A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanitites Faculty
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Strata One Degree (S1)
ANISA 109026000157
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
i ABSTRACT
Anisa, A Modulation Translation in DIARY of a Wimpy Kid Dog DaysNovel by
Jeff Kinney. Thesis: English Letters Department. Faculty of Adab and Humanities,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2014.
This research is focused on translation study, especially the kinds of modulation in English-Indonesian translation in DIARY of a Wimpy Kid novel, the fourth series. In this research, the writer studies and understands the contain of this novel as it is used for the unit analysis of this research.
The writer use qualitative descriptive method. She collects the data by reading the original book in English form, compares it with the translated form in Indonesian, classifies it into types of modulation, uses some dictionaries (Webster dictionary, English – Indonesia dictionary by Jhon M. Echols and Hasan Sadily A Comprehensive Indonesia – English Dictionary by Alan M. Stevans and A. Ed. Schmidgall – Tellings and Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia by Amran Chaniago) for comparing the translated form and concludes it based on the research question. In this research, the writer also uses the translation theory by Newmark and translation procedure by Vinay and Darbelnet to analyze the data.
In the analysis on translation of modulation procedure novel, the writer finds that there are eight kinds of modulation out of eleven, namely: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, part for the whole, space of time, negated contrary, interval and limit, active for passive and free modulation.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best
of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or
written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been
accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other
institute of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made
in the text.
Jakarta, October 2014
Anisa
v
ACKNOWLEDMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Foremost, the writer would express the deepest gratitude to Allah SWT,
God the almighty for the blessing and ease given to her in completing this thesis.
Peace is upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, His family, His companions and all
of His followers.
On this occasion, the writer would like to express the gratitude and say
many thanks to her family, especially for her beloved parents Aulia Umar, Ikeand
Corilina for all they prayer, motivation, financial and moral. Thanks to my
grandma for prayer and her support. And the writer also wants to say thanks to
brothers and sisters, udaiboy, isra, ndi, fitri, dini and udariski thanks for your
support, advanced, prayer, and motivated me everyday. Nadya, bang auh, and all
of my family who always given motivated me to finished the study in this
university.
This research also could not be completed without a great deal of help
from the related parties. It’s such an honour to express gratitude to Prof. Dr.
Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Drs.
Saefuddin, M. Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, and Mrs. Elve
Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
A sincere appreciation is also sent to Mrs. Danti Pudjiati M.M., M. Hum,
as the writer’s advisor, who has given help, advice, suggestion, addition,
correction, and motivation since the preliminary of manuscript until the
vi
knowledge. Not to forget to all the staffs either in Department or in Faculty who
have helped the writer in managing all formal needs during this research
arrangement.
Special thanks to the writer special friends, Navita Al-annisa who helped
the writer for all of supports, advanced and finished this thesis “you are my
inspiration” and also to her friends in English Letters Department who cannot be
mentioned here one by one, particularly to Raden K.AH, Enny Mufidatul U, Ii
Hilyati, Stella Raflesia, Ana Diana, Nopi, Satya, Anagus, Syifa, thanks for all of
love, laugh, and supports to me everyday, and for her classmates Aisyah, Rizki
Amalia, Mega S, Juni, thanks all may Allah always bless us. To all people and
friends that are not mentioned ‘thanks so much’ may Allah the Hearers and
all-Knower always bless, protect and give them more than they have given to the
writer.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect, that is why the
writer welcomes to critic and suggestion for this thesis to be better. I hope this
thesis will be useful particularly for myself and for those who are interested in this
field.
Jakarta, October 2014
The Writer
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 3
C. Research Question ... 4
D. Significance of the Study ... 4
E. Objective of the Research ... 5
F. Research Methodology ... 5
1. Method of the Research ... 5
2. Data Analysis ... 5
3. Instrument of the Research ... 6
4. Unit Analysis ... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8
A. Definition of Translation ... 8
B. Translating Process ... 9
2. Transfer ... 10
3. Restructuring ... 10
4. Evaluation ... 10
C. The procedures of Translation ... 11
1. Literal Translation ... 11
2. Transposition ... 12
3. Modulation ... 13
4. Adaptation... 13
5. Borrowing ... 13
6. Reduction ... 14
7. Explication ... 14
8. Oblique Translation ... 14
D. Definition of Modulation... 15
E. Kinds of Modulation ... 18
a) Abstract for Concrete... 18
b) Cause for Effect ... 18
c) One Part for Another ... 19
d) Reversal of Terms ... 19
e) Active for Passive ... 19
f) Space of Time ... 20
g) Interval and Limits ... 20
h) Change of Symbol ... 20
x
j) Part for the Whole ... 21
k) Free Modulation ... 21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 22
A. Data Description ... 24
B. Data Analysis ... 25
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 43
A. Conclusion ... 43
B. Suggestion... 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 45
1 A. Background of The Study
A language is the most effective communication tool, for someone can
deliver his idea or opinion to others through a language. In this globalization era,
someone must understand a foreign language instead of his native or mother
language. Each language has its own rules, but the valid rules in a language could
be different with other languages. This difference often causes a displacement
which often occurs in translation, when someone reveals a meaning from a source
language into a target language.
Language experts give their opinion about translation. Newmark states that
“rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author
intended the text”. It means that changing a meaning of text into another
language as what the author means.1
Hatim and Mason state that a translation is “an act of communication which
attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of
communication (which may have been intended for different purposes and
different readers/ hearers).” In this case, a translation is a receiver (message) in
translated language (called a target language).2
A translator occupies as a mediator between a writer and a reader in
delivering the writer’s idea to the readers by using a language which surely can be
1Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: Prentice Hall, 1988) p. 5
2Basil Hatim & Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator(London: Routledge, 1997)
2
understood by the readers. This matter becomes one of a translator’s difficulties in
delivering someone’s idea than his.
