APPENDICES
i. Charles Dickens Auto Biography and WorksCharles Dickens was born in Portsmouth on 1812, in south coast of England but his family moved to Chatham when he was young. He spent his childhood in Chatham. The scenery of this city was vaguely pictured in his novels. His father, John Dickens was a clerical employee marine office. His father’s representation existed in David Copperfield as Mr. Micawber. In 1822, John Dickens was shifted to London but his debt was mounted and forced his family to sell their property to pay his debt. It kept happening until his father pawned their house yet he was jailed because he could not pay off his debt.
When he was 12 years old, Charles Dickens work in a warehouse to stick label on bottle. It happened for six weeks. His experience really dragged him down as a man. Dickens had an opportunity to write that there were no words which able to express his suffering. His childhood which supposed to be a good one had ruined. It was showed in David Copperfield when David had to work in wine cellar.
Two half year later, Dickens started to school in Wellington Academy. Then, in 1827 when he was 15 years old, he started to work as clerical employee in law office. In the same time, he learned about living in London and often visited theatre even took short time acting lesson.
magazine. It was entitled The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club and after it was published, Dickens’ reputation as writer was getting better.
He quitted his job as parliamentary journalist and spent his whole life for writing. She married Catherine Hogarth on April 1836 yet he never felt happiness from his marriage and he divorce with his wife 20 years later. His works was increasing and some novels were published including Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby. Firstly, it was published monthly and then, it was published as a novel. In 1840, Dickens became the most famous writer in England. In 1849, he wrote another famous novel entitled David Copperfield. His friends John Foster suggested become the first person in that novel and this suggestion became the perfect method for Dickens to tell about his life. Dickens wrote about his own experience. It was not only created a good novel but also became a camouflage of his auto biography.
ii. Summary of the Novel Oliver Twist
Oliver Twist was the name given by the director of the workhouse. Oliver Twist was born without knowing about his mother who died after delivered him. In the workhouse, he had limitation food which made him ask for more. His destiny brought him to an owner of coffin shop, Mr. and Mrs. Sowerberry to be apprenticed. Oliver should sleep under Mr. Sowerberry’s working table and ate dog food leftover. Diligently, Oliver helped his master and one day, he was very angry when his mother was mocked by another apprentice named Noah Claypole. He beaten him then he was locked in the cellar by Mrs. Sowerberry. Then, he decided to escaped and brought potluck lunch. Oliver walked and kept walking.
Oliver was determined to reach London within 70 miles. Every time he knocked the door to ask for help, he was always thrown out. After walking for seven days and nights, he finally arrived in London, a city which was truly dangerous for a kid in his age. When he was hungry, The Artful Dodger offered his help. Oliver acquainted with a group of thieves which was led by Fagin. Fagin taught Oliver about robbery and stealing. Oliver was commanded to pick-pocket with his two friends. His two friends’ action was found out and Oliver became panic and ran. There was a mob that chased Oliver. They thought Oliver was the thief. Finally, he was got caught. The shop owner who knew the truth helped Oliver in the court. In a state of weakness and fainting, Oliver was rescued by Mr. Brownlow. Oliver‘s life began to change into the better one. Unfortunately, he was re-abducted by a prostitute named Nancy and a robber named Bill Sikes.
brought Oliver in his burglary. The burglary was failed and Oliver got a very bad wound on his hand. Then he was saved by Mrs. Rose Maylie. She helped him and brought Oliver to meet Brownlow. Nancy felt concerned about seeing the life of Oliver. Nancy went to talk to Mr. Brownlow to tell the news of Oliver. Lately, Nancy’s attitude was unfriendly to Fagin. Fagin asked Noah Calypole to follow Nancy wherever she went. The meeting was known by Fagin and told that Nancy secretly met Mr. Brownlow to inform about the whereabouts of Oliver. Hearing about it, Bill Sikes rushed to her home, unable to contain his emotions towards Nancy then Bill Sikes directly killed Nancy.
63 REFERENCES
Damono, Sapardi Djoko. 1984. Sosiologi Sastra Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Dickens, Charles. 1838. Oliver Twist. United Kingdom: Richard Bentley.
Eagleton, Terry. 2005. The English Novel: An Introduction. England: Blackwell Publishing.
Foster, John. 2005. Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution. London: Methuen & Co Ltd.
Greenbalt, Stephen. 2001. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Major Authors Edition. England: Norton Publisher.
Hobsbawn, Eric. 1962. The Age of Revolution 1789-1848. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc.
Humphries, Jane. 2010. Childhood and Child Labor in the British Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kothari, C.H. 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and Tehniques. India: New International Limited Publisher.
Naipospos, Tami Miannauli. 2015. Exploitation of Children during Industrial Revolution Depicted in Elizabeth Browning’s Poetry “The Cry Of The Children”. Medan: FIB USU
Rao, C.N. Shankar. 2005. Sociology. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd.
Satre, Jean-Paul. 1948. What is Literature. Translated by: Bernard Frechtman. New York: Philosophical Library.
Tyson, Lois. 2006. Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide (Second Edition). New York: Routledge.
Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. 1948. The Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Articles and Journals
Broder, Sherri. 2008. Child Care or Child Neglect?: Baby Farming in Late Nineteenth-Century. Gender and Society Journal. Volume 2, No. 2, pp. 128-148. Web
64 Eastlake, Laura. 2010. Romantic Antiquity: Rome in the British Imagination,
1789-1832 by Jonathan Sachs. University of Glasgow: Oxford University Press. Web.
Fitzgerald, Richard. 2000. Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery, Volume IV, 2000. Web
Sandelowski, Margarete. 2000. Focus on Research Methods: Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description?. Carrington Hall, School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Received 10 September 1999; accepted 14 January 2000. Web. UNESCO. 1967. Sociology of Literary Creativity. International Social Science
Journal. Volume XIX, No. 4. Web.
Internet Source
Berita Satu. 2011. Eksploitasi Anak Marak di Kawasan Industri Bekasi dan
Karawang. [Online]
2016).
Douglas, laurelyn. 1991. Medical Developments In Britain During The Nineteenth
Century. [Online]
Retrieved on May 20th, 2016)
Eagleton, Catherine and Artemis Manolopoulou. 2010. The Industrial Revolution and the Changing Face of Britain. [Online].
Hackett, Lewis. 1992. Industrial Revolution. [Online]
Khalid, Umar. 2015. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. [Online].
Miller, Graham. 2016. Victorian England. [Online].
May 20th, 2016)
Pratama, Akhdi Martin. 2016. Polisi Menangkap Dua Tersangka Baru Terkait Kasus
Eksploitasi Anak. [Online]
65 Unni, Anni. 2013. Pendekatan Historis dalam Mengapresiasi Sastra. [Online].
Wikipedia Contributors. 2016. Industrial Revolution. [Online].
