AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN
THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
A THESIS
BY
TUTI NAINGGOLAN
REG.NO . 110721001
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH
▸ Baca selengkapnya: my teacher … new book yesterday
(2)AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
A THESIS
BY
TUTI NAINGGOLAN
REG.NO. 110721001
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. H. Syaron Lubis, MA Drs. H. marzaini Manday, MSPD
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatra Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Departement of English
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Approve by the Departement of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Departement of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Departement of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University Sumatera Utara on July 31st 2013
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syaron Lubis,MA
NIP. 19511013 1976031 1001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Syaron Lubis, M.A ………
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ……….
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum ………
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I TUTI NAINGGOLAN DECLARES THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHORS OF THIS
THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS.
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TEXT OF THE THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF
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NAME : TUTI NAINGGOLAN
TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE
EXPRESSIONS DEPICTED IN
THE BOOK THREE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all,I would like to give my prise and deepest thanks to Jesus Christ for
blessing and giving me life ,love, guidance, and strength that I can finish this thesis
completely.
I do now realize that it is not an easy thing to write a thesis, it really takes much time
and energy, while doing the thesis there are so many problems that I have to deal with.
Nevertheless, with the help and support that I got from so many people around, I finally
completed this thesis. Therefore, in this chance I would like to express my heartiest
gratitude to these following people.
The highest and always the very special gratitude for my beloved parents, M.
nainggolan and N. siagian, for their love, support and great attention also the everlasting
prayer and love in every single step I take. I am nothing without my parents and my family.
The warmest thanks are also devoted to all my sisters and brother k’Lasma Marline
Nainggolan, Hetty, Nora, Sevriati, and my the only one brother Mangasi, for your prayer
and support.
I also would like to express my great gratitude to my supervisor Dr. H. Syaron
Lubis,MA, Drs. Marzaini Manday, MSPd for their advices, suggestion, helps and also their
valuable time given to me during the process of writing this thesis. I also would like to
thank to all the lectures of English department.
I do not forget too, to thank the dean of the Faculty of Cultural Studies USU, Dr. H.
Syaron Lubis,MA, the head of English Departement Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar,MS, and the
secretary Dr. Hj. Nurlela,M.Hum for all academics and administrative helps given to me
For all my friends in extention class of 2011, thanks for the nice friendship and I
hope we will share our friendship forever. I love you all and may God bless you all.
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... iii
ABSTRACT……….. v
TABLE OF CONTENT………... vi
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis……….. 1
1.2 Problem of the Analysis……… 5
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis……… 5
1.4 Scope of the Analysis………... 6
1.5 Significance of Analysis………... 6
CHAPTER II: R E V I E W R E L A T E D L I T E R A T U R E 2.1 Semantics Theory……….. 7
2.2 Scope of Semantics……….. 9
2.2.1 Meaning………. 9
2.2.2 The Varieties of Meaning……….. 11
2.2.3 Sense and Reference………. 13
2.3 Goals of Semantic Theory………. 15
2.4 Figurative Expression………... 15
3.1 Research Design……… 22
3.2 Data Collecting Method……… 23
3.3 Data Analyzing Method……… 23
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data Findings………. 25
4.2 Analysis……….. 35
4.3 Findings………. 63
5.1 Conclusions……….. 64
5.2 Suggestions……….. 65
REFERENCES 2.4.2 Kinds of Figurative Expression……… 16
2.4.2.1 Metaphor……….. 16
2.4.2.2 Personification……….. 17
2.4.2.3 Hyperbole………... 18
2.4.2.4 Metonymy……… 18
2.4.2.5 Synecdoche……….. 19
2.4.2.6 Simile……… 20
2.4.2.7 Irony………. 21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Figure of speech is a beneficial wealth of language, used to various
thing to get certain effects. Figure of speech can also be explained as features of a
literary works of letters and exclusive way to convey their idea and feeling, directly
or indirectly. Speaking of figure of speech is not separated from the meanings of
words or group of words. As we know meanings are devided into two parts literal
and non-literal meaning (figurative expression). Literal meaning refers the words that
do not deviate from their defined meaning or words in literal expressions denote
what they mean according to common or dictionary usage.
Examples:
1. To eat is to put something into mouth
The words of eat does not have non-literal meaning
2. My brother drinks milk every morning to make him
healthy
In the word drink there is no a non-literal meaning
3. The price of black goat is very expensive
The literal meaning is the black goat which is black in colour.
Non-literal meaning (figurative expression) means that they are different
from the real meaning of the word. The words in figurative expressions connote—
they add layers of meaning.
Example:
Every night, the moon comes by just to say good night to me.
This sentence does not mean that the moon has legs to come and talk by saying
good night but the speaker wants to say that the moon always shines every night as
Non-literal meaning includes figure of speech or figurative expression.
Beckson & Ganz (1975: 80) state “Figurative language is language which makes use
of certain devices called figure of speech”. Figurative language used as the
techniques for comparing dissimilar object, to achieve effects beyond the range of
literal language. Semantics is a branch of linguistics that talks about meaning in
language. Considering that language is a tool to conveying the meaning, it means that
when we study a language we also study about the meaning automatically. Semantics
also becomes the centre of science of communication which is very important and
crusial whereas need to understanding of meaning more deep. As explained in the
beginning that meaning of words are devided into two parts that to is connote and to
denote meaning. In this case, figurative expression is an object that the writer will
analyze. It is because in figurative expression (non-literal meaning), the listener often
feels confused and hard to understand what the speaker means from his words,
because the figurative expression hides behind in the literal meaning. When a
listerner listens to something different from the literal meaning this is said figurative
expression (non-literal meaning).
In daily life we often listen to various meanings from the real utterances. So,
in this case we will find something different in speaking or writing. There are some
common kinds of figure of speech; they are hyperbole, an exaggeration that is so
dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true.
Irony, an expression of meaning which is contradictory to the stated one.
Example: The Jesus said to his disciples: “Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat, or about your body, what you will wear. Life is more than food, and the body more than clothes.”