Another expert, Brislin, provides another definition of translation that “a
translation is a common form which refers to the transformation of thought from
one to another idea of language (source) into others (target), both written and oral,
no matter the language is arranged in orthography or non-standard, both one or
two languages based on the sign, like a sign language or for deaf”3
Newmark states that rendering the meaning of a text into another language
in the way that the author intended the text. It means that transforming the
meaning of a text into another language as the wish of the author. This
transformation is done from the first language form into second form of language
through the semantic structure. The meaning is transformed and must be
maintained though the form can be changed.4
From the definition above, it can be concluded that a translation involves
two languages, namely source and target language. A translation is a
transformation effort, imitating, or the process of exploring the message or
meaning of source with the equal text with target language and the meaning which
is translated as stated by the author. Hence the source and target language can be
understood by readers.
In translating process, in order to produce good translation, a translator must
consider translation procedure. A translation procedure becomes so important in
adapting translation process to complete translating result. According to his book,
Sayogie divides a translation procedure into three, namely: Transposition,
Modulation, and Adaptation.5 However, this research only analyzes about
modulation procedure.
Modulation is a transformation which occurs in target language and relates
to a meaning displacement which caused by the transformation in point of view,
transformation of perspective and the way to think. Of all translation procedures,
modulation appears to be the most thoroughgoing. Whereas transposition affects
grammatical abilities to the test, modulation is said to be a real touchstone for a
competent translator. One of the example of modulation from the Diary of a
WimpyKid Dog Days novel which represent the element is as follows.
SL: I don’t see why mom and dad bother to try and protect me from horror movies and stuff like that (p.7)
TL: Aku tidak mengerti mengapa Mom dan Dad perlu repot-repot melarangku menonton film horor dan yang sejenisnya (p.7)
From the data above, the word of protect has a meaning to keep or save
someone or something from harmed, lost, injury, damage etc.6 If we translated
literally then the TL will be different meaning, but the translator intends to deliver
the message or the meaning of TL as it is supposed to ban, prevent, or avoid from
doing something; it is like the message of SL. Modulation on the other hand
5Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan, (bahasa Inggris kedalam bahasa
Indonesia. (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negri, 2009), p. 70
6 Merriam-Webster, accessed July 3 2014,
4
involves alteration of semantic categories or process by which thoughts are
conveyed.
The aim of this analysis is to know a purpose of meaning transformation in
diary novel of Wimpy Kid in fourth series with the title is Dog Days which are
translated into Indonesian language to be Diary Si Bocah Tengil with the title is
Hari-Hari Sial. Even though this is a series story, the story of each title is
different with each other hence we do not need to read all of the series. In this
analysis, the writer would like to explore a translation procedure of modulation in
this Jeff Kinney’s novel. Besides, the genre of this novel is comedy so it eases the
writer to do analyses.
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, this research focuses on the
translation procedure of modulation from English to Indonesia that used in the
novel DIARY Si Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial. Specifically, the limitation scope
in this translation discourse only the internal parts. The parts are:
1. To describe a cause of meaning displacement in a translation.
2. To analyze a translation procedure especially of modulation in DIARY Si
Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial from a language source to a target
C. Research Question
Referred to the focus of the study above, several questions will be analyzed:
1. What kind of modulations can be found in the novel DIARY Si Bocah
Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial?
2. How the modulations in DIARY Si Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial are
translated?
D. Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is to learn significantly the modulation of
translation procedure in the novel DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days into DIARY
Si Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial. Specifically, significance of this study are:
1. To understand kinds of modulation in translation procedure in the novel
DIARY of a Wimpy Kid and the transformation of meaning this occurs
due to different culture and tradition.
2. To know the translation of DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days into
DIARY Si Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial.
E. Objective of Research
Theoretically, the objective of this research is to enrich our knowledge
relates to the understanding of culture transformation and communicative skill of
English in translating a source language into a target language. Besides, this
research is expected to contribute in translating the language like a connotative
6
more suggestion to other reseachers and might become a reference for other
writers to understand the modulation which in DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days.
F. Research Methodology 1. Method of Research
The method used in this research is qualitative and descriptive
research. This research is to describe the procedure of modulation
analysis in translation in DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel from
English to Indonesia.
2. Data Analysis
The analysis process done by the researcher uses the theory of
translation by Newmark and theory of modulation in translating
procedure by Vinay and Darbelnet. First, the researcher reads the story
from source language and compares it with target language. Second, the
researcher defines what kind of suitable modulation such as abstract for
concrete, cause for effect, active for passive, part for the whole, space of
time, reversal of terms and free modulation for the story. Later, the
researcher explains the question stated in this chapter about what the
dominated modulation which is used in the story.
3. Instrument of Research
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself to collect
qualitative data about popular works in target language. After collecting
find the meaning displacement and search kind of modulation used in
the story. Then, the writer notes some examples of modulation to
analyze.
4. Unit Analysis
The unit analysis of this novel is a series novel by Jeff Kinney
and published by Amulet Books USA in 2009. The novel with the title is
DIARY of a Wimpy Kid has been translated to be DIARY Si Bocah Tengil
and published by PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta in 2010. In this analysis
the researcher takes the fourth series with the title is DIARY of a Wimpy
Kid: Dog Days which has been translated into Indonesian language to be
8 CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Definition of Translation
Translation is a transformation process of a message from source language
into target language. A simple purpose of this message transformation is to help
readers of target language understand the meaning of message. As what Nida and
Taber stated that it consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and
secondly in terms of style.7 So the point is that a translation is one effort to
re-deliver a message or a language by using another language.
Generally, a translation involves substitution of source language (SL) into
target language (TL), and considers a basic meaning of both texts by gaining a
similar meaning, and also the source language (SL) structure is kept to be as well
as the target language (TL) structure. “A translator is always trying to extend his
knowledge and improve his means of expression; he is always pursuing facts and
word”. 8 It means that in translating a text, we should focus on the meaning in
source language (SL) into target language (TL).