28
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
The writer used Qualitative descriptive method in the writing process of this thesis. The Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of phenomena are desired. Such study is especially useful for researchers wanting to know the who, what, and where of events (Sandelowski, 2005: 339). The Qualitative descriptive method tries to interpret and relate the significance data to the situation, attitude as well as the point of view in a society, conflict between two condition or more, and many others.
To find the data as reference of writing this thesis, the writer used library research and internet research. The writer is collecting the data from some books, internet and many other resources that can be related to the subject matter being analyzed. The writer will do these following steps; collecting, selecting, analyzing the data, interpreting them and finally creating the conclusion to write the thesis for achieving the most effective study results.
3.2 Data and Data Source
29 3.3 Data Collection
In collecting the data, there are two kinds of data, primary data and secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character while secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process. (Kothari, 2004: 95).
In order to collect the primary data, the writer read the novel several times in order to get more understanding about the novel, underlined the important data in the novel that related to the impact of industrial revolution on children. The important data must be selected in order to support the analysis of the impact of industrial revolution on children and secondary data was gathered from several books which are related to the topic of this thesis. The writer collected the data which give understanding with the problem and objective of this thesis. Some of data and information are also found from internet to support the analysis data.
3.4 Data Analysis
30
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDING
It is really important to discuss about industrial revolution because it was a great turning point which happened in the world yet it brought many negative impacts toward society and the worst one was children exploitation. Actually, the impact of industrial revolution did not fall upon children directly. There were some social impacts that happened before the impact fell upon children. Before explaining about children exploitation, it will be better if we know the historical background that fore grounded children exploitation during industrial revolution.
England had a quick advancement during industrial revolution era in 18th until 19th century. The transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. The advancement was getting quicker after Joseph Kay succeeded in creating a weaving machine which could work faster and arranged the cloth’s width in 1733.Despite of weaving machine, the invention which brought a great impact during industrial revolution was steam engine which was invented by James Watt in 1782. With the invention of steam engine, many industries started to be moved by machine. With all those advancement, industrial revolution brought many positive impacts which able to improve the quality of life.
31 understand that one problem has a relation with other problem. It is like a chain reaction.
The root of those social problems during industrial revolution was urbanization. Industrial revolution had created a new urban life style which attracted many villagers to seek their own fortune in industrialized city. According to Fitzgerald (2000) in his journal entitled Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery that industrial revolution accelerated the growth of the urban population. Industrialization drew thousands of people to the urban areas in search of employment. Many cities were completely unprepared for the great influx of workers. Because of urbanization, there were many new terms that appeared during industrial revolution era like worker, slum area, and children trafficking. Besides, urbanization also caused another social problem like poverty, and also children exploitation.
4.1 The Negative Impacts of Industrial Revolution in Oliver Twist
32 4.1.1 Urbanization
Industrial revolution had industrialized many cities in England which attracted villagers to move to city. This kind of phenomena is called urbanization. Industrial revolution led to urbanization by creating economic growth and there were many job opportunities that draw villagers moved to city. Industrialized city is like a pillar of light which attracted moths to come closer to the light. Many villagers believe that by living in city, their life will be better because everything has become more advanced. Those advancement and job opportunities have attracted villagers move to city.
“The name awakened a new train of ideas in the boy’s mind. London! - that great place! - nobody, not even Mr. Bumble, could ever find him there. He had often heard the old men in the workhouse, too, say that no lad spirit need want in London; and that there were ways of living in the vast city which those who had been bred up in country parts had no idea of. It was the very place for a homeless boy, who must die in the streets unless some one helped him. As these things passed through his thoughts, he jumped upon his feet, and again walked forward.” (Dickens, 1838: 46)
Despite of attracted by living an easy life, villagers are also attracted by the lights of city. During industrial revolution, electricity only existed in city while village had not been flown by electricity so that they move to city in order to know how great living in city with its advancement.
“Much farther! Yes as good as there,’ said the long-legged tramper, pointing out before him. ‘Look there! Those are the lights of London.’ ‘They’re a good two mile off, at least,’ said the woman despondingly. (Dickens, 1838: 275-276)
33 “A pleasant night, sir, but cool for the time of year,’ said Fagin, rubbing his hands. ‘From the country, I see, sir?’
‘How do yer see that?’ asked Noah Claypole.
‘We have not so much dust as that in London,’ replied Fagin, pointing from Noah’s shoes to those of his companion, and from them to the two bundles” (Dickens, 1838: 279)
Once a city is industrialized, the process of urbanization continues on for a much longer period of time until the city goes through economic and social reform. City becomes more developed because of urbanization. The emergence of new entrepreneurs, shop and many others, new houses have been built so that city becomes more crowded and make trading process easier.
“It was market-morning. The ground was covered, nearly ankle-deep, with filth and mire; and thick steam, perpetually rising from the reeking bodies of the cattle, and mingling with the fog, which seemed to rest upon the chimney-tops, hung heavily above.” (Dickens, 1838: 135)
Urbanization is always characterized by the large-scale migration of people from the rural areas to the urban areas in which led to a sudden, and often unexpected, increase in the urban population so that city becomes crowded and loaded.
“Countrymen, butchers, drovers, hawkers, boys, thieves, idlers, and vagabonds, every low, were mingled together in a dense mass. The whistling of drovers, the barking of dogs, the barking of dogs, the bellowing and plunging of oxen, the bleating of sheep, the grunting and squeaking of pigs; the cries of hawkers, the shouts, oaths, and quarrelling on all sides; the ringing of bells and the roar of voices that issued from every public-house; the crowding, pushing, driving, beating, whooping, and yelling; the hideous and discordant din that resounded from every corner of the market; and the unwashed, unshaven, squalid, and dirty figures constantly running to and fro, and bursting in and out of the throng, rendered it a stunning and bewildering sense, which quite confounded the sense.” (Dickens, 1838: 135)
34 perceived as a negative trend. The rise in population of the cities has created many problems like air and water pollution that became the major issues.
“Near to that part of the Thames on which the church at Rotherhithe abuts, where the buildings on the banks are dirtiest and the vessels on the river blackest with the dust of colliers and the smoke of close-built low-roofed houses, there exists, at the present day, the filthiest, the strangest, the most extraordinary of the many localities that are hidden in London, wholly unknown, even by my name, to the great mass of its inhabitants.” (Dickens, 1838: 329)
Besides, the number of villagers that moved to city cannot be matched by the square measure of the city. Villagers and demand for housing keep increasing but city cannot provide enough houses for those villagers so that it creates slum area. During industrial revolution in England, slum area had become one of major problems. The rate of slum area in England was quite high because England could not accommodate those villagers. The condition of slum area in England at that time was quite miserable.
“The sole places that seemed to prosper, amid the general blight of the place, were the public-houses; and in them the lowest orders of Irish were wrangling with might and main. Covered ways and yards, which here and there diverged from the main street, disclosed little knots of houses, where drunken men and women were positively wallowing in the filth; and from several of the doorways great ill-looking fellows were cautiously emerging, bound, to all appearance, on no very well-disposed or harmless errands.” (Dickens, 1838: 51)
35 4.1.2 Poverty
The poverty during industrial revolution was caused by urbanization which became uncontrollable so that there were many villagers that moved to city and England population exploded and city could not take in those many villagers. Poverty is also the element of society, based on this novel, poverty during industrial revolution was characterized by low income earnings, food shortage, poor living conditions and poor health.
