Development policy for SME's and entrepreneur's cross cultural profile : a cross national study on development policy and cross cultural study on SME's

DEYELOPMENT

POLICY

FOR

SII,IE'S

AND ENTREPRENE{M.'S

CROSS

CULTURAL

PR.OFILE

a Cross

National

Study on Ilevelopment Policy and Cross

Cultural

Study on .SIVIE's

Oleh

Dr.Ir.

Eddy

Soeryanto Soegoto

Young

San

Universiry

DEVELOPMENT ROLICT

FOR

S}[E'S

AITI} EHTNEPRET{EUR'S CN(}SS

CT'LTI]RAL

PROFII,E

e

CtGo

N*th*I

Studf

on

l}tr@cntFdfuy

md

Crocp

erhural

Study otr

SME'o

This Paper Has Prescuted

rtYourg

Son

University

South

l(orco

on Norvembcr

1I

2010

By

Dr.

Ir.

Eddy

Socryaoto Socgoto

Approved by

Prof.

DriJ+DaeSik

DEVELOPMENT

FOLICT

FOR

S}IE'S ANI}

W'S

CR(}SS

CT'LTT'RAL

PROFII,E

a

CrGc

Nrtbnd

Studf

m

D@ptntFoliry

red

Crcer

Culturrl

Study oa

SME'o

This Paper Has Preseuted

atYoung

Sar University

South Korno

or

No'vemher 11 2010

By

Dr.

Ir. Edry

$oeryaato Socgoto

Approved by

Prtf.

DrnJcDaeSik

ABSTRACT

DE\TELOPMENT

POLICY

FOR SME'S AI\ID ENTREPREI\IEUR'S

CROSS

C{ILTURAL PROFILE

a Cross

National Study

on

Ilevelopment Policy

and Cross

Cultural

Study

on

SME's

By

Dr.Ir.

Eddy

Soeryanto Soegoto

Campared

ta

South

Korea,

the camparative study

of

Small

and Medium

Enterprise's

development

policy

in

former

times

in

Indonesia

did

not

have any

vision

about the

position of

Small and Medium

Enterprise

in

national

economie

organizational structure,

and

if

being

compared

to

Malaysia, there was

no

native's

proprietary

development

plan

in

national

investment

portion

in Indonesia.

Comparative study between Indo*esian m$nsger-en*eperuur (native) and

Tionghoa (non-native)

in

Bandung,

Banjarmasin,

and

Palembang

in

terms

of

Meaning

of

Working

found that

there was

no

dffirence

between

two

groups especially

in

Working Centralization, Income Oriented, ond Expressive Working

Aspect,

and

suggests

thct

the opinion

that

there

is

difference

in

working

motivation between

native

enffepeneur

snd

non

native

entrepeneur

is

unacceptable.

On the

contrar!, the

low

level

of

Obligatian Oriented

and Dependancy

Orineted

and the high level

of

Learning

Oriented

of

non-native

group can be

referable

to

formulate Native

Entrepeneur Development

Palicy

which based on Business Strategt Learning and Learning

Cukwe

Creation.

The condition

af

Small Enterprise

in

Beijing,

Hongzhou-Suzhau and

Shanghai indicotes

that great condition

of

low

infrastructure

for

investment, excellent

planning

of

urban

area and

husiness

area can

ereate composure in

running

a

business

,

business agresiveness

privacy

in

area,

gre*t

condition

of

police

structure

ond

free of

tmlegal

livies, and

especially

privacy

in

business

strategt

by

professional

salesmanship

way.

The

high

level

of

sales

bargaining

practice

has already supported

small

and mendium

enteffise

to

be as

good

as

big enterprise.

Homogenity

of tutive group

in

marginal leyel

ard

no*native group

in very high level suggest that the Small and Medium Enterprise Development

Policy

must have

variation,

hmting looked

at

"gap chsracteristics"

on

each homogen

graup.