“In the preceding methods, translation doesn’t involve any special stylistic procedures. If this were always the case than our present study would lack justification and translation would lack an intellectual challenge since it would be reduced to an unambiguous transfer from SL to TL”.9
7 Nida E. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), p. 12 8 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p.6
9 Lawrence Venuti, The Translation Studies Reader, (London and Newyork: Routledge
Besides, according to Hoed (23:2006), translation is a transforming activity
a written message from a language text (English text) into another language
(Indonesian text). Delivering message is a translating activity done at the first. In
the other words, a translation is language transformation or spell transformation a
written text of one language into another language without changing the original
message which meant to deliver.
In understanding a translation definition, Catford defines that translation is
the replacement of the textual material in one language by equivalent textual
material in another language.10 It needs to remember that a good translation does
not feel like a translation when being read. When translating a text, there is a
different form of phrase, clause, source language sentence, and target language
text has its own rule which is also influenced by its own different culture.
The most important before translating a text, a translator should find out and
recognize what message meant to be delivered by the writer, hence a delivered
message from target language is kept well, maintained and unchanged though the
structure of phrase, clause and sentence changes.
B. Translating Process
In translating process edited by Nida and Taber, Kardimin states four
theories of translating process
1. Analysis
10 J.C. Catford, A lingusitic of theory of translation, (Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10
In this step, a translator should study well a text of source
language both its form and contain. A translator should also see meaning
relation between a word and words. The aim of this analysis is to make
a translator understands well the meaning beyond the text of source
language and its way of delivering through language.
2. Transfer
In this step, it starts the transferring step after doing a complete
analysis which involves grammatical and semantic aspects. This process
occurs in a translator’s mind.
3. Restructuring
In this step, a translator restructures the text by using appropriate
language style into target language.
4. Evaluation
In this step, the translator re-analyse her research. After getting
the translate in the target language, the result will be rematched with the
original text. If it seems not so equivalent, the translator will revise.11
The main point which underlies a translation is knowledge about two or
more languages principles. A translation demands the understanding of both
source language and target language and it is not only a matter of searching the
harmonization of words. A translation is absolutely not an easy thing to do
because each language has its own different system. In translating into
Indonesian, a translator needs equivalence to appropriately and accurately transfer
11 Kardimin, Pintar Menerjemah Wawasan teoritik dan praktek, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka
the meaning of non-linguistic aspects of language, including language user’s
cultural values and customs.12
C. The Procedures of Translation
There are some procedures of translation that exists. According to
Newmark, while translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures
are used for sentences and the smaller units of language.13 Those translation
procedures are as follows:
1. Literal Translation
Literal translation is the most importance of the procedures. This
is one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can conclude
borrowing and word-for-word translation. Based on Vinay and
Darbelnet, literal is the direct transfer of an SL text into grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the
TL.14 Example: “President” is translated into “Presiden”.
2. Transposition
Transposition is one of the common procedures used in
translation. It is translation procedures involving a change in the
grammar from SL to TL. Vinay and Darbelnet confronted that
transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
12ibid. p 206
13 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (New York: Prentice Hall. 1988), p.81 14 Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, Translation an advanced Resource Book, (London:
12
changing the meaning of the message.15 According to Newmark,
transposition consists of four types of grammatical changes, those are:
a) Automatic transposition and offers the translator no choice. For
example there are two types of it. First, the change from plural to
singular, as ‘a pair of shorts’ translated into ‘sebuah celana pendek’.
Second in the position of the objective, examples ‘beautiful dress’
translated into ‘gaun yang indah’ not ‘indah gaun’.
b) Transposition which is required when an SL grammatical structure
does not exist in the TL. Examples; SL: Kelas itu harus kamu ambil.
TL: You should take that class. The translation above shows that the
object (kelas) in SL is located forward. Although it is passive voice
but this form is not exist in English language (TL). Another example
that the adjective of the sentence is located in front of the subject. SL
‘Bingung aku’ translated to TL ‘I’m confused’.
c) Transposition which is the one where literal translation is
grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the
TL. For instance the SL adverb can be shifted into a TL adverbial
phrase, as follows: SL: I’m here for the recognition of H1N1.
Translated to TL: Aku disini untuk mengenalkan virus H1N1.
d) Transposition which is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a
grammatical structure. Examples, SL: He is very pleasant, but his
wife is arrogant. Translated to TL: Ia sangat baik (sekali) tetapi
istrinya sangat sombong.16
3. Modulation
Vinay and Darbelnet coined the term ‘modulation’ to define ‘a
variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often
of category of thought.” In the other words, modulation as a procedure
of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective accompanied
with a lexical change in the TL.
4. Adaptation
Adaptation is used to recognize equivalent between two
situations. This is a matter of cultural equivalence. In adaptation the
translator works on changing the content and the form of the source
language in a way that conforms to the rules of the language and culture
in the target language community. Based on Vinay and Darbelnet,
adaptation is a situational equivalence or the type of situation being
referred to by the source language (SL) message is unknown in the
target language (TL) culture.17 For example: on the beginning of the
letter, English used to word ‘Dear Sir’, in Bahasa it is translated to
‘Dengan Hormat’.
5. Borrowing
Borrowing is to adopt SL text when the TL text has no
equivalent for the SL text. It is a case where a word or an expression is
14
taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is,
it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the
TL. Borrowing or usually called loan translation is an adoption of a
linguistic expression from one language into another, when no term
exists for the new objects, concepts, or the state of affairs. For examples,
vitamin and formula still used on its original form.
6. Reduction
Reduction means the decrease of the SL text. In reduction
procedure the translator is more likely to reduce in the number of
element that from the SL. An example of reduction is in ‘science
politique’ is translated just into ‘politics’ while ‘science’ is not
translated.
7. Explication
Explication is to express the explicit terms what is unclear in the
source language. It also considered as an addition. Explication is also
defined as the act of making clear or removing obscurity from the
meaning of a word or symbol or expression, the act of explaining,
making something plain or intelligible.