This verse has two sentences which is different in meaning. Figuratively,
the first sentence taught us not to worry about our life while the second
sentence shows us the standard of our life. The standard of our life is
more than food and the body is more than clothes. But in the first
sentence it is said that we should not to worry about anything. That is why
this data belongs to irony.
Example: Each tree is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers.
The word ‘fruit’ is compared with behavior of a man. Literally this
verse means that by seeing the fruit we know what kinds of tree it is.
Similar to human life, attitude or behavior of someone reflect the
characteristics of him. So we know his character from how he acts and
how he speaks.
Personification, a figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an
animal or an object.
Example: Jesus said to him, “Let the dead bury their own dead, but you go and proclaim the kingdom of God.”
It is impossible that dead can bury their own dead. Because the meaning of ‘dead’ is
plants, animals, person no longer which is not alive. The non-literal meaning of this
statement is ‘which means a man who is dead never become alive, human do not
have spare of breath. So, if a man is dead he automatically man alive which is bury
him. Literally meaning is, if you want to be God’s disciple you must ready every
time, every second not care about your situation example: when your mother/father
dead, when God say ‘follow Me’ you must want.
Simile is used to compare two different things which are regarded as the same.
Explicitly signed with words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Example: “Woe to you, because you are like unmarked graves, which man walk over without knowing it. ”
This verse describes about prophets teaching which is wrong. It is said
‘unmarked graves’. We can imagine how scare it is. For example if we die
one day and we do not have a mark in our graves surely, our graves will
walk of human. Non-literal mean that we are must have identities in the
world, about faith we should knows who we should prise, who had created
us. If we do not know who we are, we like unmarked graves.
Example: If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also
This sentence is a command and suggestion for us to let our cheek be
slapped by another. As we know, ‘cheek’ is a part of our body.
Figuratively, it represents not only the right or left cheek, but includes
the whole part of our body. So this verse means whatever from our
body that is hit by another, we should not to resist him. This is an
analysis from synecdoche terms.
Metonymy, the name of thing is substituted for another closely associated with it.
Example: For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
The word ‘heart’ literary means the part of body where the feelings
and emotions are thought to be. Then if we analyze the motion of
‘heart’ in this case metonymically, it means thought and affections.
Here, the meaning of ‘heart’ which is ‘thought’ is an attribute
associated with the feelings.
In daily life it, is very important to understand and to distinguish the literal meaning
and non-literal meaning, because, by this way we are able to avoid misunderstanding
when we are communicating to others. Someone who does not understand about the
non-literal meaning will find trouble when talking to others. So in this thesis, the
writer tries to analyze about figurative expression (non-literal meaning) as an object
of analysis, because I believe that this object is important enough to more understand
it will be useful for society to keep a good communication with surroundings.
The source of the data in this thesis is taken from The Holy Bible. The Holy
Bible is the holy book used by Christian people as a means to convey God’s
message. The Holy Bible consists of two big parts, they are The Old Testament and
The New Testament. The Old Testament contains 39 books written from
approximately 1500 to 400 BC. It tells about the life journey of Israel before the birth
of Jesus Christ. The New Testament contains 27 books written from approximately
40 to 90 AD. It told about God’s promise to forgive the sin of His race from their
sins by giving His son, Jesus Christ. As we know when cristians read this holy book
they find problems to understand the non-literal meaning in it. This is one of the
In this thesis, the writer analyzed only one book from Holy Bible is: Book
Three in The New Testament (Luke). Luke the third book of the New Testament.
This book explains about an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It
details HIS story from the event of HIS birth to HIS ascension. Luke book contains
important advice and guidance for life. This book also was written in a unique style of
writing and contains some figurative of speech also the writer love is and interested in
analyzing this object. And must we remember that this is the only object of analysis
as a key to get graduation. Another reason for choosing the data from the Book Three
in The New Testament because it is interesting and the writer wants to know the
interpretation of meaning between the literal and non-literal contained in that it Holy
Book so that can be applied in our life. And for society by reading this thesis later, this is
enable them to improve new knowledge especially abou figurative expression
(non-literal meaning).
1.2 Problems of the Study
This analysis is a study of semantics, which focuses on the use of the
non-literal meaning found in the Holy Bible. In this case the text that is being analyzed
book Three of The New Testament. In this analysis, the writer has some questions as
the problem of the analysis:
a. What kinds of figurative expressions are found in Book Three of The new
Testament?
b. What are the literal meanings of the figurative expressions found in
Book Three of The new Testament?
c. What are the frequencies of the figurative expression in Book Three of The New
Testament ?
1.3 Objectives of the study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of this analysis are:
b. To describe the literal meanings of the figurative expressions in Luke of Book
Three.
c. To find out the frequency of figurative expression used in Book Three of The New
Testament.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The writer limited the scope to obtain a clear and detailed picture of the
matter that is being analyzed. In this book there are 11 pages, 24 sections and has
1151 verses There are various figurative expressions found in the literally works, but
in this thesis the scope of the analysis is only the text which have figurative
expressions in Book Three of the new Testament. And the types of figurative
expressions which was analyzed in this thesis are simile, metaphor, hyperbole,
metonymy, personification, synecdoche, and irony.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study can be useful for improving knowledge of the writer in
interpreting the text to understand the real meaning of the Bible. Practically this
thesis is expected to contribute something useful to the readers whose major is
language in terms of semantics, especially in non-literal meaning. Eventhough the
data that they will analyze are different from those in thesis. It also can be used as
their review of related literature or as the basic to analyze in semantics’ point of
CHAPTER II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Semantic Theory
One of the insight of modern linguistics is that speakers of a language have
different types of linguistics knowledge, including how to pronounce words, how to
construct sentences, and about the meaning of individual words and sentences. To
reflect this, linguistics description has different level of analysis. One of them is in
giving the meaning of linguistics expressions we should establish definitions of the
meanings of words. Semantics is commonly defined as the study of meaning
communicated through language. The word semantics comes from the Greek word,
Semantikos mean “significant”, Semainein mean “to show”, “signify” or “indicated by a sign”; from Sema means “sign”.
