A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
By
SRI RAHAYU MUNTAHA 107026000437
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2014.
In this research, the writer aimes at finding out the types of metaphors found in The Ghost and the procedure used by the translator in translating them. Descriptive-qualitative method is applied in conducting the research. The metaphors are classified based on Larson’s, and then the translations are analyzed based on translation procedure proposed by Newmark. The writer employs herself to collect data; by reading the novel and its translation, marking the metaphor words, classifying, selecting and analyzing them based on the theories of translation procedure and translation strategy which are taken from some relevant references.
According to this research, it can be concluded that dead metaphor and live metaphor are found in the novel. While of the translation procedure, reduction procedure is mostly used by the translator in translating these metaphors since the percentage is 20.29% Metaphors are important enough in the text and the translation which changes the meaning of the text reduction procedure can be applied.
another person nor material which substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, October 2014
Sri Rahayu Muntaha
All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of the Universe, Alhamdulillah, with His amazing guidance, the writer can accomplish the process of making this thesis. The blessing and salutation are delivered to the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad SAW, who has guided people to be a great follower in the way of Allah.
The writer would like to say her gratitude to:
1. Prof.Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department. 3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of the English Letters Department. 4. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, the writer’s advisor, thank you very much for
his advices, patience, kindness and suggestion in finishing this thesis. 5. The examiners of this thesis namely Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, and M.
Agus Suriadi, M.Hum, thank you very much for their advise, kindness, suggestion, and motivation in finishing this thesis.
6. All lecturers of English Letters Department, who have taught and educated the writer during her studies at the campus.
7. The writer’s parents: H.Sukamto and Hj.Muayanah, who always give the writer unlimited love, support and pray to the writer in completing this
Zahra, Julia and Dita, Agita, Jampe, Danga, Gendon, Lugut, Kendor, Gapi, Oncom, Nyiur, Oma and Runer thank you so much for the time that have been spent together, in the sadness and happiness, the writer will always remember them.
9. The writer’s classmates and all of students of Translation 2007 the writer will miss them all.
10.And all people who helped the writer to finish this thesis that cannot be mentioned one by one, thank you for their kindness.
Jakarta, October 2014
The Writer
APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
LIST OF TABLE ... x
LIST OF FIGURE ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of the Study ... 2
C. Research Questions ... 2
D. Significance of the Study ... 3
E. Research Methodology... 3
1. The Objective of Research ... 3
2. The Method of Research ... 3
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 4
4. The Instrument of Research ... 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 5
A. Definition of Translation ... 5
B. Translation Process ... 8
C.Metaphor……… . 10
b. Live Metaphor………. 14
3. Analyzing Metaphor………... 15
D. Translation Procedure... ... 15
a. Literal... 16
b. Transference... ... 16
c. Naturalization... 16
d. Cultural Equivalent... 17
e. Functional Equivalent... 17
f. Descriptive Equivalent... 17
g. Synonymy... 18
h. Trough Translation... 18
i. Modulation... 18
j. Shift or Transposition... 19
k. Recognized Translation... 19
l. Translation Label... 19
m. Compensation... 19
n. Componential Analysis... 20
o. Reduction... 20
p. Pharaphrase... 20
q. Couplets... 21
r. Notes, Addition, Glosses... 21
1. Dead Metaphor ... 23
2. Live Metaphor ... 25
B. The Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 50
A. Conclusion ... 50
B. Suggestion ... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 52
APPENDICES ... 55
Table 2 : The Data of Live Metaphors ... 25
Table 3 : The Data of Translation Procedure……… .. 27
Table 4 : Translation Procedure of Reduction……….. 28
Table 5 : Translation Procedure of Paraphrase………. 31
Table 6 : Translation Procedure of Couplet……….. 34
Table 7 : Translation Procedure of Addition………. 36
Table 8 : Translation Procedure of Modulation……… 39
Table 9 : Translation Procedure of Transposition……… ... 41
Table 10 : Translation Procedure of Transference……… 42
Table 11 : Translation Procedure of Synonymy……… 43
Table 12 : Translation Procedure of Literal……… 44
Table 13 : Translation Procedure of Triplet……… 46
Table 14 : Translation Procedure of Naturalization……… 47
Table 15 : Translation Procedure of Compensation……… 48
Table 16 : Translation Procedure of Cultural Equivalent……… 49
Figure 2 : The Process Translation by Nida and Taber……….9
[image:12.595.161.448.303.534.2]CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Translation is an instrument of transfer the message or meaning of the written text into another language. By translation, people around the world can share their feeling and thought. The diversity of language around countries will not be the problem anymore. Therefore, translation is an excellent device for accommodating communication among human being so that people can understand what they mean. In other words, translation is a bridge that connected people of the world.
Translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in
the way that the author intended the text”.1
One of them can translate articles, journals, textbooks and even literary works such as short story and novel.
Nowadays, we can find many translation books especially novels. In Indonesia we can find many English novels that have been translated into Indonesian. It is “The Ghost”, a best seller novel written by Danielle Steel that published in 1997. The Ghost novel tells about a man named Charles Waterston that decided to drive through New England after his divorce with the woman he loves, Carol. And Sarah, the beautiful young woman who lived and died in his next exquisite lakeside château hidden deep in the woods two centuries ago.
1
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),P.5
In this novel the writer find a phenomenon of language such as figurative language, especially the figure of comparison such as metaphor. Metaphor is the most significant translation problem, may occur at all levels – from word to text – at which level it becomes an allegory or fantasy. In accordance with translation, these figurative of comparison must be translated carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding.2 If metaphors from source language are translated literally into the target language, they will often be completely misunderstood.3 Because the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original.
For the reason above, the writer is interested in analyzing the translation of
metaphors expressed in the novel entitled “The Ghost” written by Danielle Steel
and find out the strategies used by the translator (Widya Kirana “Belenggu Masa
Silam”) in translating that by conducting a research “An analysis of the translation
of Metaphors in The Ghost, A novel Written by Danielle Steel.”
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, this research focuses on analyzing the metaphors that is expressed in The Ghost novel written by Danielle Steel and finds the procedures that is used by translator in translating these metaphors.