Many villagers that moved to city work as laborers during industrial revolution. They are paid by low wages as the consequence of factory policy in order to take in any people that wanted to work. As the consequence of the low wages that they received, they have to suffer financial problem.
“It’s all bought up as fast as it can be made,’ said the fellow. ‘There are fourteen water-mills, six steam-engines, and a galvanic battery always a-working upon it; and they can’t make it fast enough, though the men work so hard that they die off, and the widow is pensioned directly, with twenty pound a year for each of the children, and a premium of fifty for twins.” (Dickens, 1838: 316)
Just like the previous quotations in term of poverty, the problem faced by the poor is similar. Despite of working in factory, those paupers that did not work in factory choose to become vagrant or conducting crime.
“This was a vagrant of sixty-five, who was going to prison for not playing the flute; or, in other words, for begging in the streets, and doing nothing for his livelihood.” (Dickens, 1838: 82)
36 “With this view, they contracted with the water-works to lay on an
unlimited supply of water; and with a corn-factor to supply periodically small quantities of oatmeal; and issued three meals of thin gruel a day, with an onion twice a week.” (Dickens, 1838: 11)
Obviously, the food limitation has made them suffer extreme famine. Most of paupers do not feel contented with food limitation which was done by the board because the portion of the food is very small and not enough to satisfy their hunger.
“We have given away, Mr. Corney, we have given away a matter of twenty quarters loarves, and a cheese and a half, this very blessed afternoon; and yet them paupers are not contented.” (Dickens, 1838: 147)
Besides, the board also limits the kind of food that could be given to the paupers. Those paupers also cannot be overfed because the food had been limited. The food which was prohibited by the board is meat because meat can make those paupers have much energy and spirit in which would lead to rebellion.
‘Meat, ma’am, meat,’ Replied Bumble, with stern emphasis. ‘You’ve overfed him, ma’am. You’ve raised a artificial soul and spirit in him, ma’am, unbecoming a person of his condition; as the board, Mrs. Sowerberry, who are practical philosophers, will tell you. What have paupers to do with soul or spirit? It’s quite enough that we let ‘em have live bodies. If you had kept them on gruel ma’am, this would never have happened.” (Dickens: 1838: 43)
The condition of paupers is quite miserable. The lack of food has affected their physical appearance. They become very pale which indicated that they did not eat properly.
37 Due to this kind of treatment, many paupers die because of starving. It looks like the board starves those paupers to death on purpose. The rate of mortality which was caused by starving was quite high during industrial revolution
“When I came back, she was dying; and all the blood in my hearts has dried up, for they starved her to death. I swear it before the God that saw it. They starved her!’ He twined his hands in his hair, and with a loud scream, rolled groveling upon the floor, his eyed fixed, and the foam gushing from his lips.” (Dickens, 1838: 34)
Despite of extreme famine, many paupers also suffer poor housing. They have to live in house which could not protect them from any kind of weather. It can be said that their house are not proper to be lived by. Many paupers during industrial revolution era lived in slum area. They should live in slum area in which the air and water are polluted; the place was really dirty and there were many rats surround the place. Their houses were stuck together and resided in narrow and dirty alleys.
“A dirtier or more wretched place he had ever seen. The street was very narrow and muddy, and the air was impregnated with filthy odors. There were a many small shops; but the only stock in trade appeared t be heaps of children, who, even at that time of night, were crawling in and out at the doors, or screaming from the inside.” (Dickens, 1838: 50-51)
The houses in slum area almost like the people who are tottering and crazy, supporting themselves on canes. Actually the inmates of the houses realize that the houses that they lived in are not good to be inhabited at all, but they have no other places to go.
Some houses which had become insecure from age and decay, were prevented from falling into the street, by huge beams of wood reared against the walls, and firmly planted in the road; ... (Dickens, 1838: 33)
38 wood” behind the walls and plant them in the road. Despite of living in slum area, some of those paupers that had no place to live must live on the side road. They have to struggle with the cold air and starving all day long.
“Bleak, dark, and piercing, cold, it was a night for the well housed and fed to draw round the bright fire and thank God they were at home; and for the homeless starving wretch to lay him down and die. Many hunger-worn outcasts close their eyes in our bare streets, at such times, who, let their crimes have been what they may can hardly open them in a more bitter world.” (Dickens, 1838: 144)
When the night comes, they have to spend their time sleeping in a bare street and let themselves to get cold and stiff until the morning lights come to warm their body. Being homeless is caused by poverty, because they have no means or money to supply their basic needs.
Because of poor housing and limited financial, many paupers were vulnerable to illness during industrial revolution. Paupers that lived in slum area cannot take care of their own health. Paupers that lived in slum area are living with polluted air and water and live in improper house. Illness accounted for many deaths during industrial revolution era. With a chronic lack of sanitary care and no knowledge as to what caused illness. Illness was also a social problem which was hard to be solved during industrial revolution era. Most of paupers die because of fever and tuberculosis become the greatest killer in slum area.
“She was sinking under a painful and incurable disease, and wished to recover him before she died. Inquiries were set foot, and strict searches made. They were unavailing for a long time, but ultimately successful; he went back with her to France.” (Dickens, 1838: 343)
39 “Surely there is no danger of anything so dreadful,’ said Oliver. ‘Two
hours ago she was quite well.’
‘She is very ill now,’ Rejoined Mrs. Maylie; ‘And will be worse, I am sure. My dear, dear Rose! Oh, what should I do without her?” (Dickens, 1838: 213)
Due to all the social problems associated with industrial poverty, the government tried to pass new Poor Laws that were intended to help the poor. Sadly, the Poor Laws have made the impoverished suffer even more. The Poor Law created the institution of the workhouse. The workhouse was designed so parishes would no longer have to support the poor for free. If the poor need support, they have to live at the workhouse and work with limited food and basic shelter.
“…the parish authorities magnanimously and humanely resolved, that Oliver should be ‘farmed,’ or, in other words, that he should be dispatched to a branch workhouse some three miles off, where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders against the poor-laws, rolled about the floor all day, without the inconvenience of too much food or too much clothing, under the parental superintendence of an elderly female, who received the culprits at and for the consideration of sevenpence-halfpenny per small head per week” (Dickens, 1838: 5)
Besides, the treatment of society and parishes official toward paupers during industrial revolution was quite terrible. Many laborers die in the work place due to over exhaustion or accident. Most of those laborers are paupers. Nonetheless, factory owner tends to pay no attention to laborer’s death because they just worker. There are many people that wanted to work in factory so that if a laborer died, they can be replaced with a new laborer.