8. Oblique Translation
Oblique translation, by unacceptable we mean that the message,
structurally impossible, does not have a corresponding expression with
the metalinguistic expression, but not within the same register.18
Translation is an attempt to transfer the meaning which contained in source
text to target text. Therefore, translator is expected to cope both source and target
language. Besides, a good translator must be ready to understand the cultural
background of source language and target language as well.
D. Definition of Modulation
Modulation, specifically, indicates a change in the angle from which
something is seen. Equivalence is the replacement of an SL situation by a
communicatively comparable TL situation.19It means that modulation is a
transformation of a translation angle from source language into target language in
a text.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet, modulation is ‘A variation of the form
of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be
justified when altough a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a
grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or
awkward in the TL.’20 In order to get a good translation, a translator should grasp
the contain, meaning, and message in source language. It is started by reading a
text and analyzing from words level, phrases level, clauses level, and sentences of
the text. By reading and analyzing the source language, there will appear a
18Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday, (2004), op.cit. p.150
19 Wolfram Wills, The science of Translation: problems and method, (stuttgart: Gunter
naar Verlag,1977), p.99
20 Vinay, J.P and J.Darbelnet, Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A
16
question about how to deliver the contain, the meaning, and the message into
target language. For example: ‘Sandi menendang bola’ translated ‘The ball is
kicked by Sandi’, in this case the translator face of a change point of view from
active (menendang) into passive (is kicked).
The point of view is changed, but similar message in the text. Hoed explains
that modulation is giving equivalence by a translator semantically different in the
meaning point of view, but the related context gives similar intention. As an
example:
SL : The laws of Germany govern this Agreement
TL : Perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman21
In the example above, the passive meaning is translated the active meaning
or the passive point of view is translated into passive.
Gerard Hardin explains that ‘a change in point of view that allows us to
express the same phenomenon in a different way.’22 It means that a translator can
translate a source language text by adjusting a different culture or a language style
itself. Hence, in delivering a target language, it will be easily understandable for
its readers. Another example is as below:
SL : Anthropologist have reacted to the diversity of cultural arrangements in
two ways:
TL :Terhadap keragaman pengaturan buadaya reaksi antropolog dapat
dibedakan menjadi dua corak
21 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT DuniaPustaka
Jaya, 2006) p. 74
22 Gérard Hardin & Cynthia Picot, (1990) Translate: Initiation à la pratique de la
Modulation occured in the translated text above into ‘dapat dibedakan
menjadi’ in SL is hidden. The feature of SL Modulation which becomes hidden in
TL classified into free modulation.23
Hoed classifies a meaning transfer or modulation into two groups: (1) An
angle transfer (2) A meaning transfer.24An angle transfer occurs if the elements of
source language get their harmonization in a source language with different angle,
like the example below:
SL : By the will of God.
TL : Diluar kemampuan manusia.
By the example above, there is a difference of angle between source
language and target language in a translating text. We may translate the sentence
above to be ‘atas kehendak tuhan’ however it is translated according to the
translator point of view. The context here can break the problem between two
languages to figure out the right equivalent.
Besides, Suryawinata and Hariyanto state that modulation is a strategy to
translate a word, a phrase, or a sentence. It is impossible to do if the literal words
translation cannot produce a flexible translation. As the example:
SL : Tiada banding
Tl : There was no comparison25
As the example above, a translator sees a sentence meaning entirely and it is
different with the writer. The sentence in SL focuses on the object of being talked
23 Rochayah Machali, pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (jakarta: PT grasindo,2000), p. 70 24 Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, (Jakarta: PT DuniaPustaka
Jaya, 2006) p.24
25ZuchridinSuryawinata and SugengHariyanto, Translation: Bahasan Teoridan Penuntun
18
to or commanded, however the translation focuses on the reality which being
talked that no comparison. The verb phrase here is changed into noun.
E. Kinds of Modulation
According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s cited in Newmark theory, there are
eleven kinds of Modulation procedures26 :
a) Abstract for Concrete
Abstract for concrete is changing a point of view from abstract in
source language (SL) and changed into concrete in target language
(TL).27 For example: ‘sleep in the open’ translated to ‘tidur diluar
rumah’ in the example before, the literary meaning of word ‘open’ is
‘terbuka’. However, the translator translated it to be ‘diluar rumah’, so
the meaning becomes more concrete. Another example is ‘No
vacancies’ translated to
‘Kamar penuh’.28 In that example, if we look up a dictionary, the
meaning of the word ‘vacancy’ is ‘peluang’, hence the word ‘No
vacancies’ means ‘tidak ada peluang’. It is what we call an abstract to
be a concrete.
b) Cause for Effect
Cause for effect modulation exists in a sentence that shows a
relationship between cause and effect. For example: SL: ‘We all suffer
from the consequences of environmental degradation’ translated to TL:
26 Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988). P.88 27ibid. p. 89
‘Kita semua menderita karena (adanya) penurunan mutu lingkungan’ in
the sentence before, the word ‘karena’ shows the meaning of cause
while the word ‘adanya’ shows the meaning of effect.
c) One part for Another
One part for another modulation is a changing point of view
from one part in SL and changed into for another in TL. For example:
SL; ‘from coast to coast’ translated to TL; ‘dari tepi kembali lagi
ketepi’. The word ‘to’ change one part of the sentence into another in
TL. So it can be translated to be like an edge by changing the point of
view.
d) Reversal of Terms
Reversal of terms is also a distinct procedure, usually for making
language sound natural. In the other words, reversal of terms is changing
of terms in between SL into TL express the term in formal way, the TL
can be changed into both formal and informal ways and when the word
in SL translated literal and in TL can be changed into match with a
sentence and can show the correct meaning. For example: Buy – Sell:
jual –beli/ Lend– Borrow: meminjamkan – meminjam. another
example:‘health insurance’ translated to ‘Asuransi kesehatan’
e) Active for passive
Active or passive is changing a point of view when SL in active
form and TL are changed into passive form. For example: ‘the problem
20
that sentence, the word ‘to solve’ shows an active meaning which is
‘memecahkan’. However, it changes to be ‘dipecahkan’ which shows
the passive meaning.
f) Space for Time
Space for time is changing point of view from SL into TL in a
time. For example: ‘a quarterly magazine’29 translated to ‘majalah tiga
bulanan’ another example: ‘I will come at quarter 11’ translated to ‘Saya
akan datang pada pukul 11 lewat 15 menit’
g) Interval and Limits
Interval and limits is changing point of view intervals in SL and
changed into limits in TL. For example: ‘He is the one’ translated to
‘Dialah satu-satunya’
h) Change of Symbols
Change of symbol is point of view from SL into TL in a symbol.