C. Research Question
The problem will be discussed in this study as formulated through the following questions:
2
Ibid, P.8
3
a. What types of metaphors that are expressed in novel The Ghost? b. How are the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The
Ghost?
D. Significance of the Study
The result of this research is expected to be used by students to increase their knowledge about translation of figurative language, especially on metaphors and to provide input about the strategies applied in translating metaphors. This research also supposed to expand our horizon in translation field and open our mind to become alert of the importance of that translation theories and its practice.
E. Research Methodology 1. The objectives of Research
Based on the research questions formulated above, the aims of the research are:
a. To find out the types of metaphors expressed in novel The Ghost.
b. To know the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The Ghost
2. The Method of Research
completed, the writer wills analyze the procedure translation of those metaphors based on the theory from Peter Newmark Book of Translation. 3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer uses descriptive analysis technique which is supported by the relevant theories. The writer uses the following steps, first reading
The Ghost novel by Danielle Steel, published in London, United Kingdom in 1997 by Corgi Books publisher. Second is identifying and underlining each sentences or quotations that are related to the topic of the research. Then data that have been underlined are quoted. Then this research will be written descriptive –analytically.
4. The Instrument of Research
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Definition of Translation
Translation is a transfer of the meaning of the source language into the target language through the procedures set out systematically. The process can be described as follows:
Source language Target Language
[image:17.595.149.513.304.506.2]
re-measuring the meaning
Figure 1: Translation Process by Mooryati Sudibyo
In the diagram above shows that meaning is paramount in translating activities. Translation is the meaning of re-disclosure by the translator according to the language of the intended target. Understanding translation according to Newmark cited in Mooryati Sudibyo: Analisis Kontrastif: Kajian Penerjemahan Frasa Nomina, suggests that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language. Each exercise involves some kind of loss of meaning, due to a number of factors. It provokes a continuous tension,
Translated Text
Meaning
dialectic, an argument based on the claims of each language. The basic loss is on a continuum between over translation (increase of detail) and under translation (Increased generalization)4.
Regarding the definition set forth Newmark above there some understanding that the writer can learn that, first; the translation is an activity requiring skill or skills. This shows that the translation can be done by anyone who has the ability or skills, and activities will translate into better if the ability or skill a translator is better anyway, second, translation is revealing the meaning or message packed in a source language into the target language. Third, because the shape of the source language is different from the language of the target, meaning try again disclosed by an experienced translator deviation from original meaning. It can be seen from the addition and subtraction of information on language translation. In this concept shows that the interpreter will not reach perfection in translating something, so it can be said that the activities of translating not only the translation of the source language into the target language, but an attempt delivery of messages to the reader in accordance with the language that can be understood by the reader.
As Frans Sayogie‟s book entitled Teori Dan Praktek Penerjemahan
(Bahasa Inggris Kedalam Bahasa Indonesia), the notion of translation he quotes from Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation Helps for Translators, argued that the translation is "consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent message of the source language, first in
4
terms of meaning and Secondly in terms of style ". Thus, translation is essentially an effort to reveal the return message from one language into another language. Frans Sayogie adding that the translation is right or wrong depends also on the "for what purpose" translation is done.5
Basically in expressing the definition of translation is not too different experts provide concept, extending just over what the meaning of the translation itself is based on the theories that they see themselves possess. The substance is the same, meaning that transfer messages or information found in the source language into the target language in order to more easily understand the reader in accordance with the language they use. In addition, Hatim and Mason the writer also quoted in the book of Frans Sayogie, defines translation as "an act of communication roomates Attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication, (which may have been intended for different readers and different pruposes / hearers).6
Frans Sayogie an opinion about this translation by stating that the translation in this case is the receiver (message) in the original language (called the source language) and then, when translating it to act as the writer as the sender (messages) in English translation (called the target language).
In this case means the translator has two functions namely receiver and transmitter of the message, making it perfect or whether the message was the author or the author of a text translation is highly dependent on the quality of the
5
Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negri, 2009), p. 7
6
translator to understand the message the author to the reader that there is no error messages received by readers.
B. Translation Process
In translating, the reader cannot simply transfer the message from the source language into target language. Of course there is a process that the reader should do to translate a message or a text. Before do the translation process, it is better to know the nature of the translation process it self.
While the reader dealing here is not with an isolable process but rather with a set of processes, a complex series of problem-solving and decision-making processes performed by translator will attempt a different process. There are three basic translation processes:
a. The interpretation and analysis of the source language text.
b. The translation procedures, which may be direct or based on source language and target language corresponding syntactic structures. c. The reformulation of the text in relation to the writer‟s attention, the
reader‟s expectation and the appropriate norms of target language.7
Translation process consist of three steps. First, analyze the text. Second, determine its meaning. Third, reconstruct the meaning in receptor language.
There are three stages of translation process. The process can be described as follows:
7
Analysis Reconstruct
[image:21.595.144.512.109.483.2]Transfer
Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida & Taber
The stages of the translation proposed by Nida are:8 a. Analyzing the message in the source language text b. Transferring the messages
c. Restructuring of the transferred message in the target language.9
The translation process or the result of converting information from one language into another is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language by finding its equivalent in the target language and at the same time, all the information in the source language text must be retained.10 The process of transformation itself takes place within memory:
a. The analysis of the source language text into a universal semantic representation,
8
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill,1982), p12.
9
Munday J. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application (London : Routledge, 2001) P.40
10
Bell T. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice. (London : Longman, 1991)
SOURCE LANGUAGE
b. The synthesis of that semantic representation into the target language text.
C. Metaphor
1. Definitions of Metaphor
The word „metaphor‟ comes from Greek metapherein, meaning „to
transfer‟ or „to carry over‟. The word metaphor as a novel or poetic linguistic
expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept.
Metaphor is a kind of analogy which compares two things directly, but in simple form.11 The purpose of metaphor itself is to describe entity and in a more complex way than possible by using literal language. Usually the comparison is
made without using word such as „like‟ or „as‟. It is also to appeal to the senses, to
interest, to please and to delight.12
Metaphor is the use of a certain term, phrase or word in a sentence where the term, phrase or word do not convey their literal meaning. Keraf says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word: like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.13
Example: Mike Tyson is a lion in the ring.
