THE STUDY OF TURN-TAKING
IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
ID HARUDDIN HANIF ABDULLAH
A320120129
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
1
THE STUDY OF TURN-TAKING IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011
ABSTRACTS
ID HARUDDIN HANIF ABDULLAH. A320120129. THE STUDY OF TURN-TAKING IN JANE EYRE MOVIE 2011 Research Paper. School of Teaching Training and English and Education. Muhammdiyah University of Surakarta. 2016.
Turn-taking is important aspect of conversation. It can be said that it is the system to organize of the flow of conversation. To do a conversation, one must understand the techniques in taking a turn in conversation so the conversation goes smootly. This research analyzes about turn-taking used in the conversation in Jane Eyre Movie 2011 based on Sack (1974) theory of turn-taking. The aims of this research are (1) identifying the kind of turn-taking techniques the speaker used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011 and (2) examining the intention of each type of turn-taking used by the speaker in the movie.
This research is analyzed using descriptive qualitative method since this research analyzes the data in words form. In analyzing data, the writer uses Sack‟s theory of turn-taking to answer the first problem and theory of context in discourse to answer the second problem. The writer took 14 data to be analyzed in this research.
Based on Sack‟s theory, there are three turn-taking techniques, namely: Current speaker selects next technique, self-selection technique and current speaker continues technique. Based on data analysis, it is found that the most used technique is current speaker selects next technique which is used in 12 of 14 data, then followed by self-selection technique which is used in 10 of 14 data and the last current speaker continues technique which is used in 6 of 14 data. The speaker‟s intention of using current speaker selects next technique are to get a responses or demanding responses from the hearer. While the intention of using self-selection technique, the speaker has the intention to support or oppose the argument of the previous speaker and to give explanation of what is said by previous speaker. The intention of using current speaker continues technique is to convince the hearer. Another intention is to take some times to thinks of what next the speaker want to say.
Keywords: Turn-taking, Speaker‟s intention, Conversation Analysis, and IRF.
ABSTRAK
2
dalam film Jane Eyre 2011 dan (2) memeriksa maksud dari tiap-tiap penggunaan teknik pengambilan giliran bicara yang digunakan penutur dalam film tersebut.
Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif karena data yang dianalisis berbentuk kata-kata. Dalam menganalisis data, penulis menggunakan teori pengambilan giliran bicara dari Sack untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan teori konteks dalam wacana untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua.
Berdasarkan teori Sack, terdapat tiga teknik pengambilan giliran bicara, yaitu : teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya, teknik seleksi mandiri dan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran. Berdasarkan analisis data, ditemukan bahwa teknik yang paling sering digunakan adalah teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya yang digunakan di 12 dari 14 data, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan teknik seleksi mandiri yang digunakan dalam 10 dari 14 data dan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran yang digunakan dalam 6 dari 14 data. Maksud penutur menggunakan teknik penutur saat ini memilih penutur berikutnya adalah untuk mendapatkan tanggapan dari pendengar. Sementara niat menggunakan teknik seleksi mandiri, penutur memiliki maksud untuk mendukung atau menentang argumen dari pembicara sebelumnya dan memberikan penjelasan tentang apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara sebelumnya. Maksud menggunakan teknik penutur saat ini melanjutkan giliran adalah untuk meyakinkan pendengar. Maksud lainnya adalah untuk berhenti sejenak untuk memikirkan tentang apa yang selanjutnya penutur ingin katakan.
Kata kunci: Giliran bicara, Maksud penutur, Analisis Percakapan, dan IRF. 1. INTRODUCTION
A conversation is social exchange. Exchange occurs when A initiates the conversation, then B gives respons and then A gives the follow-up. In the other hands, exchange system is the combination of initiation, response and follow-up (IRF). According to Dobson (1997: 17), conversation can be defined as the exchange of thought and information with spoken language. As the social beings, human cannot separate conversation from their interaction.
In doing conversation, speakers speak to each other in certain order. It is called turn-taking in coversation. The study of turn taking is the central feature of conversation analysis. It becomes important part because in doing conversation, it would be good if the conversation run smoothly without interruption or overlap. Turn-taking exist to organize the run of a conversation. In verbal communication turn-taking used to organize talks in interview, debate, ceremonies, conversation etc. Sack calls this as „speech exchange system‟ (Sack et al.1974: 696). The analysis of turn-taking is concerned with how interactants take turns speaking and how who speaks when is determined. According to Levinson (in Herman, 1995: 78), “turn-taking has been described as a process in which „one participant A talks, stops; another, B, starts, talks, stops; and so we obtain as A-B-A-B-A-B distribution of talk across two participants‟. This explain that only one speaker talk at a time then another when the turn is possible”.