For example: ‘The White House’ translated to ‘Rumah kediaman di
USA’ which symbolically the word ‘White House’ has shown the
possessive of the US.
i) Negated Contrary
Modulation of negated contrary or positive for double negative
(or double negative for positive) is a concrete translation procedure
which can be applied in principle to any action (verb) or quality
(adjective or adverb). This kind of modulation is trying to find the
anonym of the word in negative in SL to be positive in TL or vice versa.
For example: ‘it isn’t expensive’ translated to ‘ini murah’ and ‘it isn’t
impossible’ translated to ‘mungkin’.
j) Part for the whole
Part for the whole is rather misleadingly describes or
alternatives. It occurs changing point of view from a part in SL and
changed into for the whole in TL. For example: ‘man is a thinking
creature’ translated to ‘manusia adalah makhluk yang berpikir’
k) Free modulation
Free modulation is used by translator when TL rejects literal
translation, which, by Vinay and Darbelnet’s criteria, means virtually
always. However, free modulation does not actually become fixed until
referred in dictionary and grammar.30 For example:
SL: By the will of the God
TL: Diuar kemampuan manusia
In translation, a point of view transformation is a process which
involves language structure aspects. The equivalence between SL and
TL is something that deserves to analyze. A translator has a same
function as a language that is to communicate all ideas and opinion.
22 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In data description, the researcher finds the modulation in translating
meaning in the text of the DIARY of a Wimpy Kid novel. These consist of 6 kind
of Free Modulation, 2 kind of Abstract for concrete, 1 kind of cause for effect, 1
kind of part for the Whole, 2 kind of Active for Passive, 1 kind of Space for Time,
3 kind of Negated contrary, and 1 kind of Interval and Limits. The researcher
analyzes those modulation one by one observing the sentence, phrase or word,
exploring the meaning and the message text, and analyzing the meaning between
the source language and target language.
The researcher analyzes these kind of modulation based on Newmark
concept of translation theory and Vinay and Darbelnet of Modulation theory.
Explaining the meaning occurred modulation in source language to target
language. The data will be described in the table below:
Table I
The Data of Modulations Form in Diary of Wimpykid : Dog Days novel By Jeff Kinney
No Source Languange (SL) Target Languange (TL) Kinds of
1 Rowley's family belongs to a
country club, and when school let out for the summer,
we were going there every
single day. (p.3)
keluarga Rowley adalah anggota sebuah
janapada, dan ketika liburan sekolah pada musim panas dimulai, kami pergi
kesana setiap hari (p.3)
Free
Modulation
2 I don’t see why Mom and
Dad bother to try and protect
me from horror movies and stuff like that (p.7)
Aku tidak mengerti mengapa Mom dan
Dad perlu repot-repot melarangku menonton film horor dan yang sejenisnya
(p.7)
Free
Modulation
3 When the last “li’l cutie”
comes out, me and Dad will have to throw a party (p.12)
Saat “li’l cutie” yang terakhir dimuat
nanti, aku dan Dad akan mengadakan pesta (p.12)
Active for
Passive
4 Even though me and Dad see
eye to eye on “li’l cutie”,
there are still a lot of things
we butt heads over. (p.13)
Walaupun aku dan Dad sependapat
dalam urusan “li’l cutie”, Masih tetap ada
banyak hal yang membuat kami beradu pendapat. (p.13)
Abstract for
Concrete
5 And later on I saw her bury
them in the sand for manny to
“discover” (p.16)
Kemudian aku melihat dia menguburnya
di dalam pasir agar bisa “ditemukan” oleh Manny. (p.16)
Active for
Passive
6 I think Mom’s starting to
regret taking me to get my hair cut the other day. (p.22)
Aku rasa Mom mulai menyesal karena telah membawaku potong rambut (p.22)
Cause for
24
7 I asked Mom when Dad was
out of the room, because Dad
doesn’t like it when I have
sleepovers on a ‘work night’. (p.25)
Aku memastikan Dad berada diruang lain
ketika aku bertanya soal itu pada Mom
karena Dad tidak suka kalau aku
mengundang teman menginap pada hari-hari sekolah (p.25)
Free
Modulation
8 The special effects was really
cheesy, and I wasn’t even scared until the very end.