Mix

educational

poth

of

notive

and

non-native

Small ond

Medium Enterprise must be done

for

learning process and integrated

path,

a

least by

joint

Jield

job

visit system.

Keywards

:

Indonesian Small

and

fuIedium

Enterprise

Develapment

Plan, Business

Strategt

Learning Law Infrastructure,

Economic

Area

2

L

Introductian

The

issues

Small

and

Medium Enterprise

development can't

dischargefrom the government policies, education system and the entire ways undertalrer behave. Study

aboard hss

been

&ne

with

consideration,

give

a

vision, how

we

ean deal

with

the

other

country

experiences

in

improving Small and Medium Enterprise. What we takc as on entitlement thing, may be

not or holf

way

to

makc

it perfect.

Whot

we

take

as

a

false

th@,

may

be

happens the counter eondition.

In a

researeh case,

there\e

so called

error

one

snd

enor

two,

we takc.the

entitlement thing

as

the

false

one,

and

tke Jblse

thing

ss

the

entitlement one.

For

example

in

employees selection, we reject the competent and

potential

employee (as

error oru),

and we accept the employee who have a loek in _Tntentials (as

etor

two).

The comporative studies enable as to hsve a different

point

ofview,

a

dffirent

paradigm, different

assumptions,

and we

consider

it

as

creative mindset

which is really

acquired

in

the enterprise

world.

The same mindset perhaps create meclwnistic enterprise,

but

the

litersl

mindset create an

era-changing

enterprise

or

even ereste

an

enterprise

that

hsve

no

similor

with

what had been create before.

Planning

way

of small

and medium enterprise

which rest on internal

or

closed system

without

see the experience

and

the

other people

world,

and

so

does the

pxt

statie

experience

enterprise,

it

doesn't

make

ony

chance

to

think

creattve.

An

approach and

flexible

philosophy

makc it possible

with

wider

planning.

For

example,

if

in

Jakarta there's a stneet

called

"Mangga Dua

Street"

(means two mangoes)

ifwe

visit

and see

in

Shenzhen there's a

protocol

street

planted

by mangoes tree. What

is

the

philosoplry

beyond

this

de&tctive

experieneeT

China which has

a

billion

populations

can

plant

the

mango trees

on

the

protocol

street,

can Indonesia do the same? What is tlrc meaning

of incapability af

Indonesia? As

we acquainted "The

law don't work

well" a little or a

big

violation

from

individual ar

groxry

ean't

be

finished by

taws- The spectatars'

af

PSSI match disturbances which mastly make damage on people's belongings never solved

by

law-

The

lows

need

to

improve effectively- The

law

aspects

on

business reflected

on

the Shaolin

Temple's

effort

whieh

will

give lsw

actions

to

80

L

Introduetion

The

issues

Small

and

Medium Enterprise

development can't

dischargefrom

the government

policies,

education system and the entire ways undertalrer

behwe. Stufu aboard

has been done

with

consideration,

give

a

vision, how

we

ean

deal

with

the othEr

counry

experiences

in

improving Small and Medium Enterprise. What we take as an entitlement

th@,

may be

not

or

half

way

to

make

it pedect.

What

we

take

as

a

false

thing, may

be

happens

the

counter

condition

In

a

researeh case,

there're so called

error

one

and

etror

two,

we

tak* the

entitlement thing

as

the

false

ane,

and

the

lalse

thing as the

entitlement one.

For

exmnple

in

employees selection, we reject the competent and

patential

emplayee (as

error

one),

andwe

accept the employee who hove a laek in

potentials

(as ercor two).

The camparative studies ensble us to hsve a

dffirmt

point ofview,

a

different

paradigm, different

assumptions,

and we

consider

it

as

creative mindset

which is

really

acquired

in

the enterprise

world.

The same mindset perhaps create mechanistic enterprise, but the

literal

mindset create on

eilt-changing

enterprise

ar

etten create

afl

entefprise

that

hove

no

similar

with

what had been create before.