3
research (2015), Dwi Sulistyowati (2009), Shelly Rosyalina (2012) , and Ari Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti‟s research (2014). Most of the research above are describing the turn-taking technique used in the movie and talkshow. That is why, the writer not only want to describe the turn-taking technique based on Sack‟s theory but also dercribing the speaker‟s intention.
After fore observation of Jane Eyre Movie, the writer finds that some dialogues that diffucult to determine who the next to talk because the first speaker doesn‟t select the next speaker. According to Sack‟s rules of turn-taking, if the current speaker use selects next speaker technique, then the party selected has the right and is obliged to take next turn to speak; no others have such right and obligations, and transfer occurs at that place. Sack also suggest that there is at least and not more one party talk at a time. The reason why the writer choose Jane Eyre Movie 2011 because the participants of the conversation have equal power between them. Jane Eyre Movie 2011 is a good movie with late 18th century background of England and has good dialogues based on the original novel by well-known writer, Charlotte Bronte. This phenomenon has made the writer curious in finding the kinds of turn-taking teachniques used and the speakers intention found in Jane Eyre Movie 2011‟s dialogues.
This research aims to (1) identify the kind of turn-taking techniques the speaker used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011 and (2) examine the intention of each type of turn-taking used by the speaker in the movie above. In order to prove the originality of this research, the writer summarized some relevant research from previous researchers. The first research which related to the writer‟s research was conducted by Nuri Saraswati (2015) entitled “A STUDY OF TURN TAKING USED IN HARD ROCK FM RADIO TALK SHOW UNDER THE TOPIC “GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT WITH MYRA
BROWN”. Her research aims to identify the types of turn-taking, the speakers‟
strategies, some reasons that the speakers took the turn, and the relation among the speakers after they took the turn. She uses three main theories to analyze her research, those are were discourse analysis by Gee (2011), turn-taking by Renkema (2004), and context by van Dijk (2009). Her research findings discovered that there were three types of turn taking. They are speaker‟s selection, speaker‟s self choice, and speaker‟s determination. Strategies that are used by the speakers, they are overlap, interruption, back-channel, and silence. One of the reasons that the speakers took the turn was the hosts wanted the guest to tell any information related with the topic.
Second research is ”TURN TAKING STRATEGIES USED BY THE
MAIN CHARACTER IN THE PURSUIT OF HAPPYNESS MOVIE” by Dwi
4
taking strategies into taking the turn strategy, holding the turn strategy, and yielding the turn strategy. The findings of her research show that those strategies are found in every conversation.
The third research was conducted by Shelly Rosyalina (2012) entitled “THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE “TOY STORY
3” ANIMATION MOVIE SCRIPT”. The objectives of her research are to describe
the allocation of turn taking in the script of “Toy Story 3” Animation Movie and to describe the adjacency pairs appeared in the dialogue of the script of “Toy Story 3” Animation Movie. She found 1144 turns in the script of Toy Story 3. There are 42 characters in this movie. The turn allocation component dominated by the 1 rule. The percentage of turn rules are 59. 20 % of rule 1, 26. 53 % of rule 2, and 14. 26 % of rule 3. The form of repair found 3 times, and 9 times of overlapping. The dominant character who takes the turn are Woody, Buzz, Jessie, Lotso and Mr. Potato Head/One Eyed Bart.
The fourth research is a journal by Ari Nugroho and Lisetyo Ariyanti (2014) entitled “A STUDY OF TURN-TAKING USED IN INTERVIEW TV PROGRAM “INDONESIA NOW EXCLUSIVE AGNES MONICA WITH DALTON
TANONAKA” ON METRO TV”. The aim of their study was to find the way
participants in a conversation take and construct the turn to talk. In this study they used some theories from Sacks, et al (1974) theory about turn-taking systems and also Tannen (2005), and Yule (1996) theory about turn taking strategies such as overlap, interruption and backchannel signal, and Kurylo (2013) about the cultural background of conversation in using turn taking strategies.
Although the three researches above have the same object with this research, that is the study of turn taking, this research has the differences. This research focus on analyzing the types of turn-taking, the intention of the speaker and the characteristic of the speaker in Jane Eyre Movie 2011.
