SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED IN “
PAUL
”
MOVIE SCRIPT
A THESIS BY
W ILDA RAHM AW ATI M ANIK REG.NO.080705004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to give my biggest gratitude to almighty Allah
Subhanahuwa Ta’ala for blessing my life, giving me good health, strength, and
patience especially during the process of finishing this thesis. Then shalawat and
salam to prophet Muhammad SAW who has lighted the life of all human beings.
Though the following dissertation is an individual work, I could never have reached
the heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a
lot of people.
I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of
Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., for giving all students facilities to support
their study. The gratitude is also expressed to the head of English Department Dr. H.
Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum, as the secretary of English
Department for the easiness and the facilities given to me during my study. And the
writer also would like to thank to all lectures of English Department.
I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum as my
supervisor and Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as my co-supervisor respectively for
helps, guidence, and contributions in my thesis. My gratitude is also expressed to all
my lectures in English Department who taught me much and contributed the
knowledge during the acamic years.
My very special thanks to these special people whom I owe everything I am
abilities and in me is what has shaped me to be the person I am today. Thank you for
everything.
Next, special thanks to my awesome friends, Rizka Tiska Sari, S.Sos and
Winda Aini Siregar, S.Psi. Thanks for bringing back my smile anytime I lose it.
And the most special and deep thanks to my precious and wonderful sisters,
Unnie Ika, Mida, Wulan, and Shinta. Thanks for caring and being patience to me.
Last but not least, to my friends who have been helped and save me
information for the making of this thesis. I really appreciate it, thank you guys.
Thank you very much to all of the people whose names could not be mentioned one
by one.
May ALLAH SWT always bless us all, Amiin.
Medan, January 14th 2013 The writer
Wilda Rahmawati Manik
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, WILDA RAHMAWATI MANIK DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR
OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF
THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED
ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY
WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR WARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO
OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS
THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER
DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : WILDA RAHMAWATI MANIK
TITLE OF THESIS : SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF SLANG USED IN
“PAUL” MOVIE SCRIPT
QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT
USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF
THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
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ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul ”Semantic Analysis of Slang Used In Paul Movie Script”
bertujuan untuk menganalisis kata-kata slang dalam Naskah Film Paul, kemudian
mencari makna leksikal dan kontekstual serta mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan
jenis perubahan maknanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Eble (1996) dalam
menjelaskan slang, serta menggunakan teori Lyons (1984) untuk mengetahui makna
leksikal dan kontekstual pada kata slang dan menggunakan teori Palmer dalam
menjelaskan jenis perubahan makna yang terjadi pada kata-kata slang. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan metode
dokumentasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Data berupa kata-kata slang yang
bersumber dari naskah film Paul. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa makna
leksikal adalah makna yang ditetapkan dalam kamus, sedangkan makna kontekstual
adalah makna yang diperoleh berdasarkan konteks pada kalimat ditemukannya
kata-kata slang. Kata slang yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah kata-kata fuck, diikuti kata
shit, gonna, dan damn. Semua kata slang yang ditemukan diklasifikasi atas jenis
perubahan maknanya. Ada empat jenis perubahan makna pada kata-kata slang yaitu,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………. v
COPY RIGHT DECLARATION ………. vi
ABSTRACT ………. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study ……… 1
1.2Problems of the Study ……… 4
1.3Objective of the Study ……… 4
1.4Scope of the Study ……… 5
1.5Significance of the Study ……… 5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Review of Literature ……… 6
2.1.1 Semantics ……… 6
2.1.2 Kind of Meaning ………... 7
2.1.3 Lexical Meaning ……… 7
2.1.4 Contextual Meaning ……… 8
2.1.5 Semantic Changes and Types ……… 9
2.1.6 Variety of Language ……… 12
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design ……… 18
3.2 Data and Data Source ……… 19
3.3 Data Collection Procedures ……… 19
3.4 Data Analysis ……… 19
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis ……….. 23
4.2 Finding ………. 49
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ……… 52
5.2 Suggestion ……… 53
REFERENCES
ABSTRAK
Skripsi berjudul ”Semantic Analysis of Slang Used In Paul Movie Script”
bertujuan untuk menganalisis kata-kata slang dalam Naskah Film Paul, kemudian
mencari makna leksikal dan kontekstual serta mengklasifikasikannya berdasarkan
jenis perubahan maknanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Eble (1996) dalam
menjelaskan slang, serta menggunakan teori Lyons (1984) untuk mengetahui makna
leksikal dan kontekstual pada kata slang dan menggunakan teori Palmer dalam
menjelaskan jenis perubahan makna yang terjadi pada kata-kata slang. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan metode
dokumentasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Data berupa kata-kata slang yang
bersumber dari naskah film Paul. Berdasarkan hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa makna
leksikal adalah makna yang ditetapkan dalam kamus, sedangkan makna kontekstual
adalah makna yang diperoleh berdasarkan konteks pada kalimat ditemukannya
kata-kata slang. Kata slang yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah kata-kata fuck, diikuti kata
shit, gonna, dan damn. Semua kata slang yang ditemukan diklasifikasi atas jenis
perubahan maknanya. Ada empat jenis perubahan makna pada kata-kata slang yaitu,
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language is essentially important in human life as a means of
communication. By communication, people easily can share information, express
their ideas and interact with others. Furthermore, we can understand a language by
means of meaning. Everyone who knows a language can understand what is said to
him or her, and can produce string of words that conveys meaning. In linguistic, the
study that relates to meaning is called semantics. Fromkin (1983:166) states that
semantics is the study of linguistics meaning. While according to Goddard, semantics
is the study of meaning, stand at the very centre of the linguistic quest to understand
the nature of language abilities. Semantics is one of the branches of linguistics
studying about the meaning, and it is considered as a major branch of linguistics
devoted to the study of meaning in language (Crystal, 1999:310). Semantics is also at
the centre of the study of human mind-though process, cognition and
conceptualization, all these are intricately bound up with the way which we classify
and convey out experience of the words through language.