11
Ibid, . P.139
12
Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p. 84
13
The metaphor of this word is “ lion“ . Mike Tyson is directly compared
with a lion in the boxing ring that defeat his enemy by knocking out quickly. Therefore, Tyson is considered as a lion.
The reader must remember that the words being replaced must have the
same characters, for example time is money in this case „time‟ is metaphorical
used. The word „time‟ is described in the term of money. The reader have to
understand that is characterizes of the money has high value, it happens to time as the writer. Time is important, it is supposed to be the same as money. The sentence can be interpreted time is valuable.
Metaphor is pervasive in language, and there are two principal ways in which it is important. First, in relation to individual word: metaphor is a basic process in the formation of word and word meaning. Second, in relation to discourse: metaphor is important because of its function – explaining, clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating, entertaining.
According to Newmark, metaphor is one of figurative language, which is applied in the text aims to compare two different unrelated object, it is also reflected in our daily language and liven up some text of language to make them more colorful and dramatic. Peter Newmark stated that metaphor is expression, the transferred sense physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what it does not literally donate to describe one thing in term of another.14 Metaphor is different with another figurative language, that statement was said by John R. Searle in Teori Semantik by Jos
14
Daniel Parera, Which questioning about metaphorical term. He said that:15 In additional, Victoria Fromkin and her friend state that metaphor is an expression that ordinarily designates another concept, thus creating an implicit
comparison.16Beside it, the dictionary defined the meaning of metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe somebody or something else, in a way that is different
from its normal use, in order to show them to things pot he writer full.17
Metaphor does not only appear as nouns, but also as verbs and adjectives.
In the expression „The police dug up enough evidence to send him to prison‟, the
metaphorical phrase is a verb, dug up. The verb phrase dig up literally means „to
take something out of ground‟ but metaphorically means „to investigate and
collect the evidence carefully‟. The original sense of the adjective sour is „having
the acid taste; however the writer in the following expression, „My relationship between me and her has turned sour‟, the metaphorical sense is „unfriendly, not
harmonious any more‟.
Metaphor is the cornerstone of meaning and thought, not merely a stylistic device. A remarkable appeal of metaphor is that it makes an idea vivid. It is slightly difficult to grasp the thread of an abstract thought; nevertheless when the idea is described in a concrete way, it comes to life. Besides, metaphor can also put on more the write right of meaning in a literary work. Through metaphor, a writer can convey extensive ideas by using a small number of words. For
example, in the expression „Life is a journey'; the writer uses the word journey as
15
Jos Daniel, Teori Semantik (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004) p. 132
16
Victoria Fromkin, et al, An Introducing to Language. (United State: Michael Rosernberg, 2003), p. 204
17
an analogy to life. A human sets out at birth, travels through various regions (passes through many phases in life, from baby to adult) and arrives at the destination of death. The example proves the writer of metaphor of how to convey an extensive idea by using only a few words.
2. Types and Translating of Metaphor
As what the writer said before that the writer just concern about the theory of Metaphor Translation from Peter Newmark. As Newmark said, the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity, event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way then is possible by using a literal language. One appears to be telling a lie; original metaphors are often dramatic and shocking in effect, and, since they establish points of similarity between one object and another without explicitly stating what these resemblances are. Good writers use metaphors to help the readers to gain a more accurate insight, both physical and emotional, into, say, a character or a situation.18
In Approaches to Translation book, Newmark divided metaphor into five types: dead, cliché, stock, recent and original. But, in his other book A Text Book of Translation he distinguished six types of metaphor. He adds adapted metaphor and deletion for his one last strategy which include in standard metaphor. He says that deletion can be justified only on the ground that the metaphor‟s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text. So, here the writer will combine from both of Peter Newmark book and discuss their relation to their contextual factors and translation process.
18
a. Dead Metaphor
Dead metaphor is a simple metaphor, this type is easy to understand when it common to apply in daily language. In translating dead metaphor, the translator may translate directly without any affliction to keep the metaphorical image distinctive interpretation based on the context and it message.
Example: leg of table kaki meja foot of mountain kaki gunung
It is easy to compare between the leg of human and the leg of something
(table and mountain). Although the word “leg” and “foot” of “table” and
“mountain” has same meaning with “leg” and “foot” of human but the message of
that word is different.
Dead metaphor is one hardly conscious of the image, frequently relate to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities: for English, word such as: „space‟,
„fields‟, „line‟, „top‟, „bottom‟, „foot‟, „mouth‟, „arm‟, „circle‟, „drop‟, „fall‟, „rise‟,
etc., they are particularly used graphically for concepts and for the language of science to clarify or define. Normally dead metaphors are not difficult to translate, but they often defy literal translation, and therefore offer choice.19
b. Live Metaphor
It is belongs to those which are constructed on the spot by the author or speaker to teach or illustrated. Since the reader still catches and determines the lexical meaning from its used connotation the metaphor still live.20
I.e. they were planets in separate orbits. (The Ghost, p.9)
Metaphor shown above is based on two propositions.
19
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: The Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 106
20
1. They were (….) 2. Planets were (….)
From the figure of speech above, the topic of the metaphor they, in this case Charlie and Carole, is being compared with planets as the image. But there is no point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer is expected to guess what is the similarity between them.
3. Analyzing Metaphor
Even though metaphor is figures of comparison, it does not mean that
metaphor is the same things. In English metaphor does not have „like‟ or „as‟. In
other word, metaphor states that A is B or substituted B for A.
In order to analyze the metaphor, we can state the sentence into two prepositions which are basic to the comparison explicitly, then analyze it by deciding the part of metaphor in semantic structure. Only then we can translate the
metaphor. the most important thing is not all sentence marked with „like‟, „as‟, or „to be‟ is a figurative language.21
Metaphor consist of some parts in semantic structure. They are as follow: a. Topic : the thing really being talked about.
b. Image : what it is being compared with.
c. Point of similarity : it is found in the comment of the propositions involved of the comment of the event propositional which has the image has topic.
d. Nonfigurative equivalent: when the proposition containing the top
21
D. Translation Procedure
Translation Procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language. The translation procedures into:
a. Literal
When source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context, the procedure is called literal. It ranges from one word to one word, group to group, clause to clause or sentence to sentence, 22 i.e. a place of furniture
is translated into sepotong perabot.
b. Transference
Transference (loan word or transcription) is the process of transferring the source language word to target language text. It includes transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets. Names of living, geographical and topographical name, names of periodical and newspaper, titles, name of private company, and addresses are normally transferred.23
One example of this procedure can be seen in he felt like some kind of hooligan barging in on her without warning or invitation. (The Ghost, p.75).The underlined word hooligan is translated just into hooligan, without any change whether the change in morphological or phonological.
c. Naturalization
22
Peter Newmark. A Text of Translation (Newmark : Prentice Hall, 1988) p.81
23
This procedure succeeds transference and adapts source language words first to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology of target language.24 Here is the example of naturalization.