40 Dickens tried to show his protest against factory owner that labored their laborer all day long which made them had no time to rest a while or even sleep during industrial revolution.
“For combination of both these blessings in the one simple process of picking oakum, Oliver bowed low by the direction of the beadle, and was then hurried away to a large ward, where, on a rough hard bed, he sobbed himself to sleep. What a noble illustration of the tender laws of England! They let the paupers go to sleep!” (Dickens, 1838: 11)
The quote above was a satire of the author of this novel toward his society surrounded him at that time. “What a noble illustration of the tender laws of England! They let the paupers go to sleep!” described that laborers or paupers could not go to sleep at that time because they had to work all day long. It happened because the demands of some goods kept increasing so that those laborers should work hard to fulfill the demand. With that kind of life style, obviously there were many deaths that occurred among paupers during industrial revolution.
Poverty had also created social class that was very significant between citizens in England at that time. The social class has created the unfair treatment of upper class toward lower class.
“He may have worse, I say,’ repeated Mr. Grimwig. ‘Where does he come from! Who is he? What is he? He has had a fever. What of that? Fevers are not peculiar to good people; are they? Bad people have fevers sometimes; haven’t they, eh? I knew a man who was hung in Jamaica for murdering his master. He had had a fever six times; he wasn’t recommended to mercy on that account. Pooh! nonsense!” (Dickens, 1838: 89)
41 do anything to get money. Sometimes they willingly ditch them or even accuse them for something that they were not even done.
“No,’ he said, smiting the table with his fist, ‘I do not. The boy has a new suit of clothes on his back, a set of valuable books under his arm, and a five-pound note in his pocket. He’ll join his old friends the thieves, and laugh at you. If ever that boy returns to this house, sir, I’ll eat my head.” (Dickens, 1838: 91)
Industrial revolution also created more socioeconomic mobility, and increasingly people began to view poverty as a condition resulting from personal failure rather than an inescapable state. For Christians who supposedly treat others with fairness, kindness, and altruism, parish sacrificed their duty of providing the basic necessities of life to constantly seeking the least expensive relief method. Many beadles and other parish use religious rhetoric to justify their treatment to the paupers.
“You’re going by coach, sir?’ I thought it always usual to send them paupers in carts.’
‘That’s when they’re ill, Mrs. Mann,’ said the beadle. ‘We put the sick paupers into open carts in the rainy weather, to prevent their taking cold,’
‘Oh!’ said Mrs. Mann.
‘The opposition coach contracts for those two, and takes them cheap,’ said Mr. Bumble. ‘They are both in a very low state, and we find it would come two pound cheaper to move ‘em than to bury ‘em – that is if we can throw ‘em upon another parish, which I think we shall be able to do, if they don’t die upon the road to spite us. Ha! ha! ha!” (Dickens, 1838: 108)
42 4.2 The Effect of Those Negative Impacts of Industrial Revolution on Children in Oliver Twist
Industrial revolution not only brought negative impacts toward our society but also many little children at that time. Despite of little children, many babies also suffered the negative impact of industrial revolution. Most of those children were exploited. Exploitation is an arbitrary and discriminatory treatment against someone which was committed by the people or families with the purpose of forcing the person to do something without pay attention to their rights such as physical and mental development. Someone can be exploited if he cannot say “No” or reject any command and all he can do is accepting any command which was given so that any people can do anything to them arbitrary. Most of the exploitation victim is children because they possess no power to reject those commands physically and mentally. Actually, not only children that can be exploited but also adult can be exploited if they have no power to reject.
43 4.2.1 Baby Farming
During industrial revolution era, baby farming had become a very well-known business. This kind of business was started because of the number of woman that worked as laborer was increasing so that they had to entrust their babies to baby farmer. Babies that were entrusted to baby farmer including orphans that was left by their parents due to accident in workplace, and unwanted children that was abandoned by their parents because the children was the result of forbidden love in middle class or upper class. Most of those babies are exploited by baby farmer to get money for their own advantages.
“And now about business,’ said the beadle, taking out a leathern pocket-book. ‘The child was half-baptised Oliver twist is nine year old today.’
‘Bless him! Interposed Mrs. Mann, inflaming her left eye with the corner of her apron.
‘And notwithstanding a offered reward of ten pound, which was afterwards increased to twenty pound- notwithstanding the most superlative, and I may say, supernat’ral exertions on the part of this parish,’ said Bumble, ‘we have never been able to discover who is his father, or what was his mother’s settlement, name or cond-ition.” (Dickens, 1838: 8)
Most of baby farmers were parish official during industrial revolution. They received weekly stipend which was given by the board to help them in raising those babies. Unfortunately, the baby farmer uses this chance by taking the greater part of the money for their own while giving the rest to raise those babies.
44 It showed the Christian hypocrisy which happened toward children during industrial revolution. Even though those baby farmers are paid, they never took care of those babies very well. Precisely, they torture those babies and children by starve them, shut them or even abuse them.
“Oliver was about to say that he would go along with anybody with great readiness, when, glancing upward, he caught sight of Mrs. Mann, who had got behind the beadle’s chair, and was shaking her fist at him with a furious countenance. He took the hint at once, for the fist had been too often impressed upon his body not to be deeply impressed upon his recollection.” (Dickens, 1838: 9)
They often experience physical abuse from the baby farmer which made them obey and afraid of the baby farmer. Sometimes those babies that had grown up are locked up in the cellar if they made a mistake.
“They shall understand that, ma’am; they shall be acquainted with the true state of the case,’ said Mr. Bumble. ‘There, take him away. I can’t bear the sight on him.’
Dick was immediately taken away, and locked up in the coal-cellar. Mr. Bumble shortly afterwards took himself off, to prepare his journey.” (Dickens, 1838: 110)
This kind of business can be categorized as exploitation because they use those babies as the field of money. They receive the money but do not do their duty very well. With that kind of treatment, most of those babies and children are in miserable condition.
‘The child was pale and thin, his cheeks were sunken, and his eyes large and bright. The scanty parish dress – the livery of his misery – hung loosely on his feeble body; his young limbs had wasted away, like those of an old man.” (Dickens, 1838: 109)
45 also miserable. Some of them are dead due to bad treatment and the carelessness of baby farmer.
“…for the at very moment when a child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and half cases of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world, and there gathered to the fathers which it had never known in this.” (Dickens, 1838: 6)
The rate of baby mortality is quite high because of this kind of business. Those baby farmers do not responsible of those babies death. There are many babies that died in the hand of baby farmer and they just pay no attention to their death.
“It’s very much blotted, sir,’ said the farmer of infants; ‘but it’s formal enough, I dare say. Thank you, Mr. Bumble, sir; I am very much obliged to you, I’m sure.’ Mr. Bumble nodded blandly, in acknowledgement of Mrs. Mann’s curtsy, and inquired who the children were. ‘Bless their dear little hearts!’ said Mrs. Mann, with emotion, ‘They’re as well as can be, the dears! Of course, except the two that died last week and little Dick.” (Dickens, 1838: 109)
Baby farming can be considered as children exploitation because they utilize babies as their money farm. They are paid by their parents and orphanage but they never done their duty very well. They just think about themselves and take advantage of those babies.