When we study language in school or college, teachers usually teach us the
standard language. As we know, it is usually used in formal situation, for instance, in
meeting seminar, etc. It is very different when we got into the society or the real
community of the language. People usually use non standard language for the
Eble (1996:1) said that slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and
phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness
within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. Hornby (1974:807)
states that slang is words, phrases, meanings of words, commonly used in talk among
friends or colleagues, but not suitable for good writing or formal occasions,
especially the kind used by and typical of only one class of persons. The use of slang
causes people to feel more intimate with one another while they are communicating.
Slang is usually popular among teenagers and adults. Slang is often used in
daily life conversation. The phenomenon happened around us such as in chatting,
direct conversation, or in other social network media. It is seen when teenagers try to
use slang in talking to other people, some of them do not really understand the
meaning of the slang word itself. They used it just because of hearing from other
people or just get the influence of dialect action from movie or songs. This
phenomenon has emerged because slang uses highly informal words and expressions
that are not considered to be standard language. Thus, either adults or teenagers
prefer to use it because it tends to be casual and does not have any grammatical rules.
Slang is used only by particular group of people in certain territory for particular
purposes. It can be seen from teenagers that use slang to create identity in order to be
different from adult Afro-American people. They use slang to distinguish them from
white people. Sometimes the slang words are not understood by people who are not
familiar with them.
Nowadays, the use of slang is getting more globalized in reality, people often
use slang words in instant messaging by using short-formed words when sending
movies that focused on gangster or teenagers lives. The ‘Paul’ is one of movies that
use slang words. In this movie, there can be found some slangs used by the
characters in communication. It is viewed that the use of slang among the characters
in this movie, beside easy to say it because it refers to simple forms but also reflects
the intimate situation.
This study concerns with investigating the lexical and contextual meaning
and the semantic change’s type of slang that might appear in the script of ‘Paul’
movie. The contextual meaning is the meaning it has in the situation in which it is
used. Here the example of lexical and contextual meaning of slang used in Paul
Movie Script;
A: They think they're so cool.
GRAHAM
B: Hey, are you excited about going to
Area 51?
CLIVE C: Hell yes.
The word ‘Hell’ in the utterance above is a slang word. Based on the context,
the real meaning of ‘Hell’ has changed into new different meaning. Lexically ‘Hell’
means the place believed to be the home of devils and where bad people go after
indicating agreement or support. The new meaning of ‘Hell’ is broader than its real
meaning.
By looking at the slang words of Paul movie script above, some people who
use English as a second or foreign language may get confused in comprehending the
meaning of the script, since the slang words have the specific meaning.
Departing from the argumentation above, the study of slang language in
‘Paul’ movie script is very interested how are the characters, especially the teenagers
play the role in acting that reflected in their communication by using American
slang.
1.2 Problem of the Study
The problems of this study are the contextual and lexical meaning and the
less or more dominant type of semantic change of the slang words used “Paul”
Movie Script.
1. What is the lexical and contextual meaning of slangs used in ‘Paul’ movie
script?
2. What is the most dominant slang word used in ‘Paul’ movie script?
3. What is the type of semantic change that has less or more dominant for
the slang used in ‘Paul’ movie script?
1.3 Objective of the Study
Based on the formulation of the problems mentioned above the objective of
1. To identify the lexical and contextual meaning of slang found in ‘Paul’
movie script.
2. To identify the most dominant slang word used in ‘Paul’ movie script
3. To identify the type of semantic change of the slang in ‘Paul’ movie
script.
1.4 Scope of the Study
According to Moleong (2001:65), the scope of the study is the most
determining step in the qualitative research. It is important to restrict the problem
because it helps the Researcher in analyzing the data. Therefore, the writer focuses
on slang word found in “PAUL” movie script.