5
speakers say dictates the answer expected, and the speaker take turns when they interact”. Conversation analysis deals with conversation structure. In conversation, there is a term called „floor‟ which can be defined as the right to speak. Having control if the floor at any time is called a „turn‟. In any situation where the control is not fixed in advance, anyone can get the control. It is called turn-taking (Yule, 1996: 72).
Most of the conversation involves two or more participants taking the turn and only one party talking at any time. Such silence or overlap is not tolerated in English conversation. According to Yule (1996: 72), smooth transitions from one speaker to the next seem to be valued. Transition with long silence between turns or with substantial overlap (i.e. both speaker trying to speak at the same time) are felt to be akward. When two people attempt tohave a conversation and discover that there is no „flow‟, or smooth rythm to their transitions, much more is being communicative than it said.
Discorse study has become popular term and major field of study and research. Many expert have defined the notion of discourse. Stubbs (in Fauziati, 2009: 174) states that Discourse is language above sentence level. While according to Fairlough (in Fauziati, 2009:174), Discourse is more than language use: it is language use, whether speech or writing, seen as a type of social practices. Renkema (1993: 1) states that discourse studies is the disciple devoted to the investigation of the relationship between form and function in verbal communication.
Stubbs (in Fauziati, 2009: 175) also states that discourse analysis is used to refer mainly to the linguistic analysis of naturaly occuring connected to the spoken or written discourse. Therefore, discourse analysis is studying larger linguistic units, such as conversational exchanges or written texts. Based on explanation by expert above, the writer concludes that discourse analysis is the study of linguistic attempts to analyze the relation between form and function both spoken or written language.
Although discourse analysis is often mistaken with conversation analysis, they both have significant differences. Discourse analysis cover both spoken and written language for instance, pharagraph or passage, books or film. On contrary, conversation analysis only study on naturally occurance spoken language, for instance, film, talkshow or everyday conversation. In other word, discourse analysis has larger field than conversation analysis. In this case conversation analysis is more suitable to analyze this research because it has more narrow approach than discourse analysis.
6
for analysing language use, those are, situational context is a context related to what speakers know about what they can see around them. The situational context is the immediate physical co-presence, the situational where the interaction is taking place at the moment of speaking. Background-knowledge contexta is a context related to what speakers know each other in the world. This can be either cultural and interpersonal background-knowledge. Cultural is general knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life. Interpersonal is specific knowledge about history of the speakers themselves. Co-textual context is a context related to what speakers know about what they have been saying.
Many linguists use transcription system to convert the recorded verbal interaction into written representation. A transcription system as Renkema (1993: 107) describes in his book is a method required in the study of verbal interaction. According to Wikipedia, Transcription refers to the systematic representation of language in written form both spoken and written language. By using transcription system, we can know the intonation, who is the current speaker and who said what then. In this research the writer use orthographic transcription system to transcript the dialogues in the movie. According to Wikipedia, Orthographic transcription is “a transcription method that employs the standard spelling system of each target language”.
- Distribution aspect in turn-taking
7
Sack et. al. (1974) have formulated the turn-taking rules in order to provide the allocation of a next turn to one party, and coordinate transfer so gaps and overlapping can be minimized. Those rules are:
1) For any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place (TRP) of an initial turn-construction unit:
a) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as to involve the use of a „current speaker selects next‟ technique, then the party so selected has the right and is obliged to take the turn to speak; no others have such the rights or obligations, and transfer occurs at that place.
b) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current speaker selects next‟ technique, then self-selection for next speakership may, but need not, be institued; first starter acquires right to a turn, and transfer occurs at that place.
c) If the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a „current speaker selects next‟ technique, then current speaker may, but need not continue, unless another self-select.
2) If as the initial transition-relevance place (TRP) of an initial turn-construction unit, neither 1a nor 1b has operated, and, following the provision 1c, current speaker has continued, then the rule-set (a) to (c) re-applies at the next TRP, and recursively at each next TRP, until transfer is affected.
From the explanation above, it can be said that there are 3 technique in taking the turn in conversation, those are: current speaker select next technique, self selection technique and current speaker continue.
Before discussing several aspects in turn-taking, the writer thinks it is necessary to discuss the turn-taking approach. According to T.P. Wilson, et al. (1984), there are three approaches which can be used as a reference to analyze turn-taking especially in conversation interaction. The three approaches are: (1) stochastic modelling approach, (2) signalling system approach, and (3) sequential production approach in conversation. The merger approach (2) and (3) above is very important to be considered in order to produce the accurate understanding of turn-taking.