SL: and nothing short of dynamite would have opened it before the appointed
hour. (The Ghost, p.150)
TL: dan hanya bisa dibuka dengan ledakan dinamit pada saat yang
tepat.(Belenggu Masa Silam, p.150)
From the example above, we can see that dynamite is translated through the normal pronunciation and to the normal morphology of the target language into dinamit.
d. Cultural equivalent
Cultural equivalent is approximate translation. Usually a source cultural word is translated by target language cultural word. 25 For example,
prince of Unknown is translated into pangeran dari negeri Antah Berantah.
e. Functional equivalent
It is applied to cultural words, requires the use of culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term. It is the most accurate way of translating i.e. deculturalising word.26
The example of functional equivalent is samurai. Through this procedure samurai is translated into a Japanese traditional weapon to fight.
24
Ibiid, P.82
25
Ibid.,
26
f. Descriptive equivalent
In translation, description sometimes has to be weighed against function. The writer translated the word by giving its description. 27The example is the word samurai. In functional equivalent, it is translated by its function into
Japanese traditional weapon to fight, while through descriptive equivalent, the word is translated by its description into the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century
g. Synonymy
This procedure is used for a source language word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent; and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjective or adverb of quality.28 It is only appropriate where the literal translation is not possible and because the word is important enough for componential analysis, i.e. Saturday night. The nearest target language of
Saturday night is Sabtu malam but the translator prefers to translate it into another target language equivalent, malam Minggu.
h. Through translation
It is the literal translation of common collocation, names of organizations, component of compound phrases. Normally, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized the terms.29
i.e. UN-PBB
i. Modulation
It is the variation through a change of view point, of perspective and very often of category of thought. Besides, it can also change in abstract for
27
Ibid.,
28
Ibid, P.84
29
concrete, active for passive or vice versa, or even change of symbols. It is used when the target language reject literal translation which means virtually always.30
In Danielle Steel‟s novel, this procedure can be found in the translation
it was like torturing a life you had been unable to save (The Ghost, p.70). Here, a life is translated into perkawinan.
j. Shift or transposition
A shift or transposition is translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from source language to target language. It illustrates a frequent tension between grammars and stress and most translators make transposition intuitively. It can be changing from singular to plural, in the position of the adjective, neutral adjective as subject, or complex sentence to simple sentence.31 For example, the plural rocks is translated into singular form batu.
k. Recognized translation
In recognized translation normally used the official or general accepted translation of any institutional terms.32
i.e. wait a minute – tunggu sebentar
l. Translation label
This is provisional translation, usually a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation.33
i.e. language heritage is translated into „bahasa adat‟
30
Ibid, P.85
31
Ibid.,
32
Ibid, P.86
33
m. Compensation
This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of sentence is compensated in another part, or in contiguous sentence.34 For example, I do is translated into saya bersedia.
n. Componential analysis
This is splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense component, often one-to-two, or –three, -four translation. Usually, the translation is present as
diagrams which are useful in showing up the lexical gap, for example, dinner.
Dinner is translated based on meals diagram.35
o. Reduction
It is rather imprecise translation procedure, practiced intuitively in some cases, ad hoc in anothers ; there is at least one shift to be born in mind.36 In other words, this procedure is an elimination some parts of the source language sentence or phrase to be translated, i.e.
she looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he
smiled is translated into dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab
34
Ibid, P.88
35
Ibid, P.122
36
Ibid, P.89
Name Time Class Area Content
Dinner 1-2 p.m Working class UK Hot meal
Supper 8-11 p.m - UK Light meal
p. Pharaphrase
It is the amplification or explanation meaning of a segment of the text.
It is used in „anonymous‟ text when it is poorly written, or has important
implication and omission,37 i.e She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave is translated into Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya bisa melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam
gelap.
q. Couplets
It is combined two, three, or four translation procedures mentioned before respectively for dealing with single problem.38 They are particularly common for cultural words. You can see the example below.
SL :“I feel like Hansel and Gretelin the forest, “he said, and they both laughed. (p.95)
TL : “Kita ini seperti Hansel dan Gretel dihutan, “kata Charlie. Mereka tertawa. (p.94)
r. Notes, Addition and Glosses
Notes- supplying additional information in translation. It is normally cultural, technical or linguistic and is dependent on the requirement of them, as opposed to the original, readership. It can be applied within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter, or at the end of book.39
When the additional information is applied within the text, the procedure is called notes. And when it is put at the end of chapter or at the end of book, the procedure is called glosses. You can take a look on the example below.
37
Ibid, P.90
38
Ibid, P.91
39
SL :It’s a rotten deal. (p.28)
TL :Ini penyelesaian yang menyakitkan bagi kita berdua. (p.30)
E. Good Translation
The reader cannot simply reproduce the message and be the original. The result of translation can be good or bad it depends on how the translator works out the message. “ A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is completely transfuse into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by native of then country which that language belongs as it is who
speaks the language of the original work”.40 Nevertheless, a good translation must
possess the potential of being evaluated and translation must “consciously attempt
the spirit of the original at the expense of the letter”.41
Meanwhile, translation is ideally should give the sense of the original, omitting nothing and adding nothing so the readers is unaware that he or she is reading a translation.42
In order suggests that a translator should “avoid the tendency to translate
word for word”. Since word for word translation can misinterpret the meaning of
the original text.43 Moreover, in other journal, claimed there is no such a thing as perfect translation-and even if there were, could not be sure it would satisfy the average client or critic.44
40
Peter Newmark . Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p.4
41
Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net
42
Simatupang M, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. (Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Dinas Pendidikan Nasional:2000)p.3
43
Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net
44
CHAPTER III DATA FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In the data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of metaphors which are taken from The Ghost novel. In this research, the writer will try to find out the types of metaphors expressed in the novel The Ghost and the strategy of translation that are used by the translator.
