Rainfall Vertical Profile Variability In Malaysia Based On Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Using NASA Data.

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RAINFALL VERTICAL PROFILE VARIABILITY IN MALAYSIA BASED ON TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION (TRMM)

USING NASA DATA

MAHIRAH BT MANSOR ADABI

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RAINFALL VERTICAL PROFILE VARIABILITY IN MALAYSIA BASED ON TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION (TRMM)

USING NASA DATA

MAHIRAH BT MANSOR ADABI

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronic) with

Honours

Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (FKEKK) Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

(UTeM)

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I declare that this thesis entitled “Vertical Profile Variability in Malaysia Based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Using NASA Data” is the result of my

own research except as cited in the references.

Signature : ………..

Name : Mahirah Bt Mansor Adabi

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I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering

(Telecommunication Engineering) With Honour’s.

Signature : ………..

Supervisor Name : En.Nor Azlan Bin Mohd Aris

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To my beloved parents, Mansor Adabi Shaari and Sharifah Yahya, and my dearest family

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, many thankful for my beloved parents Sharifah Bt Yahya and Mansor Adabi Bin Shaari for their support and given more motivation to me during in this research. I am very appreciate all the support from my parents that always remember me that to get success must be always think positive and motivate on the self besides keep strong physical and mind.

For my supervisor, En Nor Azlan Bin Mohd Aris, I would like to express my gratitude for the guidance and sharing the knowledge step by step through this research. Besides, very patient always spent time to improve my research from time to time.

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLE xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv

LIST OF SYMBOL xv

LIST OF APPENDICES xvi

1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 History – Development, Launch, Boost 8

2.3 GPM – New Technology 9

2.4 GMI – Microwave Imager 11

2.5 Dual Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) 12

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2.6.1 Principle of Operations 14 2.6.2 Rain Type Classification Algorithm 15 2.6.3 Data Product 2A23 & 2A25 16

3.5 Rain Attenuation Model 32

3.6 ITU-R Recommendation P.839-3 33 3.7 ITU-R recommendation P.618-10 34

3.8 Comparison 37

4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 38

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5 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion 48

5.2 Recommendation 50

REFERENCE 51

APPENDIX A 53

APPENDIX B 56

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Comparison TMI (TRMM) and GMI (GPM) 11

2.2 PR radar echo collection parameters 14

2.3 Rain types classification 15

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Sensors provided by TRMM Satellite 7

2.2 Global Precipitation Measurement 9

(GPM) instruments

2.3 GMI and DPR instruments aboard 10

the GPM Core Observatory

2.4 The GMI the total precipitation within channels 11 (166 to 183 gigahertz)

2.5 Map shows continuous DPR coverage over one 12 orbit compared to spotty ground-based radar

coverage across region area

2.6 Scanning capabilities of the DPR onboard 12 the GPM Core satellite

2.7 Alternate view of the TRMM spacecraft 14

and its payload

2.8 Algorithm 2A23 & 2A25 flow chart 17

2.9 Step of Algorithm 2A23 to validate rain types, 18 bright-band height and freeze height

2.10 Example of TRMM data visualized using 19 Orbit Viewer THOR of the Level 3 product

2.11 Distribution 0C isotherm height over Penang 21 2.12 Distribution 0C isotherm height over Subang 21 2.13 Distribution 0C isotherm height over Kluang 21 2.14 Bright-band relation with 0^0C isotherm height 22

conceptual model.

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3.2 Typical vertical profile of radar reflectivity during 26 stratiform rain (Thurai et al., 2005).

3.3 Example of TRMM data visualized using 27 Orbit Viewer THOR of the Level 3 product

3.4 Boundary zones rainfall 29

3.5 Comparison Bright-band height (BBH) 30

TRMM PR (at Malaysia) and ground base radar Singapore and Papua New Guinea locations

3.6 Earth space path to be input the attenuation 34 prediction process

4.1 Annual distribution of monthly average as 39 0C isotherm height from TRMM PR measurement and ITU-R P.839-3

4.2 Vertical profile of radar reflectivity based on 40 TRMM PR 2A25 data

4.3 Annual distribution of monthly average as 41 bright-band height from TRMM PR measurement at Malaysia

4.4 Monthly average of melting layer thickness 43 in Malaysia.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CERES - Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System DSD - Drop Size Distribution

DPR - Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar GPM - Global Precipitation Mission

GUI - Graphical User Interface GMI - GPM Microwave Imager HDF - Hierarchical Data Format

ITU-R - International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector

JAXA - Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency LIS - Lighting Imaging Sensor

MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration PR - Precipitation Radar

THOR - Tools for High-resolution Observation Review TMI - TRMM Microwave Imager

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- Earth station latitude

- Specific attenuation - Horizontal projection of - Slant-path length - Earth station latitude

R - Rain rate

- Rainfall rate exceeded for 0.01% of the yearly time - Earth radius

- Effective radar reflectivity factor - Polarization angle

σ - Standard deviation

Ѱ - Elevation angle

- Wavelength

C - Speed of light (approximately ǔ3 x 10Ǖ^8 m/s)

- Rain attenuation in decibel (dB)

L - Equivalent path length (km)

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LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Comparison Melting Layer, Zero Isotherm Height 53 and Bright-Band Height using 2A25 and 2A23

Algorithm product in a year 2013 at Malaysia.

B Annex 1, ITU-R Recommendation P.837-6 56 C Additional result for testing activity 58

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