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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND QUALITY OF CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS IN THE NOVEL PAPER TOWNS BY

JOHN GREEN

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of a Requirement for Sarjana Degree at English Department Faculty of Cultural Sciences

Sebelas Maret University

By:

RACHMITA ZULFA ADZKIA QURROTA A’YUN C0311035

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

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v MOTTO

For indeed, with hardship comes ease. Indeed, with hardship comes ease.

(Q.S. Al-Insyirah 5-6)

Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving.

(Albert Einstein)

Your time is limited. Don’t waste it living someone else’s life. (Steve Jobs)

Better late than never.

Better loved by someone than loving someone.

Don’t be stuck at anything you don’t like, better to move into a better place! (Rachmita Zulfa Adzkia Qurrota A’yun)

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vi

DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis conveniently to:

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vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamiin, all praises to Allah SWT for giving me

everything, especially the blessing and guidance in accomplishing this thesis

entitled AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AND

QUALITY OF CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS IN THE NOVEL PAPER

TOWNS BY JOHN GREEN.

I realize that this thesis will never be done without assistance, support, and

help from many people who had helped me. Therefore, many thanks for everyone

who had helped me in completing this thesis and I would like to reveal my great

gratitude to:

1. Prof. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural

Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta for approving this thesis.

2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A, Ph.D as the Head of English Department,

Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta for giving

me admission of this thesis.

3. Fenty Kusumastuti, S.S., M.Hum as my thesis consultant for the great

advices, times, guidance, patience, and help in completing this thesis.

4. Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S., M.Hum as my academic supervisor for the assistance

and support during my study.

5. All lecturers of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Sebelas

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viii

6. Bayu Budiharjo, S.S., M.Hum as my data verifier and my rater for the advice,

help, times, kindness and assistance in verifying my research data. Also,

many thanks for sharing knowledge about translation study.

7. Fatkhuna’imah Rhina Zuliani, S.S., M.Hum as my rater for the help in

assessing the translation quality of my research data. Also, many thanks for

the kindness and sociability through being my rater.

8. Luthfi Arguby Purnomo, S.S., M.Hum as my rater for the times and

assistance. Also, many thanks for the help in assessing the translation quality

of my research data.

9. My beloved Papa and Mama for the great prayers and supports in every single

day. Thanks for always be my teachers of life. Also, many thanks for always

guiding and caring me wholeheartedly by giving constructive lessons and

advices when I got problems in any cases especially when finishing this

thesis.

10. My beloved brothers, Dek Vian and Dek Naufal for the supports and prayers.

Thanks for always being my good brothers all the time.

11. My dearest one, Reza Sepdiavirka for the support, prayer, togetherness, and

faithfulness. Many thanks for always accompanying and encouraging me

during completing this thesis.

12. My best friends in IAIN Surakarta, Kiki and Hasan. Many thanks for the

times, helps and assistances in acquainting me to my raters.

13. My best friends in junior high school, Nuhi, Zidni, Alifah, and Ika. Thanks

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14. My friends in ED 2011 UNS. Thanks for being my friends during college.

Last, I realize that this thesis is far from perfect. Therefore, any constructive

comments and suggestions are very welcomed.

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x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT ... ii

APPROVAL OF THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ... iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ... iv

MOTTO ... v

DEDICATION ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... x

LIST OF TABLES ... xiii

LIST OF DIAGRAM ... xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvii

ABSTRACT ... xviii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ... 1

B. Problem Statement ... 7

C. Research Objectives ... 7

D. Research Benefits ... 7

E. Research Limitation ... 8

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xi CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Definition of Translation ... 10

B. Problem in Translation ... 12

C. Translation Techniques ... 14

D. Translation Quality ... 31

1. Accuracy ... 32

2. Acceptability ... 33

3. Readability ... 33

E. Compound words ... 34

F. Paper Towns Novel ... 42

G. Review of Related Study ... 44

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research... 46

B. Data and Data Source ... 47

C. Sampling Technique ... 50

D. Method of Data Collection ... 52

E. Technique of Data Analysis ... 58

F. Research Procedure ... 61

CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION A. Findings ... 64

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xii

1.1 Borrowing ... 65

1.2 Calque ... 67

1.3 Discursive Creation ... 69

1.4 Established Equivalent ... 70

1.5 Generalization ... 74

1.6 Literal Translation ... 78

1.7 Particularization ... 79

1.8 Reduction ... 81

1.9 Transposition ... 82

1.10 Couplets ... 89

2. Translation Quality ... 97

2.1 Accuracy ... 97

2.2 Acceptability ... 104

B. Discussion ... 111

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 121

B. Suggestion ... 123

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xiii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Example of Adaptation Technique ... 15