(p.29)
Efek khusus film itu norak, dan aku bahkan tidak merasa takut hingga bagian
paling akhir. (p.29)
Part for the
whole
9 I thought about it, though,
and I realized there’s only so
much ground a muddy hand can cover in a day. (p.31)
Namun, setelah aku memikirkannya,
panjang-lebar, aku sadar bahwa sepotong
tangan berlumpur tidak bisa berkelana terlalu jauh dalam waktu satu hari. (p.31)
Negated
Contrary
10 Well, the membership of the
Reading Is Fun Club took a big hit Overnight. (p.39)
Yah, keanggotaan ‘Membaca itu
Menyenangkan’ menyusut drastis dalam waktu semalam. (p.39)
Free
Modulation
11 I’m not talking about some
average, run-of-the-mill
lawn care service, either. (p.49)
Aku tidak sedang membicarakan jasa
potong rumput yang biasa-biasa saja. (p.49)
Interval and
Limits
12 But get this: The Yellow Pages people told us a few
Tapi coba dengar: orang-orang di Yellow Pages bilang pada kami harga
Free
thousand bucks to put our ad
in their book. (p.50)
untuk memasang iklan dibuku mereka
adalah sebesar beberapa ribu dolar. (p.50)
13 My birthday’s coming up this
weekend, and it can’t get
here quick enough for me. (p.73)
Akhir pekan ini adalah hari ulang
tahunku, dan rasanya lama sekali bagiku. (p.73)
Negated
Contrary
14 I like to cut to the chase on my birthday and get right to
the gift. (p.88)
Aku tidak ingin terlalu bertele-tele pada hari ulang tahunku dan hendak langsung
membuka kado. (p.88)
Negated
Contrary
15 Because today she said we
could go to the mall and get a
“makeup gift” (p.91)
Karena hari ini dia mengatakan kami
akan pergi ke mal dan mendapatkan
“hadiah pengganti” (p.91)
Free
Modulation
16 Mom had printed out some
pictures from the Fourth, and she left them lying on the
kitchen table. (p.143)
Mom sudah mencetak beberapa foto yang
diambil pada tanggal empat Juli lalu, dan dia meninggalkannya diatas meja
dapur (p.143)
Space for
Time
17 Nobody bothered to check on
how I was doing after falling
off the bed onto my face. (p.169)
Tidak ada yang repot-repot bertanya
mengenai keadaanku yang terjatuh ke lantai. (p.169)
Abstract for
26
B. Data Analysis
In this chapter, the researcher uses some references to analyze the collected
data by using some dictionaries, namely Webster dictionary, English – Indonesia
dictionary by Jhon M. Echols and Hasan Sadily., A Comprehensive Indonesia –
English Dictionary by Alan M. Stevans and A. Ed. Schmidgall – Tellings and
Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia by Amran Chaniago. Additionally, the
researcher chooses two novels as my corpus. For English form, the researcher use
DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel by Jeff Kinney and its Indonesian
translated form DIARY Si Bocah Tengil: Hari-Hari Sial novel by Ferry Halim.
Then, the researcher analyze the kinds of modulation occured in translating of the
novel by using Vinay’s theory.
A.Free Modulation
Free modulation is a translation procedure that is supposed to explain
the meaning, to obtain the relation meaning between SL and TL and also
to achieve the equivalence meaning as natural as SL. It occurs when a
word or phrase is translated differently as word as a meaning itself. Free
modulation is used by a translator when the TL rejects literal translation.
According the data, there are 6examples of free modulation in DIARY of a
Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel, they are:
1. SL: Rowley's family belongs to a country club, and when school let out for the summer, we were going there every single day. (p.3)
liburan sekolah pada musim panas dimulai, kami pergi kesana
setiap hari (p.3)
In this case, the free modulation occurs the translation of country club into janapada. In English Indonesian dictionary by Jhon M. Echols the meaning of country club is perkumpulan, biasanya diluar kota yang
mempunyai gedung pertemuan dan perlengkapan untuk olahraga.31 In
Webster dictionary the word country club means a private club where
people go for social events and play golf, tennis etc.32
However, the translator translates this word to be janapada. It makes
the readers confused. The word janapada is an example of transformation
in point of view classified into free modulation, because it explains hidden
message on SL. If the word country club is translates literally, the message
delivered on SL might be different with TL and not included in this type of
modulation. Hence, the translator should have changed the point of view
on TL.
2. SL: I don’t see why mom and dad bother to try and protect me from horror movies and stuff like that (p.7)
TL: Aku tidak mengerti mengapa Mom dan Dad perlu repot-repot
melarangku menonton film horor dan yang sejenisnya (p.7) In this case, the free modulation occurs the translation of protect me into melarangku. The word protect has a meaning from melindungi/
31 Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. (Jakarta : Gramedia, 2003)
p.131
28
menjaga/ memelihara.33 While in this case the translator translated into TL
to be melarang. In English dictionary the word of protect is to keep or
save someone or something from harmed, lost, injury, damage etc.34 The
word of Melarang in Indonesia dictionary means mencegah agar sesuatu
tidak dilaksanakan.35 The translator intends to deliver the message or the
meaning of TL as it is supposed to ban, prevent, or avoid from doing
something; it is like the message of SL. Maybe the translator uses the word
of melarang to make the readers easily understand the meaning. The word
of melindungi on SL meaning has different understanding in point of view,
so the translator uses free modulation as the kind of translation to make
readers catch the delivered message.
3. SL: I asked Mom when Dad was out of the room, because Dad doesn’t
like it when I have sleepovers on a ‘work night’. (p.25)
TL : Aku memastikan Dad berada diruang lain ketika aku bertanya
soal itu pada Mom karena Dad tidak suka kalau aku mengundang
teman menginap pada hari-hari sekolah (p.25)
In the sentence above, the words of work night changes into hari-hari sekolah. In literal translation, the word of work night should be translates into kerja malam. It is a clear example of free modulation because if it is
translated literally, it would be kerja malam hari. In English dictionary the
word of work means activity in which one exerts strength or faculties to do
33 Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op cit. p. 453 34Merriam-Webster, op ci t
35 Amran Y.S.Chaniago. Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia, (Bandung: CV.Pustaka
or perform something. And the word of night means the time from dusk to
dawn when no sunlight is visible.36 The word of work night might be used
by the writer as an idiom which shows the prior words meaning.
The translator translates to hari-hari sekolah that is different point of
view. If translator translates literally, the readers probably do not
understand the meaning of contents and it might be confusing the readers,
because in SL it is sufficiently clear that Gregory is asking for his
mother’s permission to stay and he is asking when it is still the day of
school activities. So that translator works around this by changing the
point of view on the TL.