1. Dead Metaphor
[image:35.595.121.517.303.753.2]A figurative of comparison is called a dead metaphor if the reader did not think primary sense of the word but thought directly about the idiomatic expression of the words. In “The Ghost”, there are some figurative of comparisons that belong to dead metaphors. The data can be analyzed as follows:
Table 1: Dead Metaphors
NO. DATA TYPE PAGE
1. And it was finished, it was spectacular, it was labor of love for
both of them, and they filled it with
beautiful things, and all the treasures
they called.
Dead Metaphor 12
2. The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under the
collar.
Dead Metaphor 49
3. He wondered if maybe she’d a rotten Christmas, or a rotten life, but
actually, he decided as he looked at
her, maybe she just a rotten person.
Data 1 of Dead Metaphor
It was a labor of love for both of them.(p.12)
A labor of love in the sentence above is an example of a dead metaphor.
Since the writer reads, it is not think the primary sense of the words but directly thinks about the meaning of the idiom. It is easy to see that a labor of love
is compared with a labor of company or else. However, one no longer thinks about a company when talking about a labor of love. And what it is mean by the idiom a labor of love is a hard task that you do because you want to, not because it is necessary.
Data 2 of Dead Metaphor
The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under
the collar. (p.49)
A metaphor in the sentence above compares the “climate” with heater, a
tool to raise temperature. The word climate here is not actually the general weather conditions that are typical in one place. It actually refers to the general atmosphere or situation somewhere.
Data 3 of dead Metaphor
He wondered if maybe she’d a rotten Christmas, or a rotten life, but
actually, he decided as he looked at her, maybe she just a rotten
person.(p.129)
And the writer knows rotten itself means decayed and cannot be eaten. In other words, something rotten is not in good condition. So, it can be concluded that the author describes the Christmas, life and the person are bed term.
2. Live Metaphor
[image:37.595.122.514.316.541.2]Other kind of metaphor is live metaphor. Life metaphor is a figurative of comparison that said that one thing is other thing. Here the writer still catches and determines the lexical meaning from its used connotation. And there are many
figures of speech found in “The Ghost” belong to live metaphor. The examples of
live metaphor are described in this table: Table 2 : Live Metaphor
NO. DATA TYPE PAGE
1. They had lives of their own. They were planets in separate orbits.
Live Metaphor 9
2. I was just a robot, a machine, a
lawyer…
Live Metaphor 313
Data 4 of Live Metaphor
They were planets in separate orbits. (p.9)
Metaphor shown in figure of speech 4 above is based on two propositions. 4. They were (….)
5. Planets were (….)
From the data 4 speech above, the topic of the metaphor they, in this case
is expected to guess what is the similarity between them. Another live metaphor is analyzed below.
Data 5 of Live Metaphor
I was just a robot, a machine…(p.313)
In data 5 above, the metaphor I was just a robot, a machine is based on two comparisons. First, I was just a robot and second, I was just a machine. And each comparison is based on two propositions without any point of similarity expressed.
The propositions of I was just a robot:
1) I was (…) 2) A robot was (…)
The propositions of I was just a machine:
1) I was (…)
2) A machine was (…)
From the propositions above, there is one topic, two images and no point of similarity. I, in this case Carole, as the topic, is being compared point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer is expected to guess what is the similarity between them. Another live metaphor is analyzed below.
Data 5 of Live Metaphor
I was just a robot, a machine… (p.313)
each comparison is based on two propositions without any point of similarity expressed.
The propositions of I was just a robot: 1) I was (…)
2) A robot (…)
The propositions of I was just a machine: 1) I was (…)
2) A machine was (…)
From the propositions above, there is one topic, two images and no point of similarity. I, in this Carole, as the topic, is being compared with a robot and a machine as the image of metaphor. However, the readers do not know how come they are being compared with no point of similarity expressed in a metaphor. But, if the writer looked up into dictionary there is a similarity between a robot and a machine, that they are works automatically. So, the words works automatically
may be the point of similarity between I, a robot, and a machine. Since, the point of similarity is left implicit the metaphor is classified as live one.
B. The Data Analysis
Table 3 : Translation Procedure
No. Translation Procedure Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Reduction 28 20.29
2. Paraphrase 23 16.67
3. Couplet 22 15.94
4. Addition 21 15.22
5. Modulation 12 8.70
6. Transposition 9 6.52
7. Transference 5 3.62
8. Synonymy 5 3.62
9. Literal 4 2.90
10. Triplet 4 2.90
11. Naturalization 2 1.45
12. Compensation 2 1.45
13. Cultural equivalent 1 0.72
Total 138 100%
The translation procedures above, reduction procedures mostly used in translating metaphors are found in Steel‟s novel since the percentage is 20.29%. While the least common one is cultural equivalent. It is just 0.72%. Then, below are the explanations of translation procedures used by the translator as the strategies in translating the metaphors found in “The Ghost”
Reduction
Table 4: Translation Procedure of Reduction
No. Source Language Target Language
1. And when it was finished, it was spectacular, it was a labor of love for both of them, and they filled it with beautiful things, and all the treasures they collected. (p.12)
Hasilnya sungguh menakjubkan, rumah itu adalah bukti cinta mereka berdua. Mereka mengisinya dengan benda-benda indah penuh kenangan yang mereka koleksi. (p.12)
2. It‟s like if someone dies. You can‟t argue with
it. You can‟t change it. (p.26) Seperti menghadapi kematian. Kamu tida bisa melawan atau mengubahnya. (p.27)
3. The place looked like a cheap hotel room, and all he could think of was impossible to remember anything positive that had come
from the upheaval he‟d been through. (p.43)
Lebih mirip kamar hotel murahan. Pikirannya melayang membayangkan apa saja yang pernah menjadi miliknya. (p.43)
4. She looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled. (p.77)
Dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab. (p.77)
5. “You look like the cat that swallowed the
canary.” (p.93) -
6. He wasn‟t the son she‟d lost, but he was a special gift. (p.101)
- 7. And he knew that if told anyone, they would
be absolutely certain he had lost his marbles. (p.113)
Kalau dia menceritakan pengalamannya itu, orang pasti menganggapnya sudah gila. (p.109) 8. Unless she‟d flown in by helicopter, and
come down through the chimney like Santa Clause, he had had no visitor the night before. (p.115)
-
9. She was all air and light and springtime. (p.118)
- 10. She was an irresistible little pixie. (p.141) - 11. She wore her hair down her back in a long
ponytail. (p.155)
- 12. And as he approached, he couldn‟t help
noticing the enormous almond-shape eyes and the deep red color of her hair in the firelight.(p.155)
-
13. She had lived in hell with him for the past eight years, but she would be soon free. (p.195)
-
14. It was as though he was lured her from her hiding place in the forest, and she was a lovely young doe, standing very still, listening to each sound with caution. (p.227)
15. She was a constant challenge to them. (p.238) - 16. Marriage is such a blessing, it makes mere
courtship seem like crumbs at a feast. (p.240)
Perkawinan adalah anugerah. (p.225) 17. She curled up in the carriage under the
trapper‟s heavy furs and slept like a baby.