The concept of semantics has been used until the 20th century as can be
evident from ‘The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English’, published in
1972, which defines semantics ‘branch of philosophy concerned with (changes in)
the meaning of words’. It is also interesting to know that their dictionary has
classified semantics into plural nouns, so has linguistics
The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed,
interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, and paraphrased.
Regarding the term semantics, let us see some definitions of semantics by
some linguists below:
1. Semantics is the study of meaning communicated through language
Semantics is a mayor branch linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language
(Crystal, 1980:315)
2. Semantics is the study of word meanings and the ways in which
words are related to one another lexicon in our mental (Gleason,
3. Semantics is the study of meaning. It concerned with what the
sentence and other linguistics objects express, not with the
arrangements of their syntactic parts of their pronunciation (J.J Katz,
1972:1)
Leech (1974:ix) says, “Semantics is central to the study of communication;
and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social
organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing. Semantics
is also at the centre of the study of human mind-thought process, cognition and
conceptualization”. In conveying the meaning within communication, there are
usually different perceptions and views from the listeners. We have to know the
speaker’s intent and the context of utterance in order to avoid misunderstanding. It
means that semantic analysis become more complicated than attaching definitions to
linguistic expressions.
Modern linguistics assumes that when a speaker combines words to form
sentences according to the grammatical rules of his language, the word definitions
are combined to form phrase and then sentence definitions, giving us the meanings
of sentences. In attaching the definitions of words, we will be faced with 3 problems.
The first is the problem of circularity. If the definitions of word meaning are given in
words, the process might never end. How can we state the meaning of a word, except
in other words, either in the same or a different language? Then, a second problem is
how to make sure that our definitions of a word’s meaning are exact. If we ask where
the meanings of words exist, the answer must be in the mind of native speakers of
the language. So, what should we do if we find that speakers of a language differ in
their understanding of what a word means ? Whose knowledge should we pick as our
‘meaning’ ? The third problem comes from looking at what particular utterances
mean in context. If features of context are part of an utterance’s meaning then how
can we include them in our definitions ? These three issues show that our definitions
2.2 Scope of Semantics
There is no very general agreement either about the nature of meaning or
about the way in which it should be described. Semantics is the study of the
linguistics meaning. It is not concerned with what sentences and other linguistics
object expressed. It is not concerned with the arrangements of syntactic parts, or with
their pronunciation. Semantic could cover more extensive areas, from structure and
function of language as well as the interrelationship with other discipline.
There are two way major approaches to the way in which meaning in
language is studied. The first is linguistics approach. The students of language or
linguists have been long interested in the way in which meaning in a language
structured. There have been studies of meanings of words and the semantic structure
of sentences. Some of them also have distinguished between types of meanings in
the language. The second is philosophical approach. Philosophers have investigated
the relation between linguistics expression, such as the words of language and
person, things and events in the world to which these words refer.
Although there may be different approaches to semantics, these three basic
terms seem to be widely mentioned in each of these approaches, i.e. meaning,
varieties of meaning, and sense and reference.
2.2.1 Meaning
Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning and this is the
definition that we will provisionally adopt. The principal of semantics is what is to
be understood by ‘meaning’. It has been customary for semanticists to emphasize the
fact that the noun ‘meaning’ and the verb to ‘mean’ themselves have many distinguishable meanings. Some idea of the range of their meanings may be obtained
(1) What is the meaning of ‘philosophy’ ?
The word meaning as a noun in this sentence. According to the circumstances in which this question is asked, the kind of word philosophy is and the context in which it is being employed. We should expect the answer to this question to differ, not only
in detail, but even in general type.
(2) Dark clouds mean rain
Certain of the meanings can be distinguished by the technique of substituting other
words in the same context and enquiring whether the resulting sentences are
equivalent. The verb mean in sentence above can be substituted with sign without changing the total meaning of the sentence.
(3) He means well, but rather clumsy
(4) My father rarely means what he says
The notion of intention seems to be relevant also to our understanding of both
sentences above, though each use of verb mean here appears to be somewhat different from the others and the substitution of intend for mean might be held to effect some change in the meaning of the sentences. If the sentence (3) implies that
he is well-intentioned, that he intends no harm but just a little bit nervous, the
sentence (4) implies that the father has no intends to say something clearly.
From examples above we can see the variations meaning of meaning.
C.K.Ogden and I.A.Richards in their book “The Meanings of Meaning” which is
quoted by Crystal (1987:100) introduces some meanings of meaning. They are
constructed in some sentences :
(5) Maya means to go now. Means: intends
(6) A red light means stop. Means: indicates
(7) You mean everything to me. Means: has important
(9) What is the meaning of being your wife ? Meaning: point, purpose
2.2.2The Varieties of Meaning
Language is used for various activities and purposes in social life. The
function of language is not solely to provide information to hearers and readers.
Studying a language without the reference of meaning is like studying a road sign
from the point of view of the physical properties (how much the weight, what is the
color, how big the sign is, and so on), not studying the implicit meaning of the sign.
Geoffrey Leech (1981) notes seven varieties of meaning. They are as
follow:
1. Conceptual meaning is logical, cognitive, or denotative content. For
example the word MAN has the following denotative, cognitive, or
logical content as HUMAN, MALE, ADULT
2. Connotative meaning is what is communicated by virtue of what
language refers to. For example, the word BOY has the connotation
‘STRONG’ and LION the connotation ‘CRUEL’.
3. Social meaning, is what is communicated of the social circumstances of
language use. For example, HOME, RESIDENCE, ABODE, and
DOMICILE can have the same conceptual meaning, but they convey the
different social circumstances of their use.
4. Affective meaning is what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes
of the speaker or writer. For example, if you are getting someone to go
from your room, you might say “I’m terrible sorry to interrupt, but I
wonder if you would be so kind as to leave me alone in this room”.
5. Reflected meaning is what is communicated through association with
another sense of the same expression. For example, it has become
konichiwa, and sushi without conjuring up their Japanese associations.
6. Collocative meaning is what is communicated through association with
words which tend to occur in the environment of another word. For
example, BEAUTIFUL collocates WOMAN while HANDSOME
collocates MAN.
