 2011).

According to RSPCA (2006), the most important policy decisions are on neutering, rehoming and euthanasia. Newbury et al. (2010) stated that a clearly defined mission that forms the basis of shelter policies should include animal care, intake, treatment, adoption, and euthanasia. The establishment of policies helps to guide an organisation‘s work and will shape the day-to-day running of a shelter. The policies at a shelter should represent the principles that organisation sees as important. Benefits of establishing shelter policies: sets, maintains and monitors standards, ensures continuity of animal care, prevents misunderstanding and confusion for staff and supporters, and it ensure compliance with relevant legislation.

Welfare and Health Management

Gambar

Table 1  Common diseases in shelter dogs
Table 2  Common diseases in shelter cats
Figure 1  The diagram of health management components in dog and cat shelters.
Table 3  WSAVA guidelines on canine vaccination for the shelter environment
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