4.2.2 Children Apprentice
46 with some pound for themselves from the board. The board offers those children like selling a good or property in market in which many people look for it. Many shop owners want to take those children because they can help the shop owner to work and learn about the trade.
“Oliver was ordered into instant confinement, and a bill was next morning pasted on the outside of the gate, offering a reward of five pounds to anybody who would take Oliver Twist off the hands of the parish. In other words, five pounds and Oliver Twist were offered to any man and woman who wanted an apprentice to any trade, business and calling.” (Dickens, 1838: 14)
Just like a market, the buyers have their own right to bargain the price of the children. The board will decide whether they accept the price or not. Sometimes, the board do not accept the price if it is too cheap.
“Mr. Gamfield’s countenance brightened, as, with a quickstep, he returned to the table, and said,
‘What’ll you give, gen’l’men? Come! Don’t be too hard on a poor man. What’ll you give?’
‘I should say, three pound ten was plenty,’ said Mr. Limbkins. ‘Ten shillings too much,’ said the gentleman in the white waistcoat. ‘Come!’ said Gamfield; ‘say four pound, gen’l’men. Say four pound, and you’ve got rid of him for good and all. There!’
‘Three pound ten,’ repeated Mr. Limbkins, firmly…” (Dickens, 1838: 17)
Sometimes, children apprentice is used as children trafficking practical. The board does that for their own advantage. Those children apprentices are paid because they have helped the master when doing their job. The wages of apprentice depends on the master. If the master is a good one then the wages will be expensive and vice versa.
47 ‘Yes, Oliver,’ said Mr. Bumble. ‘The kind and blessed gentlemen
which is so many parents to you, Oliver, when you have none of your own, are a-going to ‘prentice you; and to set you up in life, and make a man of you; although the expense to the parish is three pound ten! – three pound ten, Oliver! Seventy shillin’s – one hundred and forty sixpences! – and all for a naughty orphan which nobody can’t love” (Dickens, 1838: 18)
Even though they have been paid by the master, it does not mean they can do anything they wanted. They have to obey any kind of command that was given by the master and they cannot resist the command.
“Well,’ said Mr. Sowerberry, taking up his hat, ‘The sooner this job is done the better. Noah, look after the shop. Oliver put on your cap, and come with me.’ Oliver obeyed, and followed his master on his professional mission.” (Dickens, 1838: 32)
That kind of treatment can be categorized as physical exploitation because those children apprentices have to follow his master anywhere and everywhere when he went to do job. They are like an assistant for the master. Because of this, they also get much knowledge which was given by the master to them so that they can apply the knowledge in the future.
“As Oliver accompanied his master in most of his adult expeditions, too, in order that he might acquire that equanimity of demeanour and full command of nerver which are so essential to a finished undertaker, he had many opportunities of observing the beautiful resignation and fortitude with which some strong-minded people bear their trials and loses.” (Dickens, 1838: 36)
48 “Oliver fell on his knees, and clasping his hands together, prayed that
they would order him back to the dark room – that they would starve him – beat him – kill him if they pleased – rather than send him away with that dreadful man.” (Dickens, 1838: 20)
Because of those children’s life belonged to the master, the master have their own right to do anything they please toward the children that they had taken. Become apprentice means that they will become the possession of the master. If the master treats them well, they are lucky but if the master treats them bad, they should not resist and have to accept that kind of treatment. Usually, the bad treatment always happens when they will be fed by the master.
“Here, Charlotte,’ said Mrs. Sowerberry, who had followed Oliver down, ‘give this boy some of the cold bits that were put by for Trip. He hasn’t come home since the morning, so he may go without ‘em. I dare say the boy isn’t too dainty to eat ‘em – are you, boy?’ (Dickens, 1838: 27)
Usually, they are fed by food leftover or a piece of bread with butter. Feeding limitation rule also has effect in apprenticeship because if the apprentice is overfed, they will rebel and resist the master. In Oliver case, he was fed by his master’s dog food leftover that was neglected by the dog for days. The bad treatment also happens to them when they want to rest. It was true that the master provided a place to stay for apprentice but it does not mean they can sleep in a proper place like they expected. Usually, the apprentice sleep in dirty basement which is not an inappropriate place to rest or on kitchen floor and sometime in attic in which the master store his broken and old properties.
49 A master is responsible to ‘tame’ the apprentice that he had been brought home. Like a master that tamed his dog, masters should punish their apprentice if they made a mistake in doing their job. The punishment can be flogging, being caged in the basement or being starved for days. It is done so that the apprentice will never resist their master and always obey them.
“No; he’s out, or he would have murdered him,’ replied Noah. ‘He said he wanted to.’
‘Ah! Said he wanted to: did he, my boy?’ inquired the gentleman in the white waistcoat.
‘Yes, sir,’ replied Noah. ‘And please, sir, Missis wants to know whether Mr. Bumble can spare time to step up there, directly, and flog him – ‘cause master’s out.” (Dickens, 1838: 42)
Despite of punish those children apprentices, the master will do anything to make the apprentice go to work even abuse them. The death of apprentice will not become a burden for master because they can look for other children that could become apprentice in parish workhouse or even the board.
“That’s acause they damped the straw afore they lit it in the chimbley to make ‘em come down agin,’ said Gamfield; ‘That’s all smoke, and no blaze; vereas smoke ain’t o’ no use at all in makin’ a boy come down, for it only sinds him to sleep, and that’s wot he likes. Boys is wery obstinate and wery lazy, gen’lmen, aand there’s nothink like a good hot blaze to make ‘em come down vith a run. It’s humane, too, gen’lmen, acause, even if they’ve stuck in the chimbley, roasting their feet makes ‘em struggle to hextricate theirselves.” (Dickens, 1838: 16
50 4.2.3 Children as Laborer
Children as laborer happened during industrial revolution because of poverty in a family. The decision of children work as laborer is made by parents. If the family live below the poverty line, parents see children as part of contributor in their family income. The only reason parents send children to labor is because of their low income. Consequently poor parents cannot afford schooling for their children. Thus, mainly poor households are to send forced their children to labor instead of sending to school. It shows that poverty and underdevelopment drives children labor.
“Noah was a charity-boy, but not a workhouse orphan. No chance-child was he, for he could trace his genealogy all the way back to his parents, who lived hard by; his mother being a washerwoman, and his father a drunken soldier, discharged with a wooden leg, and a diurnal pension of twopence-halfpenny and an unstatable fraction.” (Dickens, 1838: 30)
During industrial revolution, there were factories which developed because of the increase of product demand so that they had to produce quicker. Many factories labor many children because they can be paid by low wages and ordered arbitrary. Those children begin to work at early morning every day.
‘Well! You have come here to be educated, and taught a useful trade,’ said the red-faced gentleman in the high chair.