7. Thematic meaning is what is communicated by the way in which the
message is organized in terms of order, focus, and emphasis. For
example,
a. The MNC Group donated insurance to Oktavianus Maniani as the best player of the year.
b. Oktavianus Maniani was donated insurance by The MNC Group as the best player of the year.
In this thesis, the writer used theory of meaning in general based on Siregar
(1922) said. There are two kinds of meaning in semantics; they are Linguistic
meaning and Speaker meaning. Linguistic meaning is meaning of expression in some
form of the language. The linguistics meaning is determined by the meaning of its
constituents and their grammatical relations.
For example :
a. Be careful of a sharp bend in the road
b. Please don’t bend this paper
c. He try to bend every effort to be a champion
Speaker meaning is what a speaker means in producing an utterance. It
consists of literal meaning and non-literal meaning. When we speak clearly without
any interpretation from the hearer, it is called literal meaning. By using literal meaning, it is not difficult to understand what the speaker means by saying the
words. To make it clear, they constructed as follows:
a. We are English Literature Student
b. Would you help me, please ?
c. I am finishing my thesis now
d. How are you ?
All the sentences above are clear to understand. We do not need to think a lot
to understand what the speaker meaning. Those sentences are very common to us.
Sometimes we mean something different from what our words mean. In other words,
we sometimes speak non-literally. If we are speaking non-literally it is called non-literal meaning. There are several ways of speaking non-literally. First is using idiom. Idiom is a group of words with set meaning that cannot be calculated by
adding up the separate meaning of the parts. The meaning of an idiomatic expression
cannot be predicted either lexically or grammatically. Another way of speaking
non-literally is by using the figure of speech. They are described by a large set rhetorical
terms, such as facetious , exaggerated, and figurative ways.
2.2.3 Sense and Reference
Words other than proper names both have a meaning and can be used to refer
to things or objects. The reference of a word is the object designated, while the sense
of a word is the additional meaning. On the other hand Palmer (1976:30) defines
reference and sense as follows:
“Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistics elements,
the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistics elements
themselves (mostly the words); it is concerned only with intra-linguistics relaions.”
Reference is the relation between words and entities which is being talked
about in the world of experience. For example, the word ‘sunglasses’ has a certain
meaning, an outer covering eye from the sunshine, typically made of plastic. In
addition, the word ‘sunglasses’ also posseses a characteristic which is known as
“reference”, that is the ability of the word ‘sunglasses’ to refer to a certain kind of
protective item for eye.
Sense relationships also form an important part of the study of a language. A
word or lexeme does not merely ‘have’ meaning; it contributes to the meaning of the
larger until, a phrase, clause or sentence. For example, the sense of the word ‘library’
in these two following examples is different:
a. VJ. Daniel always checks his wardrobe. (wardrobe means a collection of dresses)
b. The wardrobe is at the corner of the mall. (wardrobe means a room where dresses are organized and sold )
The difference between sense and reference can be described from what
Hurford (1980) states :
“Every expression that has meaning has sense, but not every expression has
reference”
The explanation from statement above is by these examples; ‘I love rose ’ and
‘I love Rose’. From the examples above, both examples refer to a certain thing.
Although they have the same sentence, but actually the sense is different. The phrase
‘I love rose’ describes ‘rose is one kind of flower’ and ‘I love Rose’ describes ‘Rose
as a name of certain girl’.
The referent of an expression is often a thing or person in the world. Whereas
abstraction, but it is helpful to note that it is an abstraction that can be entertained in
the mind of language user.
2.3 Goals of Semantic Theory
There are two questions which must be answered concerning with the goals
of semantics theory; what should a semantics theory do and how should it do it?
A semantics theory should attribute to each expression in the language
which the semantics properties and relations. The answer to the second question is
that a semantics theory should have at least two kinds of constraints:
a. A semantics theory of naural language should be finite; people are
capable of storing only a finite amount of information but they nevertheless
learn the semantics of natural language
b. A semantics theory of natural language should reflect the fact, except for
idioms, expressions are compositional. This means that their meaning is
determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations.
2.4 Figurative Expressions
2.4.1 Definition of Figurative Expressions
As had described above, there are two kinds of meaning in speaker point of
view. They are literal meaning and non-literal meaning. In this thesis, the writer just
took the non-literal aspect as the main object. One way of speaking non-literally is
figure of speech or figurative expressions. Bekson and Ganz (1957:80) state,
“Figurative language is language which makes use of certain devices called ‘figure
of speech’, most of which are techniques for comparing dissimilar objects, to achieve
effects beyond the range of literal language”.
Figurative expressions are a rhetorical form of how to use words in speaking
assure, persuade, motivate, encourage and fascinate the audience. It is a powerful
rhetoric tool to clarify meaning, to provide vivid examples, to emphasize ideas, to
stimulate associations and emotions, to ornament sentences and to amuse audience.
Figurative language serves to make ideas and meanings more vivid and alive.
For example,
a. My hair ‘stood on end’. It conveys the meaning of great fear.
b. Her feelings were all ‘bottled up’. It means that they were kept under control.
c. At the end of the year, the fabric gives the ‘fruits’ of labor to all the employees. The ‘fruit’ refers to the profit, reward, or result of hard
work.
d. Looking at his man have dinner with another girl, she becomes
‘green with envy’. It means that she is so jealous.
2.4.3 Kinds of Figurative Expressions
There are more than 10 kinds of figurative expressions but the types that are
going to be explained are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, metonymy,
synecdoche, simile, and irony.
2.4.2.1Metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a name or quality is attributed to
something to which it is not literally applicable. (New Webster’s Dictionary and
Thesaurus:628).
According to Tracey (1980:64), “metaphor is the use of words to indicate
The word metaphor was derived from Greek word; metaphora meaning ‘transfer, carry over’. It is a derivation from meta meaning ‘over, across’ and
phereinmeaning ‘to carry’. From those definitions above, the writer come to theconclusion that metaphor the use of words as comparison between two unlike
objects by substitute or identified one for another with omitted using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Let us see some examples of metaphor to explain the definition above:
The boy weighed a ton.