8
Meanwhile, signalling system approach in turn-taking refers to the transition of a turn which organized by switching signs, such vocal or gesture. In this approach, Duncan (1972) formulates sign system and rule called turn system, which is hypotesized to organize turn-taking in face to face conversation of two people. The assumtion of turn-taking system is each speaker assumes that they stand in one of two sides, that is: speaker, who demands the turn; hearer, who don‟t demand the turn. So, there are four conditions in two people conversation, that is: (1) A as speaker, B as hearer; (2) A as hearer, B as speaker; (3) A and B as speakers; and (4) A and B as hearers.
The basic mechanism of turn-taking system has two signs: the sign of speaker turn or turn yielding turn and attempt suppresing signal (Duncan & Fiske, 1977: 188-89 in T.P Wilson, et al. 1984).
Turn-taking approach with sequential production adherents the tradition of conversation analysis by Sacks et al. (1974). According to Sacks et al. (1974), turn-taking system has rule and procedure that is used by participants to exchange their turn. So after the first speaker determines the end of his turn, the hearer side alternately take the chance to speak after that.
2. RESEARCH METHOD research, (2) determining the source of data, (3) determining the method of data collection, (4) determining the technique of data analysis. The writer uses the observation technique in collecting data.
The object of this research is the study of turn-taking, the data are the conversation including turn-taking between participants in Jane Eyre Movie (2011). The data are transcribed using Orthographic transcription, while the source of data is the text of the conversation in Jane Eyre Movie (2011). In collecting data, the writer took or cut the conversation based on the profession of the speakers and then the writer identifies and signs the data which is indicated as a turn within conversation of the movie.
In analyzing the data, the writer refers to Sack‟s (1974) theory of turn -taking to to describe the turn--taking technique used by the speakers and then the writer refersto context in discourse especially situational context to examine the intentions of the speakers.
9
After analyzing the 13 data conversation in “Jane Eyre Movie 2011” based on Sacks (1974) theory of the turn taking technique, the researcher discusses the whole data to answer the research problems. The researcher finds that the three turn taking technique used in most data conversation. Those technique are current speaker selects next technique, self-selection technique and current speaker continues technique.
(1.2) Turn-taking technique used in Jane Eyre Movie 2011
The most used technique is current speaker select next technique. This technique can be found in every data of the conversation. It is usually occurs when the speaker initiates the conversation by addressing other speaker to start speak with the word you or other participant‟s name or directing a question to them. For example: ” Do you know, Jane Eyre, where thewicked go after death::”↑(Data 3, T1), “It‟s WONderful to see you up, Miss Elliott. Last week we thought we‟d be escorting your remains to an unmarked gra:ve.” (Data 4, T1). It also found in the middle such as, “(0,3) And why are you not with Mrs. Reed of Gateshead now::” (Data 9, T13)
The second technique is self-selection. This technique is not frequently occur in every data conversation. Mostly, smooth conversation which contain no overlap or interruption is not use self-selection technique. This technique can be found in the middle of the data. It is occurs when one speaker interrupts one another. For example, overlapping which occurs such as “//Don‟t TROuble yourself to give her a character. I‟ll judge for myself. I have her to thank for this SPRAIN” (Data 9, T19), “//I‟ll account for this state of affairs. Say nothing” (Data 10, T9) and and interruption such as “=PROCEED” (Data 12, T6) and “=YOU CANNOT” (Data 13, T10).
The last technique is current speaker continues technique. This technique can be used when there is no other party take the turn. This technique rarely used and not all of the data above use this technique. For example, “SPOILT, MISERABLE BRAT::” (Data 2, T3) when Jane‟s cousin doesn‟t take the turn and instead hit her or “There is an invisible world ALL around you, a KINGdom of spirits commissioned to guard you, Jane. Do you not see: them↓” (Data 5, T7) when Jane doesn‟t response to Helen and only smiles.
Table 1: Resume of the data analysis.
10
3.2The speaker intention of each type of turn taking used by the speaker in Jane Eyre 2011 movie
Based on the data analysis, the writer finds several of the speaker intentions in using each turn taking technique and divided it into these category as follows:
3.2.1 Intention in using Current speaker selects next technique.
In using current speaker selects next technique, the speaker has the intention such as to get a responses or demanding responses from the hearer. It can be found in the following example:
Mary : St. John: we would have stumbled upon her corpse in the mo:rning (.) And she would have HAUNted us Marry is worried about the dying women taken St. John into his house and she demands a response from St. John. As a consequence, St. John gives her the response as above example. Here another example:
11
resposnse from Jane. As a consequence, Jane gives the response to his question.