4. SL: Well, the membership of the Reading is Fun Club took a big hit Overnight. (p.39)
TL: yah, keanggotaan ‘membaca itu menyenangkan’ menyusut drastis dalam waktu semalam (p.39)
In the sentence above, the word of took a big hit translates into menyusut drastis. In English dictionary the word of took/take/taken means to get something into one’s hands or into one possession, power or
control. The word of big means large in size number or amount involving
or including people, things, etc. The word of hit means to move your hand,
a bat, etc, quickly so that it touches someone or something in a forceful or
violent way or to cause something to move by hitting it forcefully with a
30
bat, racket, etc.37 In English-Indonesia dictionary the word took/take/taken
means mengambil.38The word of hit means memukul so if it is translates,
it will be mengambil pukulan besar.39 The translator changes the point of
view of TL it might be supposed to understand the meaning of the story.
Hence, the translator translated it by changing the point of view of SL
into TL to be menyusut drastis. In Indonesia dictionary, the word
menyusut comes from the word susut which means menjadi berkurang/
mengerut/ proses, cara menyusutkan.40 Hence the meaning of the sentence
above is an extremely decreased condition. The words menyusut or
penyusutan are usually related to income/outcome in certain percentage.
The translator’s use the type of modulation is intended to explain the
derivation of reading interest in club members.
5. SL: But get this: the Yellow Pages people told us a few thousand bucks to put our ad in their book. (p.50)
TL: Tapi coba dengar orang-orang di Yellow Pages bilang pada kami harga untuk memasang iklan dibuku mereka adalah sebesar
beberapa ribu dollar. (p.50)
In this case, the free modulation occurs the translation of get this into coba dengar. In English dictionary the word of get/got/gotten means to
gain possession of or receive a return.41 In English-Indonesian dictionary,
37
i bid.
38 Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op.cit. p..577 39ibid. p.299
40 Amran Y.S.Chaniago. Kamus Lengkap Bahasa Indonesia, (Bandung: CV.Pustaka
Setia, 2002), p. 514
the word get/got/gotten means memperoleh/ menerima while the meaning
of the sentence of SL above is to explain people about the price of
advertisement.42 But the translator translated it by changing the point of
view on TL to be coba dengar. In Indonesian-English dictionary, the word
of dengar is hear/listen to.43 In Indonesia dictionary the word of dengar
means menangkap bunyi dari telinga untuk mendapatkan kabar yang
belum jelas tentang sesuatu hal.44
The word might have a meaning about the people in Yellow Pages to
inform about the price of making an advertisement. The translator changes
the point of view to make readers easy to understand because there are
different meanings between SL and TL if the translator does not change
the point of view.
6. SL: Because today she said we could go to the mall and get a
“makeup gift” (p.91)
TL: Karena hari ini dia mengatakan kami akan pergi ke mal dan
mendapatkan “hadiah pengganti” (p.91)
In the sentence above, the word of makeup gift is translates into hadiah pengganti. In English dictionary the word of makeup means the way in which something is put together or arranged: the pyhsical, mental
and moral character of a person: substances (such as lipstick or powder)
42 Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily, op cit. P. 266
43 Steven M.Alan and Schmidgall, Kamus Lengkap Indonesia Inggris, (Bandung: PT.
Mizan Pustaka, 2009), p. 236
44
32
used to make someone’s face look more attractive.45In English-Indonesian
dictionary the word of make-up means dandanan/ memakai dandanan
pada muka/wajah.46 In Indonesian dictionary the word of dandanan means
mengenakan pakaian/ berhias atau memakai alat-alat rias dan
menjadikan rapi while the translator changes the point of view to be
hadiah pengganti.47
The translator changes the word of makeup to pengganti. It is possible
to make the previous sentence becomes clearer. It might be meant to make
the sentence easy to be understood by readers because if it is translated
literally it will mean hadiah dandanan and it makes the readers confused.
As we know the gift is giving something to someone in the form of good.
So the translator changes the point of view of TL using free modulation
method.
B.Abstract for Concrete
Abstract for concrete is changing a point of view from abstract in
source language (SL) and changed into concrete in target language (TL).
According the data, there are 2 examples of free modulation in DIARY of a
Wimpy Kid: dog days novel, they are :
1. SL: Even though me and Dad see eye to eye on li’l cutie, there are still
a lot of things we butt heads over. (p.13)
TL: Walaupun aku dan Dad sependapat dalam urusan “li’l cutie”,
45
Merriam-Webster, op. cit 46
Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op.cit . p. 371
47
masih tetap ada banyak hal yang membuat kami beradu pendapat. (p.13)
In this case, the word of we butt heads over is changes into kami beradu pendapat. This kind of form is abstract for concrete. In English dictionary the word of butt heads means to come into conflict.48 Which
means to start a conflict on an issue or any problem. In English-Indonesia
dictionary the word of butt means puntung/ obyek/ ujung; bertubrukan
kepala.49 The word of bertubrukan kepala aims to explain the word of butt
heads over . If the sentence above is translates literally, the sentence
means ujung atas kepala which means something on the edge of head or it
can be something like the edge of head. In Indonesia dictonary the word of
adu/ beradu means berlanggaran, while the meaning of this sentence is
beradu lidah which means berbantah-bantah atau bertengkar mulut50.
The words we butt heads over aim to argue about the differences or
disputes between one person and another. So if the translator does not
change the point of view of TL, readers will have difficulty to understand
the story of the novel. So the translator changes it to be ‘kami beradu
pendapat’ to ease readers understand the story. The sentence shows a
debate between one and another. The change of point of view here is clear
to show kind of abstract modulation for concrete.