This sentence does not mean that the boy has the weight 1 ton. It is
impossible for a boy, or even for human being has a weight upper to 1000 kilograms.
The sentence means that the boy is so fat. It’s so heavy to pick him up.
They are withered yellow flowers
The metaphorical meaning of phrase withered yellow flowers is an analogy to its literal meaning ‘flowers that can not grow well because they are almost dead’. So,
the metaphorical meaning of this sentence is that they can not develop their career or
life because it is so difficult.
2.4.2.2 Personification
As Shaw (1972:283) says, “Personification is a figure of speech in whish
abstraction, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are having human form, character,
traits or sensibilities.” It means that personification is the treating of an abstract
quality of thing as if it had human qualities. It is a representation of a thing or
abstraction in the format of person.
For example, “The leaves danced when the wind blew”. Literally, the sentence means that the leaves move up and doing human activities. Figuratively, the sentence means that the leaves sway when the wind blew.
Here, the dish and the spoon as the inanimate object are depicted as human. Literally, it implies that the dish and the spoon run away or doing human activity.
Figuratively, the sentence is an idiom means that the supper or eating activity runs
well and all the menus are eaten.
2.4.2.3Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech which greatly exaggerates the truth. (New
Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus: 476).
The word hyperbole is derived from Greek language, that is hyper means ‘over’ and ballien means ‘to throw’. In other words means that hyperbole wants to emphasize a point with a statement which containing overstatements. The speaker
usually speaks exaggerative because he wants to emphasize something. For example,
“Her crying is heard until to the seventh sky”, it seems impossible for someone’s
crying sound is heard until the seventh sky. At last, to be heard by all around this
world, is quite impossible. We called it exaggeration. The emphasis is very strong so
the language is out of the truth, It means the speaker does not mean what the words
mean.
Another example of hyperbole, “I have not seen him for centuries.” Literally,
the sentence means that the person has a long life until his age 100 years old. The
sentence exaggerates the feeling of a person toward his friends. Figuratively, it
means that the person really lose his friend for a long time
2.4.2.4Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object or idea is
substituted by another closely associated with it. Metonymy uses a feature closely
associated with the main idea rather than being physically part of it. It described
from what Eco (1982:91) said, “Metonymy is the substitution of two terms for each
other according to a relation of contiguity”. For example, ‘white house’ may refer to America; ‘cendana family’ may remind us to Soeharto.
The following examples will explain the definitions above, here they are:
b. Let’s call 911
The phrase red shirt in the first sentence has a speaker meaning. Red shirt
refers to PDI party. PDI party is identical with red. The right interpretation for this sentence is to put away the PDI party. The phrase 911 refers to the publicservice call for American people. If we need a help or if we are in emergency wecan call this number.
2.4.2.5Synecdoche
According to Eco (1982:90), “Synecdoche is a substitution of two terms
for each other according to a relation of greater or lesser extension (part of the whole,
whole for the part, and so on)”. Synecdoche creates a special kind of metaphor by
allowing some part to stand for the whole. Synecdoche is derived from Greek word
synekdechestai, where syn means ‘with’; the word ex means ‘to get out’; and the word dechestai means ‘to take’ or ‘ to receive’. For example, ‘Indonesia won Thomas Cup’. The sentence does not mean all the people of Indonesia but what the
speaker means here is only the Badminton team of Indonesia, especially for the
men’s team. Thomas Cup is addressed to badminton competition and special for
men. It is whole for the part. Whole for Indonesia and part for Badminton team of
Indonesia and men.
In this point, we need to remember that synecdoche and metonymy is two
different terms. The distinction is that in metonymy, the exchange is made between
two related nouns, while in synecdoche, the exchange is made between two related
2.5.2.6Simile
Simile is a word or phrase that compares something to something other,
using the word like or as (Oxford English Learner’s :1199). In simile, a comparison
is made between two different objects which have at least one similar characteristics.
The word simile comes from the same Latin word simile, which means ‘like’.
What we have to remember that simile compares two unlike objects like
metaphor but with the presence of like or as, unlike metaphor, there is no word like
or as. To make it clear, here are the examples:
a. He runs like a leopard
b. Cat’s eyes are like marbles
The first sentence ‘runs like a leopard’ is our focus. As we know, when a
leopard runs, it is very fast. Therefore, it is well-known as the fastest animal in the
world in running. So the speaker means that he runs so fast. The next sentence does
not means that ‘cat’s eyes’ and ‘marbles’ are really alike, but the glassy shine of cat’s
eyes reminds of the glassy shine of the marbles.
A simile is not just an ordinary comparison. If someone says, “my father’s
car is like your father’s car”, he is not making or using simile. Such comparisons
are literal not figurative. A simile must compare two basically unlike things that are
2.4.2.7Irony
Irony is a figurative expression which expresses something different from
and often opposite to their literal meaning. Gray (1984:108) state, “Irony is a manner
of speaking or writing that is dispread through all kinds of literature. Irony consists
of saying one thing while it means another.” Irony is a way of speaking or writing in
which what is meant is contrary to what the words appear to say.
From definition above, we can conclude that irony means the fact is different
from what is said. In daily conversation, we find the used of irony. For example, a
when teacher is angry to his students for coming late. He will say “Oh, you are
arriving here on time, dear. You should directed by our headmaster”. This sentence
does not mean the teacher praise or proud of the students by stating the opposite of
what he means. The word ‘on time’ actually refers to its opposite, that is ‘late’. So,
the teacher is actually mocking the students by praising them. The other example,
someone says, “This room is very clean” when he enters a very dirty room. The word
‘clean’ actually refers to its opposite ‘dirty’. So the speaker does not intend to admire
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
One of the essential parts in scientific research in analyzing the data is to
have a method of analysis. In this thesis the writer apply library research which using
written information to support the analysis. As the main object of the analysis, the
writer will took the sentences and utterances from book three in The New Testament
which contains the figurative expressions.