‘So you’ll begin to pick oakum to-morrow morning at six o’clock,’ added the surly one in the white waistcoat. (Dickens, 1838: 10-11)
51 Sevenpence-half penny’s worth per week is good round diet for a child; great deal may be got for sevenpence-halfpenny; quite enough to overload its stomach and make it uncomfortable.” (Dickens, 1838: 5)
During labor in factory, most of those children laborer are starved to death. In the factory, the food is limited by the owner whereas they have to do their work for hours. The food is not enough to regain their energy or even satisfying their hunger. Sometimes, those children have to hold their hunger for three months. This kind of thing is a kind of general torture toward children. Starvation had become the worst problem that ever happened on children during labor in factory.
“…employing themselves, meanwhile, in sucking their fingers most assiduously, with the view of catching up any stray splashes of gruel that might have been cast thereon. Boys have generally excellent appetites. Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months.” (Dickens, 1838: 12)
Those children are not allowed to ask for more food to the owner. Each child cannot exceed the food quota because it will violate the rule of the factory. For those children that tried to ask for more food than it will be considered as violation to the feeding rule because it equals with doing crime act.
“What!’ said the master at length, in a faint voice. ‘Please, sir,’ replied Oliver, ‘I want some more.’
The master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with a ladle, pinioned him in his arms, and shrieked aloud for the beadle.” (Dickens, 1838: 12)
Because it is considered as crime, there must be a punishment. The punishment for those children that violated the rule is being locked in stone jug or being starved until the owner accepts their regret and gives his mercy upon them.
52 Sometimes, death sentence could be valid on those children that tried to ask for more food at that time. The death sentence can be hung. It can be happen if the factory owner reports this kind of rebellion to the board then the board can order to hang the children. It was the picture of the cruelty of children life as laborer during industrial revolution.
“Horror was depicted on every countenance. ‘For more!’ said Mr. Limbkins. ‘Compose yourself, Bumble, and answer me distinctly. Do I understand that he asked for more, after he had eaten the supper allotted by the dietary?’
‘He did sir,’ replied Bumble.
‘That boy will be hung, ‘said the gentleman in the white waistcoat. ‘I know that boy will be hung.” (Dickens, 1838: 14)
Dickens tried to criticize the Victorian society for the ill-treatment of the poor and social stratification that existed during this period. He opened the eyes of readers to the plight of children who were subjected to child labor and he was successful partly due to the fact that he had personally been involved in child labor and was able to give his readers a vivid image of what it was like for those unfortunate children.
“What a fine thing capital punishment is! Dead men never repent; dead men never bring awkward stories to light. Ah, it’s a fine thing for the trade! Five of ‘em strung up in a row, and none left to play booty, or turn white-livered!” (Dickens, 1838: 54-55)
53 of dangerous working condition, it has caused many children laborers die due to accident in the work place. It also raised the rate of children mortality at that time.
“Lor bless her dear heart, when she has lived a long as I have, sir, and had thirteen children of her own, and all on ‘em dead except two, and them in the wurkus with me, she’ll know better than to take on in that way, bless her dear heart! Think what it is to be a mother, there’s a dear young lamb, do’” (Dickens, 1838: 4)
Obviously, children as laborer are considered as exploitation because those children are utilized by factory owner but they did not care about those children welfare or safety. They even pay those children by low wages and ordered them to work arbitrary. This also can be categorized as physical exploitation.
4.2.4 Children Recruitment as Criminals
During industrial revolution era, many children that lived on the street. The existence of many street children is caused by poverty. They have no home or money to buy food. Most of those street children are orphans or neglected children. Because of the number of street children, it has given a chance for any senior thieves to use this moment. They manipulate those street children’s mine by showing them how pleasant is their lives.
“There, my dear,’ said Fagin, ‘that’s a pleasant life, isn’t it? They have gone out for the day.’
‘Have they done work, sir?’ inquired Oliver.
‘Yes,’ said the Jew; ‘that is, unless they should unexpectedly come across any when they are out; and they won’t neglect it, if they do, my dear – depend upon it.” (Dickens, 1838: 58)
54 “From this day, Oliver was seldom left alone; but was placed in
almost constant communication with the two boys, who played the old game with the Jew every day: whether for their own improvement or Oliver’s, Mr. Fagin best knew. At other times the old man would tell them stories of robberies he had committed in his younger days: mixed up with so much that was droll and curious, that Oliver could not help laughing heartily, and showing that he was amused in spite of all his better feelings.
In short, the wily old Jew had the boy in his toils. Having prepared his mind, by solitude and gloom, to prefer any society to the companionship of his own sad thoughts in such a dreary place, he was now slowly instilling into his soul the poison which he hoped would blacken it, and change its hue forever.” (Dickens, 1838: 120)
That kind of thing can be categorized as mental exploitation because those children are manipulated mentally so that they want to steal.
Because of the harshness life on street, it has made them easily to be manipulated because they can get money easier by becoming a thief. They do not have to suffer much pain and working really hard like those children who work as laborer.
“Look here,’ said the Dodger, drawing forth a handful of shillings and halfpence. ‘Here’s a jolly life! What’s the odds where it comes from? Here, catch hold; there’s plenty more where they were took from. You won’t, won’t you? Oh, you precious flat!” (Dickens, 1838: 117)
After they are manipulated, they are trained before they start to do stealing for the first time. Those children are being taught to be professional criminals. Children are starting out as an opportunist thief, if well-trained, can rise to become a member of a gang of exclusive professional pick-pockets.
“See if you can take it out, without my feeling it; as you saw them do, when we were at play this morning.’
Oliver held up the bottom of the pocket with one hand, as he had seen the Dodger hold it, and drew the handkerchief lighty out of it with the other.
‘Is it gone?’ cried the Jew.
55 ‘You’re a clever boy, my dear,’ said the playful old gentleman, patting
Oliver on the head approvingly. ‘I never saw a sharper lad. Here’s a shilling for you. If you go on, in this way, you’ll be the greatest man of the time. And now come here, and I’ll show you how to take the marks out of the handkerchiefs.
Oliver wondered what picking the old gentleman’s pocket in play, had to do with his chances of being a great man. But, thinking that the Jew, being so much his senior, must know best, he followed him quietly to the table, and was soon deeply involved in his new study.” (Dickens, 1838: 58)
Even though by becoming a thief is also a dangerous job, those children will keep doing it because they cannot fulfill their needs if they did not stealing. No stealing a day means no food all day long. Stealing has become a part of their life. They have been dragged to the darkness life by the boss of thieves that did not want to contaminate their own hands to steal.
“There had been no handkerchiefs to work upon for two or three days, and the dinners had been meager. Perhaps these were the reasons for the old gentleman’s giving his assent; but whether they were or no, he told Oliver he might go, and placed him under the joint guardianship of Charley Bates and his friend the Dodger.” (Dickens, 1838: 59)
This kind of treatment can be categorized as physical exploitation because those little children are utilized by the boss of thieves who wanted to take advantage for their own self so that they will get no harm and sacrifice those children to get what he wanted. For the boss of thieves, every child is worth pounds because those children steal not only for themselves but also for the boss.