2. SL: Nobody bothered to check on how I was doing after falling off the
bed onto my face. (p.169)
48
Merriam-Webster, op. cit
49
Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op.cit. p. 90
50
34
TL: Tidak ada yang repot-repot bertanya mengenai keadaanku yang
terjatuh ke lantai. (p.169)
In this case, the words of onto my face changes into ke lantai. In English dictionary the word of onto is preposition on-to which means to a
position that is on (something, such as a surface, area or object): in a
direction that allows to get to or see (something). The words of face means
the front part of the head that has the eyes, nose, and mouth on it; a facial
expression.51 In English – Indonesia dictionary the word of onto means
diatas, and the words face means muka/ wajah.52 In Indonesia dictionary
the word of wajah/ muka means bagian depan kepala dari dahi atas
sampai dagu/ sisi bagian depan.53Later, if we literally translate it, it will
be diatas wajahku. This sentence becomes abstract if it is only translated
literally; the translator changes it to be ke lantai. Because on SL this
sentence explains about someone who falls off his bed while fall here
means going slide down, so the translator changes it to be a more concrete
sentence to make readers understand.
C.Cause for Effect
Cause for Effect modulation exists in a sentence that shows a
relationship in between cause and effects. According the data, there is one
example of free modulation in DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: dog days novel,
they are :
1. SL: I think Mom’s starting to regret taking me to get my hair cut the
51
Merriam-Webster, op. cit 52
Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily, op.cit. p. 405
53
other day. (p.22)
TL: Aku rasa Mom mulai menyesal karena telah membawaku potong rambut (p.22)
In the sentence above, SL and TL has a cause and effect form. The
word of taking me to get my hair cut the other day translated into karena telah membawaku potong rambut. In English dictionary the word of
taking means to get into one’s hands or into one’s possession, power or
control.54 But the translator changes the point of view. Translator uses the
word of karena to explain about the sentence that Greg whose mother
regrets taking him to cut his hair off, however the model is not like his
mother expects to be. So the sentence I think mom’s starting to regret is
kind of effect, while the word karena classifies about the cause that states
his mother’s regret. The translator changes the point of view the TL using
conjunctive words are intended to explain the sentence before.
D.Part for the Whole
Part for the whole is rather misleadingly described or alternative. It
changes point of view from a part in SL and changes into for the whole in
TL. According the data, there is one example of free modulation in DIARY
of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel, namely:
1. SL: The special effects was really cheesy, and I wasn’t even scared until the very end. (p.29)
54
36
TL: Efek khusus film itu norak, dan aku bahkan tidak merasa takut hingga bagian paling akhir. (p.29)
In this case, the word of was really cheesy changed into film itu norak. In English dictionary the word of really is used to refer to what is
true or real without question or doubt and the word of cheesy is
resembling cheese especially looking or smelling like cheese; of poor
quality lacking style or good taste.55 In English – Indonesia dictionary the
word of cheesy means buruk.56 However, the translator here changes the
meaning on TL to be film itu norak.
In indonesia dictionary the TL norak means udik/ dusun/
kampungan.57Udik or kampungan is usually used to describe someone’s
condition that is out of the date and lack of knowledge about certain
information or news. It is usually pointed out to a villager who moves to
one big city. Meanwhile, the word buruk usually explains someone’s trait
(both character and physic) or a not-good condition. However, on the TL,
it is changed to be film itu norak. On the SL above, the sentence defines
that the film is not interesting at all. The translator changed it to make
readers easy to understand.
E. Active for passive
Modulation of active for passive is changing point of view when
SL is active form and TL changed into passive form or vice versa.
55
Merriam-Webster, op. cit 56
Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op.cit. p.110
57
According the data, there are 2 examples of free modulation in DIARY of a
Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel, they are :
1. SL: When the last “li’l cutie” comes out, me and dad will have throw a party (p.12)
TL: Saat “li’l cutie” yang terakhir dimuat nanti, aku dan Dad akan mengadakan pesta (p.12)
The sentence in SL is active form and the sentence in TL is passive
form. In this case the word of comes out in English dictionary means
become visible. In English-Indonesia dictionary the word of comes out
means menjadi terlihat/ keluar/ muncul while the word dimuat nanti on
the TL is a passive form.58 In Indonesia dictionary the word of dimuat
comes from the word muat which means dapat diisi.59 The word dimuat is
transformation form of passive which intended to explain the next
publishing on a magazine.
2. SL: And later on I saw her bury them in the sand for many to
“discover” (p.16)
TL: Kemudian aku melihat dia menguburnya di dalam pasir agar bisa
“ditemukan” oleh Manny. (p.16)
The sentence above can be classified into active for passive. The
sentence of SL is an active form while SL is passive. In
English-Indonesian dictionary, the word of discover means menemukan. 60 However, the translator changes the form into passive to be ditemukan.
58
Jhon M.Echols and Hasan Sadily. op.cit. p.127
59
Amran Y.S.Chaniago. op.cit. p.406
60
38
The word of menemukan means get something we are looking for so this
form is active. The word ditemukan is a passive form because it has prefix
di-.
F. Space for Time
Space for time is changing point of view from SL into TL in a
time. According the data there is one example of free modulation in
DIARY of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days novel, they are :
1. SL: Mom had printed out some pictures from the Fourth, and she left them lying on the kitchen table. (p.143)
TL: Mom sudah mencetak beberapa foto yang diambil pada tanggal
empat Juli lalu, dan dia meninggalkannya diatas meja dapur (p.143)
In this case, the words of from the fourth changed into tanggal empat Juli lalu. In english dictionary the word of fourth means number
four in the series.61 The translator changes the point of view into tanggal
empat Juli. In Indonesia- English dictionary the word of tanggal is date
and the word of bulan is month.62That is different meaning. As we know,
the amount of date are 30 up to 31 and the amount of months are 12 per
year.
In literal translation, from the fourth should be translated into dari
yang keempat while here the translator changes it to be tanggal empat Juli
lalu. On the SL text, there is an SL text which does not explain a date or a
61
Merriam-Webster, op. cit 62
month but the translator used a context of time. This is transformation of
meaning which is used by the translator to equivalence the sentence on SL.
G. Negated Contrary
Modulation of negated contrary or positive double negat