There are some steps which taken in doing the analysis. First, the writer will
collect the data that is the sentences and utterances that contain figurative
expressions in The Book three in The New Testament. Then the second step, the
writer will analyze the data based on the semantics theory. Finally, the writer will
make a general conclusion from the analysis.
3.1 Research Design
The study have conducted with descriptive qualitative approaches.
A qualitative approach is defined as a description of observations which is not
ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. It is not suggested that numerical
measures are never used, but that others means of description are emphasized. Nazir
(1998:64) says that descriptive method is a method of research that makes the
description of the situation of event or occurrence so that this method only performs
the mere basic data accumulation. Therefore, descriptive design is a research design
which is intended only to describe the variable. The writer choosed this method
because this which is very suitable with my analysis. And than figurative expression
which I analyzed in this thesis is not discuss or analyzed abot number, account, or
3.2 Data Collecting Method
The source of my data in this thesis is from The Holy Bible The Book Three
in The New Testament in The New International Version published by International
Bible Society (1984). Arikunto (2002:102) states that population is the whole
number of the subjects or people under observation in a research. The population of
this analysis is the sentences and utterances from that book which is have specific of
characteristic of figurative expression. Sutrisno, (2004:91), said, “dalam purposive sampling, pemilihan sekelompok subjek didasarkan pada ciri-ciri atau sifa-sifat populasi yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya. Purposive sampling didasarkan atas informasi yang mendahului tentang populasi dan informasi ini tidak dapat diragukan lagi.” So in choosing the sample as the data of the analysis I identified every non-literal expression that can be found in the selected sentences to support the
analysis. The fifty-nine selected data will provide example for each non-literal
meaning expression that will analyzed.
3.3 Data Analyzing Method.
The process of analyzing the data will done in grouping. First of all the whole
data from The Book Three in The New Testament as explained before will devided
by numbering each expression. The data will identified and classified according to
the kinds of each non-literal meaning. For example the first term is about metaphor, so I collected all the example of metaphor from that Book and make it it in group.
The same thing will done for other non-literal meaning. And the last it to describe the
meaning of each the data.
The analysis of the data will done by one from each group stated before. After all the
analysis will provided in the descriptive way by explaining one by one of each
non-literal meaning expression found from The Book Three in The New Testament.
There some specific characteristics in kinds of figurative expression first, metaphor:
person or object to which it is not literally applicable thus impliying a comparison in
order to show that the two things have same qualities and to make the description
more powerful. Second, personification is the practice of representing objects, qualities, etc as human beings, in art and literature. So it seems that inanimate things
is alive and act like human beings. Third, simile comparing two different things is that use of words “like,” ”as” .Fourth, hyperbole is a figure of expression, which is an exaggeration. Person often use expression. Fifth, metonymy consisting of use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with it is
associated. Six, irony meaning dissimulation of feigned ignorance is a rhetorical
device, literary technique, or situation in which there is a sharp incongruity or
discordance that goes beyond the simple and evident intention of words or actions.
Seven, synecdoche it is reverse is expressed: a part stands for a whole, an individual
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
The data analyzed based on figurative expressions, they are metaphor,
personification, hyperbole, metonymy, synecdoche, simile, and irony. The
analysis carried out by describing both literal and non-literal meaning. The
source of data to be analyzed is found from Book Three of The New
Testament.
4.1 Data Findings
The data findings are as follows:
1) Luke 1:69
He has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant
David.
2) Luke 2:35
So that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will
pierce your own soul too.
3) Luke 3:7
John said to the crowds coming out to be baptized by him, ‘You brood
4) Luke 3:8a
Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.
5) Luke 3:8
Produce fruit in keeping with repentance. And do not begin to say
yourselves, We have Abraham as our father. For I tell you that out of
these stones God can raise up children for Abraham.
6) Luke 3:11
John answered, “The man with two tunics should share with him who
has none, and the one who has food should do the same.”
7) Luke 3:17
His winnowing fork in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to
gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with
unquenchable fire.
8) Luke 3:22
And the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily from like a dove.
9) Luke 5:10
And so wear James and John, the sons of Zebedee, Simon’s partners.
Then Jesus said to Simon, “Don’t be afraid, from now on you will
10) Luke 5:23
Which is easier: to say, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up and
walk?
11) Luke 5:31
Jesus answered them, “it is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the
sick.
12) Luke 6:9
Then Jesus said to them, “I ask you, which is lawful on the Sabbath: to
do good or to do evil, to save life or to destroy it?”
13) Luke 6:20
Looking at his disciples, he said:
“Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.”
14)Luke 6:29
If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also. If
someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic.
15) Luke 6:39
He also told them this parable: “Can a blind man lead a blind man?
16) Luke 6:41
Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother’s eye and pay
no attention to the plank in your own eye?
17) Luke 6:43
No good tree bears bad fruit, nor does a bad tree bear good fruit.
18) Luke 6:44
Each three is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from
thornbushes, or grapes from briers.
19) Luke 8:5
A farmer went out to sow his seed. As he was scattering the seed, some
fell along the path, it was trampled on, and the birds of the air ate it up.
20) Luke 8:25
Where is your faith? He asked his disciples.
In fear and amazement they asked one another, “Who is this? He
commands even the wind and the water, and they obey him.”
21) Luke 6:32
And if you do good to those who are good to you, what credit is that to
22) Luke 9:29
As he was praying, the appearance of His face changed, and His clothes
became as bright as a flash of lightning.
23)Luke 9:34
While he was speaking, a cloud appeared and enveloped them, and they
were afraid as they entered the cloud.
24)Luke 9:44
Listen carefully to what I am about to tell you: the Son of Man is going
to be betrayed into the hands of man.
25) Luke 9:35
A voice came from the cloud, saying, “This is my Son, whom I have
chosen, listen to him.”
26) Luke 9:54
When the disciples James and John saw this, they asked, “Lord, do you
want us to us to call fire down from heaven to destroy them?
27)Luke 9:60
Jesus said to him, “Let the dead bury their own dead, but you go and
proclaim the kingdom of God.”