Planning

way of small and medium enterprise

which rest an internal

or

elosed system

without

see the experience

and

the

other people

world,

and

so

does the

past static

experience

enterprise,

it

doesn't

make

any

chance

to

think

creative.

An

approach and

flexible

philosoplry make it possible

with

wider

planning.

For

example,

if

in Jakarta there's a street

called

"Mangga Dua

Street"

(means twa mangoes)

if

we

visit

and see

in

Sheruhen there's a

protocol

street

planted

by mangoes tree. What

is

the philosophy

beyond

this

de&rctive

experience?

China which has

a

billion

populatio.ns can

plant

the

mango trees

on

the

protocal

street,

can Indonesia do the some? What is the meaning

of incapability

af Indonesia? As

we acquainted "The

law don't work

well" a little or a

big

violation

from

individual or grsup

can't

be

finished by

taws. The

spectatars'o/PSSl

rnatch disturbances which mostly makc damage on people's belongings never solved

by

law.

The

lows

nced

to

improve effeetively. The

low

aspects

on

business refiected

on

ihe Shaalin

Temple's

effort

whieh

will

give law

actions

to

80

a

J

Shaolin

name

users' countries

is

a

huge

actians

an

creative

based

on

the

certainty

of low

(see the

journal of visiting

China).

The

uncertainty

of

law

which

ffiicts

the copy entitlement in Indonesia because

it

makes the

artist

or

art

creator

frustrated.

How

far

the entrepreneur and the citizen

protect their

copyentitlement in Indonesia and abroad?

Batikfor

example.

Enterprise

development

related

to

a

conducive business climate (see the

journal af

visiting

China) which can create

IS(N

new business each day

or

55A.000

Wr

year

with

investment about

3 billion

Yuan

(3,

6 billion

Rupiah).

Wbat &bout lfidanes.ia?

Informatienfrom

Keaenteriaa

Kaperasi

&

UKM

&

BPS informs

that

basiness enterprise

growth

in

Indonesia

from

39,

93 million

to

41, 36 million

ar

increase

I,

43 million.

It

meons

that

the development

of

business

in

Indonesia

is

better thon

Chinc.

This

condition makes

cleor

the

position of

Indonesia, and

gives

o

legitimoting Small

and Me dium Ent erpr i s e pol icy.

II.

Research

and

Obsemation

Small and Medium Enterprise

Development

Policy Abroad: Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, Philippine,

Indonesia,

Suirs,

and

China

2.l.Results

of Small and

llledium

Enterprise

Obsemation

in China

With

a

background

of

"much

population" problem and

"the wide

region"

problem

and

"problem

of

communist

culture

which turn

into

free

trade

culture".

This

following

data shows the economic and entrepreneurship in China:

l)

Flight Annual World

Wealth Report which

published

by

Capgemini and

Merril

Lynch

say that

in

the end

of

2005

in

Mainland China

existed

236.000

billionoire,

increasing

12

percent than last yeor

(2004).

This country has turned

into

the second country

afier

Japan

which

in

quantity

of

billionaire.

The

report

also

srys

that

approximately

7,

7 million

of

billionaire

_rytread

all

wer

the

world

in

the end

af

2AA5, wh:ich increasing

7, 5 percent than last year.

2)

According to Head

af

All-

China Federation

of

In&xtry

and

Cammerce, each day

I5A0

new

private

enterprise established

in Mainland

China

with

4

amount

of

capital which

registered

in aII

that

companies about

3 billion

Yuan (JS$361,45

million). Now China

hove

32 million self

employed businessman

which

reJlected

2, 5

percent

of

its

population

(total

population of China is 1, 28

billion)

In

the

lastfive

years,

there're

99 China's omtversity students who graduate Master

from

Business

Administration

of

Harvard

Business School, and 2a university students

will

settle

their

MBA

from

Harvard

Business School in

1991, one

o{them

is studsnt _froat Sftcttg&ai.