(p.249)
Sarah tidur didalam kereta, dibalik selimut bulu tebal yang disiapkan George Handerson. (p.232)
18. He was like a painting she wanted to observed, an exquisite unknown part of some kind, just watching him move and speak and turn was like listening to music. (p.260)
-
19. But looking at her in the moonlight with her pale face and dark hair beneath the hood of her cloak, she looked almost like a spirit. (p.260)
-
20. She looked like a ghost to him, a rare vision of beauty, and she had startled him, as he had been walking, thinking about his meeting with the colonel in the morning. (p.269)
-
21. It had stooped her tracks like a bolt of lightning. (p.273)
- 22. And they had been as good as their word.
(p.292)
Sesuai janji mereka. (p.267) 23. Her creamy skin was warmed to a rosy color,
and her eyes looked brilliant. (p.336)
Kulitnya yang halus bercahaya, merah muda lembut seperti warna mawar. (p.308)
24. He sounded like a naughty child, and she
couldn‟t stop laughing as she listened. (p.343) Suara Charlie seperti anak nakal. (p.315) 25. It was a nice fairy tale, but he didn‟t really
believe it. (p.418)
- 26. He felt like a kid being abandoned. (p.427) - 27. He was, above all, a man of honor. (p.433) - 28. And seeing her again was like the final gift
from her, as he stood feeling bereft in the silence. (p.439)
Melihat hantu sosok Sarah baginya seperti mendapat hadiah terakhir darinya. (p.408)
From the sentences in the table above, she looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled (p.77) is translated into dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab.
While the sentence above is translated through omitting a clause, in
translating the sentence “you look like the cat that swallowed the canary.” The
translator simply translates it through deleting all parts of the sentence. Besides deleting a clause and all part of the sentence, the translator also uses this procedure by omitting the subject of the sentence as you can see in the translation of it’s like if someone dies which is translated into seperti menghadapi kematian.
Paraphrase
[image:43.595.107.559.322.756.2]It is said that paraphrase procedure is an amplification or explanation the meaning of a segment of the text. There are 23 figures of speech found in Steel‟s novel use this procedure.
Table 5: Translation Procedure of Paraphrase
No. Source Language Target Language
1 It was heaven. (p.11) Kebahagiaan mereka sangat sempurna. (p.12)
2 He kept hoping that the affair with Simon would end, that she would tire of him, that she would decide he was too old for her, too smooth, or maybe even that he was a pompous windbag. (p.21)
Dia terus berharap bahwa perselingkuhan Carole dengan Simon akan segera berakhir, bahwa Carole akan bosan dengan pria itu, bahwa Carole akan menyadari bahwa pria itu terlalu tua untuknya, bahwa Simon hanya pria gaek sombong yang berkantung tebal. (p.23)
3 He had a heavy heart as they drove through town, watching people come and go, to perform their daily tasks or do errands, and as they drove, it poured. (p.37)
Sepanjang jalan dengan hati pedih dia memandangi orang-orang yang lalulalang di jalan atau sedang melakukan pekerjaan mereka sehari-hari. Hujan semakin lebat. (p.38) 4 It was a freezing November rain. (p.37) Udara dingin membekukan tulang.