Table 2.2 Example of Amplication Technique ... 16

Table 2.3 Example of Pure Borrowing Technique ... 17

Table 2.4 Example of Naturalized Borrowing Technique ... 18

Table 2.5 Example of Calque Technique ... 19

Table 2.6 Example of Compensation Technique ... 20

Table 2.7 Example of Description Technique ... 20

Table 2.8 Example of Discursive Creation Technique ... 21

Table 2.9 Example of Established Equivalent Technique ... 22

Table 2.10 Example of Generalization Technique ... 22

Table 2.11 Example of Linguistic Amplification Technique ... 23

Table 2.12 Example of Linguistic Compression Technique ... 24

Table 2.13 Example of Literal Translation Technique ... 24

Table 2.14 Example of Modulation Technique ... 25

Table 2.15 Example of Particularization Technique ... 25

Table 2.16 Example of Reduction Technique ... 26

Table 2.17 Example of Transposition Technique ... 27

Table 2.18 Example of Variation Technique ... 28

Table 2.19 Example of Couplets Technique ... 28

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xiv

Table 2.21 Example of Shift or Transposition Technique ... 30

Table 2.22 Example of Closed Form or Solid Compound ... 36

Table 2.23 Example of Hyphenated Form ... 36

Table 2.24 Example of Open Form ... 37

Table 2.25 Example of Compound Noun (N – N) ... 39

Table 2.26 Example of Compound Noun (Adj – N) ... 39

Table 2.27 Example of Compound Noun (Prep – N) ... 39

Table 2.28 Example of Compound Adjective (N – Adj) ... 40

Table 2.29 Example of Compound Adjective (Adj – Adj) ... 40

Table 2.30 Example of Compound Adjective (Prep – Adj) ... 40

Table 2.31 Example of Compound Verb (Prep – V) ... 41

Table 2.32 Example of Compound Verb (V – Prep) ... 41

Table 3.1 Questionnaire Form for Informant ... 54

Table 3.2 Questionnaire Form for Raters ... 54

Table 3.3 Instruments of Accuracy Assessment ... 55

Table 3.4 Instrument of Acceptability Assessment ... 56

Table 3.5 Domain Analysis ... 59

Table 3.6 Taxonomy Analysis (Accuracy) ... 60

Table 3.7 Taxonomy Analysis (Acceptability) ... 60

Table 3.8 Componential Analysis ... 61

Table 4.1 Data Numbers of Pure Borrowing Technique ... 65

Table 4.2 Data Numbers of Calque Technique ... 67

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xv

Table 4.4 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent Technique ... 70

Table 4.5 Data Numbers of Generalization Technique ... 75

Table 4.6 Data Numbers of Literal Translation Technique ... 78

Table 4.7 Data Numbers of Particularization Technique ... 79

Table 4.8 Data Numbers of Reduction Technique ... 81

Table 4.9 Data Numbers of Transposition Technique ... 83

Table 4.10 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent and Amplification Technique ... 89

Table 4.11 Data Numbers of Transposition and Amplification Technique ... 91

Table 4.12 Data Numbers of Particularization and Reduction Technique ... 92

Table 4.13 Data Numbers of Generalization and Particularization Technique ... 93

Table 4.14 Data Numbers of Reduction and Amplification Technique ... 94

Table 4.15 Data Numbers of Established Equivalent and Generalization Technique ... 95

Table 4.16 The Percentage of Translation Technique ... 96

Table 4.17 The Percentage of Translation Accuracy ... 98

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xvi

LIST OF DIAGRAM

Diagram 3.1 Content Analysis Model by Spradley (Spradley, 1980 in

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xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Questionnaire for Validating Translation Techniques

Appendix 2 Questionnaire about Closed Compound words for Raters

Appendix 3 The Impact of Translation Techniques towards Translation Quality in

terms of Accuracy and Acceptability

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xviii ABSTRACT

Rachmita Zulfa Adzkia Qurrota A’yun. C0311035. 2016. An Analysis of Translation Techniques and Quality of Closed Compound Words in the Novel Paper Towns by John Green. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department. Faculty of Cultural Sciences. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.

This research aims to find out the techniques applied by translator in translating closed compound words in the novel Paper Towns and to analyze the translation quality in terms of accuracy and acceptability in translating closed compound words.

This research applied descriptive qualitative method. A purposive sampling technique was employed in conducting this research. There are 197 data of closed compound words found in Paper Towns novel. Questionnaire used to assess accuracy and acceptability of the translation in this research.

The findings show that there are ten techniques applied by the translator in translating closed compound words. The techniques are: a) borrowing (11 data or 5,61%), b) calque (5 data or 2,55%), c) discursive creation (2 data or 1,02%), d) established equivalent (64 data or 32,64%), e) generalization (34 data or 17,34%), f) literal translation (4 data or 2,04%), g) particularization (8 data or 4,08%), h) reduction (1 data or 0,51%), i) transposition (61 data or 31,11%), and j) couplets (7 data or 3,57%).

The analysis of translation accuracy of closed compound words presents that 190 data (96,9%) are accurate and 7 data (3,57%) are less accurate. In terms of acceptability, there are 187 data (95,37%) are acceptable, 4 data (2,04%) are less acceptable and 6 data (3,06%) are unacceptable.

Based on the findings, it can be drawn that the techniques used by the translator influenced the translation quality. The technique which produces the highest level of accuracy is established equivalent with 63 accurate data (32,13%). Similar to the level of accuracy, established equivalent technique produces the highest level of acceptability with 64 acceptable data (32,64%).

In this research, Established Equivalent is the most technique applied by the translator to translate closed compound words. According to the theory as stated by Molina and Albir, most data of closed compound words in this research using the terms that enclosed in dictionaries and known by the target readers. It means that the terms which are translated using established equivalent technique are equivalent in the target language.

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