Accarding

ta

Dep$y

af .China

Cammerce

Ministry

entrepreneur

from

Taiwon had invested

in

Mainland

China

for

62.00a cornpanies

with

total

actual

investment US$

37,

I

billion.

The

Gwernment of Mainland

China

will

not

change

the

"fovorable

policy"

af

investar

from

Taiwan and

their

"entitlements

af

law"

will

be seeured

In

other side, China

_Center Government had declared that they

will

not let entrepreneurs

from

Tatwan

gain

a

prafit

in

China

Mainland

f

alt

the

entrepreneurs

supporting

a

freedom of Taiwan.

Shaolin Temple

in

Henan ts ready

for

hard battle to sqve shootin Kungfu. This Shaolin Temple had spread the

application

to 80 countries to register the

shaolin Kungfu Trademark

They have inventorying process

all

over

the world and there're

lI7

trademarks

which use "Shaolin"

nsme or

"Shaolin Temple", most

of

them

found

in

Australian and Japan.

In

Mainland

of

china

alsofound

a hundred companies and about 54 kinds

of

product

which have a netme

"Slnolin" from

car even to beer- Every one

of

them is out of lmowledgably of ShaolinTemple.

More

than

half

internet cafd rental have incame tess

than

j000

yuan

(JS$

361,

45)

per

month.

This matter

reported,

it

because these

internet

caJd

rentals have to

paid

o

lot

offeesfor

much kind af government institutes.

2.2.Resul*

af

surr,ll add

Mediua

E*erprire

ohservatlon

in

sourh

Kore*

l)

1961

is

the

first

year

of

Small and

Medium Enterprise

Development

Planning-in

South

Korea.

The

policy

is that technologt

saphisticotion

of

Small and Medium Enterprise.

3)

4)

5)

6)

5

In

1973 the poticy

of

developing cooperation enterprise

established. Cooperation enterprise aimed at :

a.

A

business which needs a collaborating of

all

the business man.

b.

A

traditional

business which generally done by handicrart maker.

Established

special

bank

for

smull

ond

medium enterprise

beyond

Government General

Bank

2.3.

Obsem&ion Worh

Orbntatlon

af

Smatl

and

Middk

Entrepreneurc

Culture

Crcss

in

W*t

Jwa

(Bandung, Sukabumi,

Tasikmalaya), South Sumatra

(Palemhand,

Sodh

Borneo

(Bsniarruosin, Baniarharu).

Work CentralitY

Abrosd

among them.

low centrality of

Britannia

(2- 4) about t3o/o. German's centrality high 35% and the

low

one

is

1495.

Holland's centrality high

i5ok

and the

low

one

is

10%o-

Belgian's centrality

high

j9%

and the

low

ane

is

I0%.

(JS's

centratity high

4t%

ond the

low

one

is

1094.

Israel's

centrality high 43% and the

low

one

is *ok.

Yugoslavia's

centrality

high 54% and the

low

one

is

6"k.

And Japan's centrality high

59% and the low one is 6Yu (MOW

InternationolTeam

1997

:

8i:84)

chemical engineers group,

followed by

teacher,

turtile

worker, tool

and

die

mokcrs,

unemployed,

affice

worker, pensioner,

university student, and the lowest

oru

is

pafi-

timer-

(MOW

International

Team

1997

:

85)

2,3.1.

Four

Pffierns

the

Meoning

of

Work:

Abroad

Coantry Sanaplc

entitlemint

-

law abligation) 3)

6

and abligation)

(MOW

International

WorkTeam

1997:

187)

2.3.2.

Four Patterns the Meaning

af

Wark (Abroad Cauntry) Background: Competency and Work Understanding Problem

o

Reported on past that Indonesian wark orientation

im't

like the westerner. The

work eentrality is

low

says Boeke (1993) and cansidered not support

or

not

match

with

development

pragram

(Ka*ioranfutgrat,

2AAl).