(p.38) 5 He hadn‟t come this far, and worked this
long and hard, in order to start making cookie-cutter buildings or endorse them. (p.48)
Dia sudah cukup lama bekerja keras, bukan hanya sekedar menyetujui desain-desain tak bermutu. (p.48)
6 “We need you here, Charles,” they explained, looking more than ever like Siamese twin to him. (p.56)
“Kami membutuhkan kamu disini, Charles,” ulang mereka. Ekspresinya
7 I don‟t think they were together for many years, but it was clearly a deep love they shared. (p.99)
Cinta mereka sangat dalam, meskipun tidak lama hidup bersama. (p.57)
8 They both looked like happy children when they went back to her house. (p.103)
Mereka sama-sama senang karena kessepakatan ini. (p.101)
9 He sounded like a boy to her, and she laughed as he rattled on, and she listened. (p.105)
Dengan sabar Mrs. Palmer mendengarkan Charlie yang bercerita dengan menggebu-gebu, seperti anak kecil mendapatkan mainan baru. (p.103) 10 He was exhausted after chasing his own tail,
but this time looked serious as she nodded. (p.141)
Dia kehabisan kata-kata. (p.135)
11 She had to be, everything about the child was sunny and warm. (p.144)
Kalau anaknya begitu manis dan lincah, ibunya pasti periang dan penuh kehangatan. (p.138)
12 He was a little hot dogger on the slopes, Charlie observed, but Monique whispered to him with serious look that Tommy was a rotten skier. (p.154)
Anak itu cukup jago, meskipun Monique bilang Tommy payah. (p.147)
13 She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave. (p.156)
Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya bias melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap. (p.149)
14 She wasn‟t a slave he had bought and owned, although he thought so. (p.199)
Dia bukan budaknya, dia cuma istri lelaki itu. (p.189)
15 He was twenty-five years old, had come to Boston from Virginia the year before, and he was head-over-heels in love with Sarah. (p.239)
Pendek kata dia tergila-gila kepada Sarah. Umurnya dua puluh lima. Dia berasal dari Virginia dan baru setahundi Boston. (p.224)
16 I don‟t think Sarah Ferguson is the little drawing-room flower you think she is, my dear. (p.243)
Dia bukan wanita lemah seperti yang kau kira. (p.228)
17 It was almost as lively as a good swell on the Concord at times, but she would never have complained. (p.252)
Kereta terguncang-guncang seperti kapal kecil dipermainkan gelombang, tetapi Sarah tidak mengeluh. (p.238) 18 She had slept like the dead until the sound
of horses and carts outside finally woke her. (p.257)
Tadi tidurnya pulas sekali, sampai tak terdengar derap kuda meninggalkan garrnisun. (p.238)
19 He seemed almost like a prince of some kind in his warlike dignity, and it was easy to believe that he was the sachmen, the chief, or perhaps the son of a chief. He looked to Sarah as though he were in his late thirties. (p.260)
Lelaki berusia akhir tiga puluhan itu mungkin anak seorang ketua suku. (p.241)
White Bear, si Beruang Putih. (p.277) 21 It was entirely a gesture from another life,
ad something he would have done had they met in France in their other lifetimes. (p.352)
Ungkapan itu wajar dilakukan di Prancis, dikalangan pergaulan mereka. (p.324)
22 It was obvious that her husband was extremely odd, as well as a brute. (p.357)
Edward pasti makhluk yang aneh dan kejam. (p.329)
23 Wearing scars around like jewelry gets a little boring. (p.424)
Tidak enak membawa luka hati kemana-mana. (p.392)
From the sentences in the table above, some of the sentences are translated used amplifying the sentence and the others are translated through explaining the sentence. The example of amplification is used in translating the tenth and nineteenth sentences while the explanation is used in translating the sixth and thirteenth sentences.
In the sixth sentence, the translator translated looking more than ever like Siamese twin to him by explaining that the expression of Siamese twin seems resemble, then she translated it into ekpresinya persis sama. this way also occurs in translating the thirteenth sentence.
In the thirteenth sentence, the translator translated She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave by explaining that what can be seen from an animal lives deep in a cave is just its shiny eyes. After that she translated it into Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya
bisa melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap.
the son of a chief. He looked to Sarah as though he were in his late thirties in third sentence is translated just into Lelaki berusia tiga puluhan itu mungkin anak seorang ketua suku. And He was exhausted after chasing his own tail, but this time she looked serious as she nodded in the fourth sentence is translated into Dia kehabisan kata-kata.
Couplet
[image:46.595.108.565.317.751.2]Couplet procedure is the translation procedure which uses two procedures in translating a single problem. Below are the examples of couplet procedure used by the translator.
Table 6: Translation Procedure of Couplet
No Source Language Target Language
1 It was so dark it looked like late afternoon, and Charlie Waterson could barely see out the windows as the familiar landmarks slid past him. (p.7)
Cuaca sangat gelap, seperti sudah senja. Charlie Waterson nyaris tak bisa melihat apa-apa diluar jendela saat bangunan-bangunan yang sangat dikenalnya berkelabatan ketika taksi melintas. (p.7)
2 She was long, and long, and blond, with perfect limbs, and a body that looked like as though it had been sculpted from white marbles. (p.12)
Gadis itu langsing, tinggi, dan berambut pirang. Lekuk tubuhnya sempurna, seakan dipahat dari pualam putih. (p.13)
3 She had a laugh that sounded like bells, a voice that still made him tingle whenever he heard it. (p.12)
Tawanya merdu seperti denting lonceng-lonceng mungil, mebuat Charlie terkesima setiap kali mendengarnnya. (p.13)
4 It was a nightmare for both of them, and Carole hated hearing it as much as Charlie hated himself for what he was saying. (p.27)
Bagi mereka berdua sama-sama menyakitkan. Carole benci mendengar Charlie memohon-mohon, Charlie membenci dirinya sendiri karena sikapnya yang tidak jantan. (p.29) 5 The real-game of „Chutes and
Ladders.‟ He had climbed the ladder
nearly to the top, and with one false step he had all the way to the bottom. (p.35)
Seperti bermain ular-tangga, dia berhasil mendaki tangga nyaris sampai ke puncak, tetapi dengan sekali lempar dadu, jatuhlah ia ke dasar jurang. (p.36)
6 The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under the collar. (49)
„selera‟ yang kau sebut-sebut itu membuatku gerah. (p.49)
7 He felt like a kid running away from home as he sat on his couch, thinking
of what he‟d done. (p.62)
8 It madehim feel like a kid again, and he was stell smiling when he went upstairsto his bedroom. (p.70)
Dia merasa seperti anak-anak yamg asyik bermain. Dia tersenyum sambil naik ke kamar tidurnya.(p.68)
9 The china was Wedgwood, and as delicate as she was.(p.79)
Porselen Wedgwood yang halus, sehalus pemiliknya.(p.78)
10 It was a sweet minute between them, and a view minute later, she took him upstairs and showed him around. (p.81)
Di antara mereka tumbuh saling pengertian yang manis. (p.80)
11 “I feel like Hansel and Gretel in the
forest.” “Kita ini seperti Hansel dan Gretel di dalam hutan.”
From the sentences in the table above, there are (15,94%) figures of speech which are translated through this procedure. The writer just put five examples of couplet procedures to be discussed.
First, in translating the sentence he felt like a kid running away from home
as he sat on his couch, thinking of what he’d done the translator applied
modulation and reduction procedures in dealing with a single problem. First, through a change of viewpoint, she translated a kid, which is literally mean anak, into remaja or English is teenager. And then continued it by omitting the clause as he sat on couch, thinking of what he’d done. The use of two procedures like
that is called couplet.
transposition procedure while an addition to a part of the sentence is belong to addition.
Another example of couplet procedure is shown in the translation of I feel like Hansel and Gretel in the forest. In translating this sentence the translator used modulation and transference. First, she translated the subject I through a change of viewpoint into kita, while in English kita is we, and not into aku or saya. Then she just transferred Hansel and Gretel into the translation. A translation through a change of viewpoint is called modulation while through the transference word from the source language is called transference procedure.