“What is it’ pursued Fagin, mad with rage. ‘When the boy’s worth hundreds of pounds to me, am I to lose what a chance threw me in the way of getting safely, through whims of a drunken gang that I could whistle away the lives of! And me bound too, to a born devil that only wants the will, and has the power to, to-.” (Dickens, 1838: 165-166)
56 like the boss of thieves who asked his underlings to steal and he kept the best part of those hot goods like jewelry, and watch while the young thieves can only have handkerchief, and books.
“Aha!’ said the Jew, shrugging up his shoulders, and distorting every feature with a hideous grin. ‘Clever dogs! Clever dogs! Stanch to the last! Never told the old parson where they were. Never peached upon old Fagin! And why should they? It wouldn’t have loosened the knot, or kept the drop up a minute longer. No, no, no! Fine fellows, Fine fellows!’
With these, and other murmured reflections of the like nature, the Jew once more deposited the watch in its place of safety. At least half a dozen more were severally drawn forth from the same box and surveyed with equals pleasure; besides rings, brooches, bracelets, and other articles of jewellery…” (Dickens, 1838: 54)
Besides, those young thieves always become the bait when they run a big burglary plan. When the burglary is failed, the bait will be left behind and the senior thieves will run away and rescue themselves without pay any attention to those young thieves. The boss of thieves and those senior thieves are the most selfish creature on the street. They never thought about those young thieves welfare. As long as they are not caught by police officer then they will be fine.
“Bill had him on his back, and scudded like the wind. We stopped to take him between us; his head hung down, and he was cold. They were close upon our heels; every man for himself and each from the gallows! We parted company, and left the younger lying in a ditch – alive or dead, that’s all I know about him.” (Dickens, 1838: 160-161)
57 “…He had seen of the stern morality of the old gentleman’s character.
Whenever the Dodger or Charley Bates came home at night empty handed, he would expatiate with great vehemence on the necessity of an active life by sending them supperless to bed. On one occasion, indeed, he even went so far as to knock them both down a flight of stairs; but this was carrying out his virtuous precepts to an unusual extent.” (Dickens, 1838: 59)
Usually, most of boss of thieves are selfish. They utilized children to look for money and all the boss has to do is waiting and enjoying the money. The wealth savings of the boss is never known by other members because there will be disunity of the team if they find out about the savings. Thieves look like two dogs that tried to snatch a bone when they look for money. That is how Dickens described a selfish boss of thieves named Fagin in his novel. He kept all of his fortune for himself and kept utilizing his pupil to steal in order to fulfill his demand.
“Now,’ said the Jew, when they had left the room, ‘I’ll go and get you the cash, Nancy. This is only the key of a little cupboard where I keep a few odd things the boys get, my dear. I never lock up my money, for I’ve got none to lock up, my dear – ha! ha! ha! none to lock up. It’s a poor trade, Nancy, and no thanks; but I’m fond of seeing the young people about me, and I bear it all - I bear it all. Hush!’ he said, hastily concealing the key in his breast; who’s that? Listen!” (Dickens, 1838: 256)
In order to get much money, obviously they have to steal from rich people like gentlemen or rich women that worn jewelry or diamond that walking around the street.
58 Despite of rich people, another victim of those young thieves is little children from middle class that did their errand for shopping in the market. Those little children are innocent and do not recognize the cruelty of life in industrialized city.
“The kinchins, my dear,’ said the Jew, ‘is the young children that’s sent on errands by their mothers, with sixpences and shillings; and the lay is just to take their money away – they’ve always got it ready in their hands – and then knock ‘em into the kennel, and walk off very slow, as if there was nothing else the matter but a child fallen down and hurt himself.” (Dickens, 1838: 283)
The recruitment of children as criminal is also considered as children exploitation because they utilize those children for their own benefit without think about the safety of those little children. Despite of utilizing, boss of thieves also forces those children to steal even though they are not willing to steal. Those children usually rebel and resist when they ask to steal.
“Oh! For God’s sake, let me go!’ Cried Oliver; ‘Let me run away and die in the fields. I will never come near London - never, never! Oh! Pray have mercy on me, do not make me steal. For the love of all the bright Angels that rest in Heaven, have mercy upon me!” (Dickens, 1838: 142)
When those children start to rebel and resist the boss, the only way to shut them down is threatening them. The boss of thieves always threatens them by using gun or abusive word to calm them down.
‘Oliver murmured his comprehension of the different bodies referred to; and Mr. Sikes proceeded to load the pistol, with great nicety and deliberation.
‘Now, it’s loaded,’ said Mr. Sikes, when he had finished. ‘Yes, I see it is, sir,’ replied Oliver.
59 The selfishness of the boss of thieves has made those young thieves in danger. Most of them are caught by police. They really have a hard time when they have to face police officer. During industrial revolution era, the punishment for those young thieves that were caught was being locked in a stone prison or had to do hard labor for the time being.
“How do you propose to deal with the case, sir?’ inquired the clerk in a low voice. ‘Summarily,’ replied Mr. Fang. ‘He stands committed for three months - hard labor, of course. Clear the office.” (Dickens, 1838: 67)
Those were the negative impacts of industrial revolution on children in England at that time. Many of Dickens’ novels told about children’s life. Dickens also tried to show his protest against this tragedy during industrial revolution through this novel.
“And I should like to tell him,’ said the child, pressing his small hands together and speaking with great fervor, ‘that I was glad to die when I was very young; for, perhaps, if I had lived to be a man, and had grown old, my little sister, who is in heaven, might forget me, or be unlike me; and it would be so much happier if we were both children there together.” (Dickens, 1838: 110)
60
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
After analyzing the data, the writer has conclusion and suggestion that related to the result of the previous chapters. In this chapter, the writer presents the conclusion of the whole analysis. This chapter contains the conclusion based on the result of the analysis and the relevant suggestion for the further researcher related to this study.
5.1CONCLUSIONS
Based on the analysis, I came upon the following conclusion for objective of my study.
1. There are two negative impacts of industrial revolution on England society as reflected in the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens including urbanization and poverty. Industrialized city is like a pillar of light that attracted villagers move to city. There are many villagers that move to industrialized city like London so that increase the number of population. The city cannot provide enough housing and villagers that worked as labourer is paid by lower wages. This became the root of many social problems during industrial revolution. That kind of phenomena has led to poverty. Because of poverty, many paupers are starved to death and the living condition has made them suffer many kinds of illness which led to death. Urbanization and poverty has become the root of negative impact of industrial revolution on children.