On

a

discussion

of

dualistic

econonry

theory

Boeke

(199i)

explain

the characteristie of Indonesimt people

are:

"...there

is almost no oriented on

profit

for

the East People (Indonesia). Speculative

prafrt

attracting

them,

but these

profits

haye no

regatarity

and eontimtity element

which

identify of income concept. East industry

ide*ifiedwith

"doesn't like

capital"

ond

"the lingering

hatred when invest a

fund

beeause

the

risk always behind

it";

just

a

little

desire

on

a

finishing and occuraq/, lack

of

business

quality,

even

failed

on granting

stondard and samples,

lack

of

elasticity

supplying,

lack

of

organizatio4

and

indiscipline

and

lack

of

the entitlement local specialization. (Baeke, I 99

i)

o

They dedicated

for

following

"bypcss

culfitre" as

a

work habit

whtch

disobey

stiptlation

and

broke the lav,

procedure

in

effort

to

accomplish instrumental w ork goals.

o

According

to

opinion that

Indonesia

isn't

suit

to

support

the

eeonomy development,

the

goyernment suggested

to wkely not

on

speculative by hang

it

on

aathority

capacity

of

ethnie

group in

Indanesic. (Boeke,

]993;

Higgins,

1999).

Previotts Research

o

Almost

in all

studies

terminologt

of

"Indonesian

people" cnd

"Indonesia Manager

"

meeffLt Indonesia* Etlmie

(Kwt$araningrat,

2AA1

;

Dananiaya,

2006;

Geertz,

1999;

Hadisumarta,

1998; Hoefstede, 1982) and Indonesia

Ethnic Manager @ananjrya ZAAfi-

Indanesian

Ethnie

entrepreneur

'

_contrasted

from

hrdonesian

non-ethnic

enlrepreneur,

that

ls

_ethnic

7

entrepreneur

and

non

ethnic

entrepreneur

(Iionghao

or

China Entrepreneur)

In

several culture cross study, terminologt

of

Indonesia

use only

for

Indonesian ethnic as an

appealfrom

other nation. (Hofstede, 1982; Redding

&

Casey,

1996).

For

example,

it's

identffing

thot

Indonesian

Manager

who

work

on

multinational

company

found

that they having leadership style

lower

than other nation. (Redding

&

Casey, 1996).

In

several studies

about

economic

of

lrdonesia wrote

by

foreign

writer,

terminologt fraft

*

etlmic

Indanesia

almast alwrys

mecrn

by

Chiruse

or

Tionghaa wha

live in

Indonesia.

(Suryadartna,

1996,;

Wong,

1998; Gungwu,

tees).

For

guarantee the succeed

of

develapment

program

where the

diffirences

of

ethnic

snd

non ethnic

regarded

as

a

source

of

the

dffirences

perfarmance and the

ability of

these groups, then the government often take

a'position

to entrust

realizing

of economy development

programfor

the

abilities

of this non ethnic group. (Moh.

Sadli,

1999).

There are government

attentiow

to

ftx

the way

we behwe and

ethnic group oriented

of

business

with a

torget: "to

educate Indonesians dealing

with

real

competitive

market"

(Moh Sadli,

1999)

2. 4. Purpose

of

Researching

o

Studying: how

far

index the meaning of

work

(work centrality, work norm,

work

output) manager/ ethnic

entrepreneur

differ

than

non

ethnic entrepreneur?

o

Studying:

haw

far

the matngerial

job

- fit

of

the

monoger/

ethnic entrepreneur

dffir

than non ethnic entrepreneur?

Managerial

Fit

between emplayee

qaalification witk

requbements of managerial w

ork

(Yan

der

Yen and

Druin).