28)Luke 10:3
29) Luke 10:10
But when you enter a town and are not welcomed, go into its street and
say, Even the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off
against you. Yet be sure of this The kingdom of God is near.
30)Luke 10:18
He replied, “I saw satan fall like lighting from heaven.”
31) Luke 10:19
I have given you authority to trample on snakes and scorpions and to
overcome all the power of the enemy; nothing will harm you.
32)Luke 11:44
“Woe to you, because you are like unmarked graves, which man walk
over without knowing it. ”
33) Luke 12:3
What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what
you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed
from the roofs.
34) Luke 12:7
Indeed, they very hairs of your head are all numbered. Don’t be afraid,
you are worth more than many sparrows.
35) Luke 12:9
But he who disowns me before men will be disowned before the angels
36)Luke 12:22
The Jesus said to his disciples: “Therefore I tell you, do not worry
about your life, what you will eat, or about your body, what you will
wear. Life is more than food, and the body more than clothes.”
37) Luke 12:19
And I’ll say to myself, “You have plenty of good things laid up for
many years. Take life easy, eat, drink, and be marry.”
38) Luke 12:34
For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
39) Luke 12:24
Consider the revens, they do not sow or reap, they have no store room
or barn, yet God feeds them. And how much more valuable you are
than birds?
40) Luke 12:27
Consider how to lilies grow. They do not labor or spin. Yet I tell you,
not even Solomon in all his splendor was dressed like one of these.
41) Luke 12:36
Like men waiting for their master to return from a wedding banquet, so
that when he comes and knocks they can immediately open the door for
42) Luke 12:49
I have come to bring fire on the earth, and how I wish it were already
kindled.
43) Luke 12:54
He said to the crowd: “When you see a cloud rising in the west,
immediately you say, ‘it'
44) Luke 13:19
It is like a mustard seed, which a man took and planted in his garden.
45) Luke 13:21
It is like yeast that a woman took and mixed into a large amount of
flour until it worked all through the dough.
46) Luke 13:24
Make every effort to enter through the narrow door, because many, I
tell you, will try to enter and will not be able to.
47)Luke 13:28
There will be weeping there, and gnashing of teeth, when you see
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God,
but you yourselves thrown out.
48) Luke 13:32
He replied, Go tell that fox, ‘I will drive out demons and heal people
49)Luke 14:27
And anyone who does not carrying his cross and follow me cannot be
my disciple.
50) Luke 14:34
Salt is good, but if it loses its saltiness, how can it be made salty again?
51) Luke 17:2
It would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a millstone
tied around his neck than for him to cause one of these little ones to sin.
52) Luke 18:25
Indeed, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for
a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.
53) Luke 19:40
I tell you, “he replied, “if they keep quiet, the stones will cry out.”
54) Luke 20:36
And they can no longer die; for they are like the angels. They are God’s
children, since they are children of the resurrection.
55) Luke 20:42
David himself declares in the Book of Psalms:
“The Lord said to my Lord: Sit at my right hand until I make your
56) Luke 21:6
As for what you see here, the time will come when not one stone will
be left on another, every one of them will be thrown down.
57) Luke 22:19
And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them,
saying, “This is my my body given for you, do this in remembrance of
me.”
58)Luke 22:20
In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is
the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
59)Luke 22:42
“Father, if you are willing,take this cup from me, yet not my will, but
4.2 Analysis
Metaphor:
The poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish, a matter ofextraordinary rather than ordinary language. The essence of
metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing
in terms of another.
1) Luke 2:35 page 567; line 73
So that the thoughts of many hearts will be revealed. And a sword will pierce your own soul too.
The verse from data (2) used ‘sword’ as a symbol. According to oxford
dictionary, ‘sword’ means a weapon with a long metal blade and a
handle. It is used to make a part of something or killing something. If
we interpret the data literally, it will be contrary if Jesus, whom known
as Peaceful Maker, brings a sword to the world to make us into
disruption and killing us. But figuratively, the meaning is that Jesus
comes to this world to separate us from evil, because there have been so
many people who against God’s word. So, Jesus used the ‘sword’ to
emphasize His purpose of coming to this world.
2) Luke 3:7 page 568;line 19
John said to the crowds coming out to be baptized by him, ‘You brood of vepers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?’
In data (3) we can draw an analysis as brood of vipers, according to
Oxford dictionary that the meaning of the word ‘vepers’ is kinds of
snake, and than ‘brood ’ according to Oxford Dictionary explain about
young birds hatched at one time in a nest. This statement interpret to
human especially to men which is not believe God. It is clear this verse
means that vepers is danger snake and attitude of snakes is smart, licik
and etc. same with our heart if we following all of attitudes’s of vepers
we are is blood of it. But as non-literal meaning, it means that we brood
of vepers when we follow vepers we folloer of evil. In conclusion, we
can imitate a good of vepers attitude not the bad, because as we know
snakes is symbol of evils. If we wont say brood of vepers we must
believe to God.
3) Luke 3:8a page 568;line 22
Produce fruit in keeping with repentance.
If we interpret the sentence literally, it means that repentance is a kind
of fruit which can be eaten as food and usually tastes sweet, but on this
occasion it is not like that. The writer means to show that we as human
expected to make our life into repentance, not only said that we repent,
but also our behavior should describing that we have walked in God’s
way. From those reason, the writer conclude that data (4) is classified
into metaphor since ‘fruit’ comparewith behavior.
4) Luke 3:11 page 568;line 29
John answered, “The man with two tunics should share with him who has none, and the one who has food should do the same.”
The data (6) is almost similar with the data. Both of them used
metaphor to show the idea. Literally means if you have two tunics, you
must share it one to your friends and same with that food you must
share it too. So in wider meaning, we should give more than what is a
5) Luke 3:17 page 568;line 45
His winnowing fork in his hand to clear his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his barn, but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.
Data (7) shows us a kind of metaphor that there is a thing symbolized
with the other, in this case, the activity which described in the sentence
above. The verse tells us about the activity when the time of harvest
comes. As we know, when harvest is coming, the farmer separates the
wheat from the chaff. The wheat will put into the barn and the chaff
will be burned. This activity is symbolized to the judgment day. The
farmer belongs to God who will distinguish the blessed people from
unblessed ones. The blessed people will enter the heaven, while the
others will throw into the hell.