61 their children to earn some money so that they can help their family financial. There are four kinds of children exploitation in the novel Oliver Twist including baby farming, children apprentice, children as labourer, and children recruitment as criminals. In baby farming, many babies are exploited by baby farmer. They want received the money but they did not take care of those babies very well. In children apprentice, those children are utilized by the master that brought them home. They are force to become apprentice. In children labourer, many factories prefer to use children because they can be paid by lower wages. In children recruitment as criminals, those children are utilized by the boss of thieves to steal without think about their safety.
5.2 SUGGESTIONS
Furthermore, in this good chance, the writer would like to suggest for those who are interested in Victorian literature especially novel. Charles Dickens is one of the most popular Victorian writers with some phenomenal works which tried to show his protest about the social condition during industrial revolution.
Oliver Twist is one of his famous novels that exposed the cruelty of children’s
life in industrialized city. The other research maybe using this novel especially by the students of English Literature in order to widen to knowledge about the impact of industrial revolution because not only children that suffered the impact. Actually, there are still many problems that can be analyzed in this novel like the psychology of certain characters, woman rights, and many others.
62 Indonesia is having the process to change from agriculture city into modern city. The industrial revolution happens quite massively in Jakarta, one of cities in Indonesia. There are many villagers that considered Jakarta as the best city to seek their fortune so that there are many villagers that moved to Jakarta. Unfortunately, most of those villagers cannot work in city due to lack of skills. Besides, there are no places for those villagers so that it creates many slum area and increase the rate of poverty in Jakarta. This kind of thing has triggered children exploitation which was done by many parents in slum area. Those things above have increased the rate of children exploitation along with the increase of population in Jakarta. Poverty and children exploitation are social problem that hard to be overcome not only in Indonesia but also any other countries.
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Brief Description about Novel
Wellek and Warren (1948: 3) said in his book entitled The Theory of Literature that literature is distinct activity, one is creative, an art literary work as a form and result of creative work, in reality is a media which used language to tell about human’s life so that a literary work consists of problem of human’s life. Literary term was used to called cultural tendency which can be found in our society and it keeps developing. Literature is not only in written form but also in spoken form. Literature is usually divided according to its geography or language. The categories of literature are novel, short story, poem, poetry, drama, and painting.
Novel is one form of literature. A novel is a totality, a comprehensiveness that is artistic. As a totality, the novel has passages elements, most related to one another in
close and mutually dependent. The elements of a novel-builder who is then collectively
form a totality that in addition to the formal elements of language. The division of the
element in novel is the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. A novel is usually tells about people’s life in interacting with their environment and social life. A novel is such a great thing even though it exists in written form yet it can tell any kind of event according to author’s willing. Eagleton says in his book entitled The English Novel: An Introduction,
10 The word “Novel” came from the Italian, Novella, which means the new staff that small. Novels developed in England and America. A novel was originally developed in the region from other forms of narrative nonfiction, such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a shift in society and time development, the novel is not only based on nonfiction data, author of novel can change the idea according to desired imagination.
In Europe and America, novel had become a special genre of literature and its works design had become wider in which created many kinds of genre. The first form of modern novel can be found in some era like classical Roman era in which many kinds of romantic novel were shown. Eastlake says in her article entitled Romantic Antiquity: Rome in the British Imagination,
“The idea of ancient Rome for Romantic writers and the ways in which Rome was portrayed and utilized in literature to forge a sense of British national identity and political modernity (Eastlake, 2010:1).”
11 Realist and naturalist novels began to be exposed since 19th century. In this era, Charles Dickens, Thackeray and George Elliot (England), Tolstoy and Dostoevsky (Russia), Nathaniel Hawthorne (America) became journalistic references to reveal the hidden reality which was caused by hypocrisy of false morality and decency aristocratic. During the 20th century and the consequences which was caused by the great events of World War 1 and 2 had made the characters in novels became increasingly complex. The impact of World War had created two kinds of genre they are modernism and post-modernism
2.2 Sociology of Literature
Sociology of literature is derived from two terms “Sociology” and “Literature”. If we glance both terms, they seem different and have no any related meaning. On the other hand, if we learn about both terms, we can find that sociology and literature cannot be separated because each of them is interrelated. Leenheardt says in Lengyel’s journal entitled Sociology of Literary Creativity,
“The expression 'sociology of literature' covers two very different types of research, bearing respectively on literature as a consumer product and literature as an integral part of social reality, or, considered from another angle, bearing on society as the place of literary consumption and society as the subject of literary creation.” (Leenhardt qtd in Lengyel, 1967: 517)
12 “Sociology is the study of individual in a social setting that includes
group’s organization, cultures and societies; and of the interrelation of individuals, groups, organizations, cultures and societies.” (Rao, 2005: 6)
Generally, sociology teaches us how to understand about social environment and social phenomenon in our society. The object of study of sociology is society. A society is part of social environment. By using sociology, we can understand about society, its various institutions of human relationships and its manifestation of man’s social interaction and socialization. From explanation above, it can be concluded that sociology is a knowledge that concerned with social relationships and studies society, human interactions, inter-personal and intra-personal relations. It tries to study scientifically social institutions, organizations and systems.
Besides sociology, literature also discuss about the social condition in a society. Literature is considered as the social symptom. A literature was written in a certain time and related to rule, norm and also culture at that time. An author changes their work as a part of society. It is a specific evaluative criterion to say that an author should express the life of his own time fully, that he should be "representative" of his age and society (Wellek and Warren: 1948: 91). Satre says in his book entitled What is Literature,
“Literature is, in essence, the subjectivity of a society in permanent revolution. In such a society it would go beyond the antinomy of word and action. Certainly in no case would it be regarded as an act; it is false to say that the author acts upon his readers; he merely makes an appeal to their freedom and in order for his works to have any effect, it is necessary for the public to adopt them on their own account by an unconditioned decision.” (Satre, 1948: 159)
13 tries to change their mind set to be more sensitive towards their environment because we can learn many things from our social environment. Sociology and literature are discussing about social problem. Damono says in his book entitled Sosiologi Sastra Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas,
“Sebuah karya sastra di zaman modern ini, dapat dianggap sebagai usaha untuk menciptakan kembali dunia sosial ini: hubungan manusia dengan keluarga, lingkungannya, politik, negara, dan sebagainya.” (Damono, 1979: 8)
It can be concluded that literature cannot be separated from sociology because Literature is an art that develops in human society throughout the ages quite independently of sociology, whereas sociology is a science whose purpose is to discover the objective laws of social life in all its manifestations including creative art (Pospelov, 1967: 47). Thereby sociology of literature was created in order to analyze a social condition through literature.
Sociology of literature is a branch of literature study which discuss about the relation between literature and social condition through the text of a novel. Obviously, the approach of sociology of literature is about the relation of literature and society. According to Wellek and Werren in his book entitled The Theory of Literature,
“Literature is an exspression of society, it means literature is mirrors or expresses life is even more ambiguous. A writer inevitably expresses his experience and total conception of life but it would be manifestly untrue to say that he expresses the whole of life or even the whole life of a given time—completely and exhaustively.” (Wellek and Warren, 1948: 91)