Related

with

situation

factar of

business

'

rtrategt, and

attached

with

the other

_{business aspects, imbalance}

8

score

can be

mt

important

measurements

of

managerial

job

fit

(Leontiades, 1993)

stratification

measurement

from

eoch managerial worker

group. (Wanous, 1974;

Lawler,

1987). Imbalance score on a general studies, the meaning of

work

measured

in

T

-

Score

from

Index. The meaning

of

work which

eotmted

from

employee's

hope

and their

contexl

of

work.

It

expected

the

ratio of

one mattagerial

group

with

the

other could reveal eaeh

prafiIesfrom

grot*p, the

ffirences

and the

similar

between two groups.

il[.

Methadologt

distributed adequately between

Chins's

Manager and Indonesia, they

work

in

business environment

in

three

big

cities,

Bandung,

Banjarmasin,

and

Palembang. They

ore

disordcred

cltutery from

business

list

in

Industry and

Commeree

Department. Indexes

the meaning

of

works

counted

for

gaining work

centrality

point

(WC),

normative entitlement

(EW,

normative obligation

for

public

advantage, economy

functions,

(PAY)

intrinsic

and

expressive

work

result (IR), and a chance to trained

andput

towork

(OPp)

standard,

with total

cverage counted on

scale

50. To evoluating the score extent three elarifications madq which are :

o

High

:

T- score

>

54

o

Medium

:

T-

score

:

46

-

54

o

Low:T-score<46

Y

Analyzingfactor mesfr to

clwify vuiables

to

dominsntfactors

which construct dominant managerial work point.

tinguish

scnnple

group and classification group

based

on

analyze

9

result, discriminate

use

for

comparing

the

level

of

discriminate analyze validity.

for

examine managerial

job-frtfor

both group.

IV

Research Ro,ult:

Ethnb

Group

a*d

Non

Ethaic

Group

iu

Srx

Ind*es

MOW (fncon*,

Centrality

of

Worh,

Intrinsic,

Contact, Obligatian

Nonn,

und

Opportunity)

Table

l:

Incame

Meon

'

Std deviation F-value Sign level (a) Indonesian

ethnics

50.47 4.52 0.0310 0.8606

Non-ethnic (Chinese)

s4.59 4.99

'able 2 Work

(Cll

Mean Std

deviation

F-v*lue

Sign level

h)

Indonesian ethnics 49.80 4.54 1.768

0.019**

Non-ethnic (Chinese) 54.11

4.9i

Table 3:

Intrinsic

Wark

Iv{ean Std

deviation

F-value Sign level (a)

Indonesian ethnics 49.62 6.72 0.219 0.640

Non-ethnic (Chinese) 50.98 8.02

Table 4: Contact

Mean Srd

deviation

F-value Sign level

h)

Indonesian ethnics 50.02 5.16 0.215 0.643

Non-ethnic (Chinese) 49.68 5.19

a.016**

'able ₆

:

_{Oooartzmitv/ Entitlements}

Mean

std

deviation

F-value Sign level

h)

Indonesian ethnics 50.61 6.94 3.245

0.073**

Non-ethnic (Chinese) 48.3s 6.49

[image:14.612.137.571.268.746.2]

Research

resuh: the

Dffircnces

hetween

Managerial

Fit

Ethnic

Manager

Group and

Non

Ethnic

Table 7:

Ratio

job

-

fit

of

ethnic

and non ethnic

in vmiation,

learning,

promotion,

i*terest, snd mental

effirt.