Additions
[image:48.595.100.559.315.746.2]Note is supplying additional information in translation. It can be applied within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter, or at the end of book. And, when the addition information is put within the text the addition information in the translation is called addition. There are 21 metaphors found are translated by this procedure.
Table 7: Translation Procedure of Addition
No Source Language Target Language
1 And as he leaned his had back against the seat and closed his eyes, he felt as bleak as the weather all round him. (p.7)
Dia menyandarkan kepalanya disandaran jok dan memejamkan matanya.
Perasaannya murung dan suram seperti cuaca disekelilingnya. (p.7)
2 He had begun the long, slow trip down the other side of the mountain. (p.7)
Sekarang dia harus memulai perjalanan panjang dan lambat menuruni sisi gunung yang lain. (p.7)
3 It was Carole who made a clean breast of it, and told him everything eventually. (p.17)
Akhirnya, Carole menceritakan semuanya. Dia tahu dibawah sadarnya Charlie telah merasakan ada sesuatu yang tidak beres. (p.19)
5 He was far too advanced, and too creative to waste his time recycling the garbage. (p.53)
Dia terlalu canggih, terlalu maju, terlalu kreatif untuk menghabiskan waktunya dengan mendaur ulang sampah. (p.53) 6 You‟ll need time, I‟m sure but eventually
you‟ll have to come out of your
shell.(p.86)
Memang anda butuh waktu untuk itu, mengembalikan harga diri dan keluar dari jurang kepedihan. (p.85)
7 And for the first time in months, he slept like baby. (p.90)
Untuk pertama kali setelah berbulan-bulan, dia bisa tidur nyenyak seperti bayi. (p.89)
8 I‟ve just kept it like a jewel I keep hidden away, with no chance to wear it. ( p.93)
Aku merawatnya seperti sebutir permata indah yang tak pernah sempat dikenakan (p.92)
9 She said that Roland had bought a pair for her much like them long since, and she had been heartbroken five years before when she lost them. (p.116)
Katanya, Roland pernah membelikannya anting-anting seperti itu. Sayangnya, hadiah Roland itu hilang 5 tahun yang lalu. Sekarang dia mendapat gantinya, hampir sama indahnya, tetapi lebih mungil dan manis.(p.112)
10 The door was not only closed. But locked and bolted very firmly. (p.133)
Pintu yng tadi terbuka sesaat, kini tertutup rapat. Bahkan di gembok. (p.128)
11 Then again there was the possibility that
she was a shrew, and he‟d been thrilled
to get rid of her. (p.152)
Mungkinkah wanita itu memang ketus dan pemurung hingga suaminya ingin
meninggalkannya. (p.145) 12 He felt like a fool, standing there with
Francesca glaring at him. (p.155)
Dia merasa konyol berdiri canggung di depan Fransesca yang memandangnya dengan galak. (p. 148)
13 They were like two wounded animals, drinking at the same brook. (p.157)
Mereka seperti dua binatang terluka menengguk air dari batang air yang sama. (p.150)
14 You‟re far too young to close a door on life. (p.265)
Kamu masih muda, tak pantas menutup diri seperti itu. (p.245)
15 She seemed like a spirit from another world, the kind of woman he had never met but only dreamed of. (p.296)
Tetapi bagi Francois dia adalah sosok dari dunia lain, wanita yang selalu
diimpikannya tapi tak pernah
ditemukannya di alam nyata. (p.271) 16 He was as good as dead to her, and she
was falling in love with this wild and beauty man, who looked like an Indian. (p.362)
Baginya, Edward sudah tidak ada. Kini dia jatuh cinta kepada pria tampan yang liar ini, yang lebih mirip orang Indian, dan yang sekarang akan pergi berperang di pihak tentara. (p.333)
17 It was like a mystery in his life unfurling daily. (p.383)
Kisah hidup mereka bagaikan misteri yang
terkuak sedikit demi sedikit…dari hari
kehari. (p.354) 18 „I hate Blue Jacket,‟ She said to Francois,
like a pouting child. (p.404)
“Aku benci Blue Jacket,” katanya seperti
19 But to Sarah it sounded like a death sentence. (p.405)
Menurut Sarah, terpilih ikut ekspedisi itu seperti mendapat hukuman mati.(p.374) 20 He‟s over the moon. (p.419) Katanya dia senang sekali. (p.388) 21 He was a proud eagle high in the skies,
and even she knew she could not force him to earth quite so swiftly. (p.434)
Francois bagaikan elang yang terbang melayang-layang di angkasa luas, dengan bebas dan penuh martabat. (p.403)
From the table above, each sentence is translated by adding some information toward one aspect or a whole part. In the first sentence, the addition
information is given to translate the word „bleak‟. Bleak which means suram is
translated into murung an suram, while if you looked into dictionary, murung
means melancholy. So, it can be concluded that the translator used addition procedure in translating the word bleak by adding the word melancholy to be translated into target language.
The addition information also is given in order to translate standing there
in He felt like a fool, standing there with Francesca glaring at him into berdiri canggung. As can be seen in the table, there is no word that corresponds to
canggung. It means the word canggung in the sentence is the addition information that completed the meaning of the sentence.
Unlike the first and second sentence above, in translating the sentence it’s
Modulation
When the translation happened through the variation of viewpoint or perspective and very often the category of thought, the procedure is called modulation. It can be a change in abstract for concrete, active for passive or vice versa or even positive for double negative.
In “The Ghost”, the writer finds there are about 8.70% of metaphors are
[image:51.595.113.565.318.743.2]translated through this procedure.
Table 8: Translation Procedure of Modulation
No Source Language Target Language
1 It was impossible not to think of what had happened, impossible not to run his mind over it again and again, as though looking for the seam from where the leak began. (p.9)
Tidak mungkin memikirkan yang telah terjadi, tidak mungkin mencegah
pikirannya mengulang-ulang kejadian itu. Ini seperti mencari-cari titik-titik
kebocoran. (p.9) 2 It was the golden life of two careers,
two powerful, intelligent, interesting, successful people. (p.12)
Masa