3.2.2 Intention in using Self-selection technique.
In using self-selection technique, the speaker has the intention to maidens and dramatic deaths. (gives explanation about what is technique. Based on background knowledge context, Diana knows that her sister likes to read horror books so she explains to Jane about what is said by her sister before.
The other intention is to support or oppose what is said by previous speaker as showed by the following examples:
Miss Ingram : Why don‟t you send her to school:: uses self-selection is to support the argument of Miss ingram. Based on background knowledge context, He knows about what is said by his daughter.
12 From the above example, it show that Mr. Rochester uses self-selection technique by overlapping Mrs. Fairfax‟s turn. It means that he disagree with Mrs. Fairfax‟s opinion about Jane. He‟d like to observe and judge people by himself.
3.2.3 Intention in using Current speaker continues technique.
The intention of using current speaker continues technique is to convince the hearer. It shows in the following example:
Helen : You are loved↓(0,3)
Jane : ((smiles)) (to convince the hearer)
Helen There is an invisible world ALL
around you, a KINGdom of spirits commissioned to guard you, Jane. Do you not see: them↓(to convince the hearer)
(Data 5, T7)
From the above example, it shows that Helen‟s intention in using current speaker continues technique is to get Jane convinced by her statement. Based on situational context, Helen is trying to cheer her up after being punished by Miss Scatcherd.
Another intention is to take some times to thinks of what next the speaker want to say. Is shows in the following example:
13 current speaker continues technique which is used in 6 of 14 data.
The function of the turn-taking techniques in conversation is to organize the hearer when they want to take the turn. The current speaker selects next technique is used to give away the turn to the hearer by addressing, yelling or directing a question. Mostly, the party who uses this technique is the first speaker. Self-selection technique is used to take over the turn from other speaker by While the intention of using self-selection technique, the speaker has the intention to support or oppose the argument of the previous speaker and to give explanation of what is said by previous speaker. The intention of using current speaker continues technique is to convince the hearer. Another intention is to take some times to thinks of what next the speaker want to say.
14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Coulthard, Malcom. 1985. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. New York: Longman House
Cutting, Joan. 2008. Pragmatics and Discourse. London: Routledge.
Dobson, Julia M. 1997. Effective Techniques for English Conversation Group. Washington D.C : Newbury House Publisher.
Duncan, S. 1972. Some Signals and Rules for Taking Speaking Turns in Conversation in Personality and Social Psychology 23(2): 283-292
Fauziati, Endang. 2009. Readings on Applied Liguistics: A Handbook for Language Teacher and Teacher Researcher. Surakarta: Pustaka Utama.
Jaffe, J., & Feldstein, S. 1970. Rhythms of dialogue. New York: Academic Press.
Nugroho, Ari and Ariyanti, Lisetyo. 2014. A Study of Turn-Taking Used in Interview TV Program “Indonesia Now Exclusive Agnes Monica With Dalton Tanonaka” on Metro Tv 2(2). Accessed on February 3th 2016 (http://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/tag/7666/turn-taking)
Renkema, J. 1993. Discourse Studies: An Introductory Textbook. Amsterdam/ Philadelpia: Benjamins.
Rosyalina, Shelly. 2012. The Analysis Of Conversational Structure In The “Toy
Story 3” Animation Movie Script. Thesis, The University Of Muria Kudus.
Sacks, H., E.A. Schlegloff and G. Jefferson. 1974. A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. In Language (50). pp. 696-795
Saraswati, Nuri. 2015. A Study of Turn-Taking Used in Hard Rock FM Radio Talk Show under The Topic “Gender Equality & Women’s Empowerment
with Myra Brown”. Thesis, University of Muhammadiyah Surabaya.
Emanuel A. Schegloff. 2007. Sequence organization in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sulistyowati Dwi. 2009. Turn Taking Strategies Used by The Main
Character in “The Pursuit of Happyness”Movie. Thesis, The State Islamic
University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang.
Wilson, T.P. 1984. Models of Turn Taking in Conversational Interaction. In Journal of Language and Social Psychology 3(3):159-183
15
VIRTUAL REFERENCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics), accessed on March 27,