Variation

Skill

T

-

Score ,.I''L

Mean StdDev

tu)

Dist.bet Dist.within F-value Sign level fu) Indonesian

ethnics

-0-i86

i

1.221 11296.5

1$7.4

10.894** 0.11% Non-ethnic

(Chinese) 14.379

i3.344

-

Score Disereoanc

Mesn StdDev

b)

Dist-bet

Dist-within

F-value Sign level fu) Indonesian

ethnics 0.693 25.985 6332.2 715.9

E.815**

0.33%

Non-ethnic

(Chinese) 11 747 27.656

Business

Prumotion

T-

Score Discrepanc

Mean StdDev

b)

Dist.bet

Dist.within F-value Sign level fu) Indonesian

ethnics 4.895 20.742 1729.5 465.0

4.168*

4.25%

Non-ethntc

(Chinese) 11.01I 22.s 10

nterest

7'-

Score ,qrw

Mean StdDev

b)

Dist.bet Dist.within F-vslue level SiSn(a) Indonesian

ethnics 13.684 14.377 629.1

21i,9

2.911*

8.78%

Non-ethnie

(Chinese) 17.168 14.917

l1

The Indonesia Managers

for

Indonesia

Managbr

(etlmic)

found thot

work

aspect

Decision

Making

unbalance

very worth

(p<0.0000)

(I-Yolue

:

16.894) between hope and

reality.

This

is

indicated that there are perceptions

for

their

needs

in

for

their

business

reconstruction

which want

to realize and the

reality couldn't sry

the same.

learning

opportunity

from

worfr personal

contoct

from

job,

work

conditions, work safety,

flextime,

mental

effirt,

variatian skill,

income, autonoflry, responsibility and intrinsic

warkpoint, found

that there are

no

imbslances

whieh

worth

enougfu

This

discovery concludes

that

what do matter are hopes and

reality

lrorte a

similwity

in this

group-The

Nan-eth*ic

(Chinesc)

Indonaian

Moaagells

Test

T

for

imbalance

of

work situotion and work

preferences among Chinese ethnic managerial

groqp

in

manage

tluir

business

in

Bandung, Banj armasin, and Palembang show this

following

statement :

they perceive

workyoriation

more

thanwhat

they could expect.

could expected

than they could expected

Mental

-

Scare t{ratL

Meon StdDev

b)

Dist.bet Dist.within F-value Sign level

h)

Indonesian

ethnics 41.202 27.433 1729.5 608.5

2.812*

9.330/6 Non-ethnic

(Chinese) 46.979 2A.8

t2

The opportunity to

tafu

a self decisionfound as

sufieient,

means there

are

imbolances

(p<0.0Aq which are

their preferences

is higher

than the reality.

Opportunity

for

promotion through work which is now

the

reality

is very signtfy (lr<O.A0q more opportunities that they eould expected.

Managerial

Fif

Ethnie Menager

Group and

Non

Ethnic

hope

for

wark

based

wery

_Trcrception

fram w*nager.

Ratio team up

for

managerialfit

between two groups nrcasure by

F-

Test

invariation

analyze

from

T- Score differenees between

work reality

and hope

for

work in that

group

(1%o) some dimensions of

managerialfitfound

dffirent.

group,

very

significant

in skill variation

_0r<A.0AI

l),

very

signiJicant

in

opportunity

of

lewaing

(p<0.0033), signiJicont enough

in

promotion

_@<0.0425),

rather significant

in

mental

effort

b<0.093),

which

meon

the

Indonesian ethnie

is

under China's

group

in

managerialfit-Conclusion

and Recommendation

for

Improving

Corupeliveness

of

Small

and

Middlc

Business

Seminar

Comparative study

gives

an

illustration more

complete

about

the

success

andfailure

of

policy.

Comparative

stu$t

among

counry

refer

to

huge

problems can

be a reference

for

regton

potiqt

or

wider.

Comparative study

found d

strong

tendency

in

central variables

the meaning

of work

between

morugeriol group

of

China ond Indonesia can

give ilbstration

for

strategic

of

develaping entrepreneurship

in

Indonesia.

Enterprise creativity sppeors

and

need the protection

from

law

splendidly.

Tlnugh

the

ereativity

_{c{m rytr}

ear in

*ery

condition,

but

the certainty

af la*,

which

proteet

the

rights and obligations

is

the most important thing so thefreedom of enterprise mare

gucranteedfor

internal even external.

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af Ducl

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Yorlg

1993.

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