6) Luke 5:10 page 570;line20
And so wear James and John, the sons of Zebedee, Simon’s partners. Then Jesus said to Simon, “Don’t be afraid, from now on you will fishers of men.”
Why the writer classified data (9) into metaphor is because the word
‘fisher’ in this sentence is not put in literal terms. According to oxford
dictionary, the meaning of ‘fisher’ is a person who catches fish from
water, either as a job or as a sport. So literally, it means that Jesus want
his disciples to catch men from water. But figuratively, fisher of men
means someone who brings other people to follow the way of God.
7) Luke 6:20 page 570;line 41
Looking at his disciples, he said:
“Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.”
the word ‘spirit’. Logically, someone who is said poor means that he
does not have anything or he lives at least or in other literal meaning
means that spirit of man has different class, the rich and the poor. But
on this occasion, the ‘poor’ in that phrase as a metaphor with one of
human’s characteristics which is humble. So figuratively means for
those who are always humble, they will become the member of
kingdom of heaven.
8) Luke 6:29 page;571;line 67
If someone strikes you on one check, turn to him the other also.
In data (14), if we analyze the verse literally, means that whoever slaps
your right cheek, you should give to them your left cheek to be slapped.
Figuratively means that if there is someone who treats you unwell, we
should not against him. In wider meaning, metaphorically means that it
is better for us not to ask for compensation but gives more goodness to
someone who treats us bad. From the description, this data clearly
shows the using of metaphor.
9) Luke 6:43 page 571;line 101
No good tree bears bad fruit, nor does a bad tree bear good fruit.
In the data (17), Jesus used the word ‘tree’ in telling His teaching. It is
compared with a man. The ‘tree’ and ‘a man’ has a similarity, which is
produce something. Literally, ‘tree’ produces fruits while a ‘man’
produce child. But figuratively, there is deeper meaning within this
verse. If someone acts good and has a beauty attitude, he will get the
good things too, but if someone acts bad and always do something bad
in his life, so he will get the bad things too. In conclusion, this data can
be classified as a kind of metaphor because there are two things that are
that we will get based on what we have done.
10)Luke 6:44 page 571;line 102
Each three is recognized by its own fruit. People do not pick figs from thornbushes, or grapes from briers.
Here, in the data (18) the word ‘fruit’ is compared with behavior of a
man. Literally this verse means that by seeing the fruit we know what
kinds of tree it is. Similar to human life, attitude or behavior of
someone reflected the characteristics of him. So we know his character
from how he acts and how he speaks.
11) Luke 8:5 page 572;line 11
A farmer went out to sow his seed. As he was scattering the seed, some fell along the path, it was trampled on, and the birds of the air ate it up.
The data (19) shows us that the writer uses word “farmer” as a
metaphor. According to oxford dictionary, the meaning of ‘farmer’ is
man who owns or manages a farm. In this sentence, seed belongs to a
men “seed” According to oxford dictionary, is part of a plant from
which another plant can grow. In this data literally meaning is ‘farmer’
is Jesus and seed is men, men who believe in God and disciplines of
Jesus, and Jesus is scattering men to every place to scatte the good
news to every people. But explain too not all seed doing his job
seriously. In conclusion, this verse can classified as a kind of metaphor
12) Luke 9:29 page 573;line 64
As He was praying, the appearance of His face changed, and His clothes became as bright as a flash of lightning.
Data (22) used a kind of symbol ‘light’. Light is needed by everyone in
this world. We can imagine when night comes and all of lights turning
on, we can see clearly everything. Moreover, a place on a hill can be
seen. That is also reflected in human life. If human life way according
to God of prophets not only his face became bright but also his life be
shine. So it means that human should be imitate attitude of God
whereas is source of light. While the clause ‘his clothes became bright
as a lightning’ means that God wears a cloth that make Him shiny.
Figuratively, the word ‘bright’ means cheerfull . So the clause wants to
describe that God is lighter.
13)Luke 10:10 page 574;line 16
But when you enter a town and are not welcomed, go into its street and say, Even the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off against you. Yet be sure of this The kingdom of God is near.
The phrase ‘the dust of your town that sticks to our feet we wipe off
against you’ in the data (29) has a metaphor meaning. the word ‘dust’ is
a kind of symbol. Literally, ‘dust’ means the fine powder of dirt’. So if
we define the meaning of this verse, it means that when we are rejected
in visiting to spread the gospel, we should shake off the dust from their
feet. It is impossible if we think it logically. But figuratively, ‘dust’ is a
sign of refusal. If none accept you or listen for what you said about
gospel,
God asked you to be patience by throw out your bad feeling about their
refusal. It means that you can not force someone, just leave them and
14) Luke 12:3 page 576;line 7
What you have said in the dark will be heard in the daylight, and what you have whispered in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed from the roofs.
The data (33) is classified as metaphor. Why the writer reach the
conclusion that this verse belongs to the metaphor is because the
sentence is intend to say that God wants his disciples do more than he
does. It symbolized with two things which are contrary; they are ‘dark’
and ‘daylight’. If we look from the quantity, the glow in the daylight is
more than in the dark. Then Jesus used symbols again; ‘ear’ and ‘roof’.
Similar with dark and daylight, if we look from quantity, what we have
got from the sound of someone who stands on the roof is more than
from whispering. There is only a few we get from whispering. So, in
conclusion, God wants us to do more that what He had done. He wants
us to spread gospel wider than He had ever spread.
15) Luke 12:9 page 576;line 20
But he who disowns me before men will be disowned before the angels of God.
In data (35) clearly shows to us there is a comparison within this verse.
The word ‘disowns’ belongs to be please of accept or receive
something. The interpretation of this verse is that for those who are
rejecting to listen the gospel from us, it means that he reject God in his
life. So here, the speaker, Jesus, is compared with a man (in this case is
His disciples).
16) Luke 12:49 page 577;line 111