1.5 Significances of the Study
The writer chooses the topic relating to the analysis of slang word used in
‘Paul’ movie script. Through this study, the writer hopes that the readers, especially
American English learners can get more understanding about American slang, and its
meaning. Moreover, the writer hopes the readers can understand some American
slang found in American movie. The writer also wants the readers to understand
slang when they are with the users of American slang. This study is also aimed to
encourage people to conduct more research on slang used by other communities and
to collect more documents about slang. Besides that, this study can be used as an
additional reference for other students who are interested in studying further about
CHAPTER II
Review of Literature
This chapter presents the theories that support the study. In this study, the
researcher use lexical and contextual meaning and semantic change theory to analyze
the slang found in Paul Movie Script. There are also previous studies about semantic
analysis of slang done by a former student, which will be stated after the main theory
and supporting theories.
2.1 Review of Literature
2.1.1 Semantics
Fromkin (1999:151) says that for thousands years, philosophers have been
pondering the meaning of meaning, yet speakers of a language can understand what
is said to them and can produce strings of words that are meaningful to other
speakers. He also states that semantics is the study of the linguistic meaning of
morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. To understand language, people study
semantics because they need to know the meaning of words and the morphemes that
make the meaning of words combine into phrase and sentence meaning. They must
interpret the meaning of utterances in the context in which they are made. The study
of meaning is much needed for those who want to be good speaker or writer to
communicate better in their daily life activities. Leech (1997:9) stated that semantics
(as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication becomes more
and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes
more pressing. Semantics is not only the center of communication study, but also the
conceptualization all these are intricately bound up with the way in which people
classify and covey people’s experiences of the world through language.
Palmer (1981:1) stated that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the
study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of
linguistics. In addition, he stated that ‘meaning’ here covers a variety of aspects of
language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what
aspects of it may properly be included in semantics, or the way in which it should be
described.
In conclusion, semantic is the study of meaning in language which is only
concerns with the meaning, but also other relationships of meaning, including
language and cultures.
2.1.2Kind of Meaning
Semantics concerns with aspects of meaning in language. There are certain
kinds of meaning, such as lexical meaning, philosophical meaning, contextual
meaning, grammatical meaning, sentence meaning, descriptive meaning, expressive
meaning and social meaning. In this study the writer focuses on the theory of
meaning that is related with this study that is the lexical meaning and contextual
meaning.
2.1.3Lexical meaning
The meaning of words or lexical meaning is a part of linguistic knowledge
being the meaning of word. Samsuri (1987:14) stated that “Lexical meaning is the
meaning of word itself beyond the sentences composition. So the meaning of words
will be changed when the words are put in the sentence”. According to Lyons
(1984:140) lexical meaning is a meaning described in the lexicon or dictionary. In
addition, he also said that lexical meanings are the meaning of a word or sentence
which upon the meaning of its constituent lexemes.
2.1.4 Contextual Meaning
Contextual meaning is the meaning of words according to the situations in
which they are used (Lyons: 1984:143). Different situations give different meaning.
On the other hand, in the particular situations the sentences will be equal in meaning.
In addition, contextual meaning is also defined as the information signaled about the
kind of use a linguistic unit has in its social context (Crystal, 1991: 79).
Simon and Schuster (1982: 10) state that context is the interrelated condition
in which something exists or occurs. Longman (1992: 275) says that “context means
the part of speech of words and the things denote”. It can be said that contextual
meaning have meaning according to the text. It involves the function of word in
sentence formation since different arrangement of the same word can convey
different context. So, we can conclude that the contextual meaning is the meaning of
the words according to the situation in which they are used. Different situation may
give different meaning in a sentence.
For example;
· Hair on my grandfather’s head is white
2.1.5Semantic changes and types
According to Fromkin and Rodman (1983:297), semantic change is a change
in one of the meanings of a word that may expand or replace the original meaning of
words in the process by either elevating the value of the word or lowering it. The
meaning of words can also be shifted as they are borrowed from one language into
another as it happened in the term formulation (Palmer 1981:2-5).
There are many factors why semantic changes occur. Generally, the meaning
of a word change when the context is altered .According to Palmer (1981:9-13), the
meaning of a word can be changed because of the following factors:
1. Happening by chance.
The meaning of a word is happening by chance and there is almost no
meaning relation found between new and old words. For example, the word
“money” in English refers to what you earn by working or selling things and use
to buy things (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:172), while the word “moneo”
in Latin refers to a warning.
2. Needs of new meaning
The meaning of a word is changed as it needs new meaning. Discoveries
have caused human to be creative in giving names to new objects. The names are
usually taken from available words whether from a language inside or outside
community. For example, originally the word “close” in Oxford Learner’s
while the compound word “close up” in film making terms refers to a photograph
or a picture in a film or taking a very close of something to show the detail.
3. Scientific words
The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as scientific words.
Scientific words are indeed taken from everyday vocabularies but they are used
to explain something a bit different from the common idea. For example, the
word “lens” refers to a curve piece of glass that makes things look larger
(Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:768), while the word “lens” in film making
term refers to a part of camera where light pass through before hitting the film
stock (Kamus Istilah Film Populer 2009:55).
4. Taboo
The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as a taboo word.
Some tabooed words can lead their replacing words to receive additional
meaning. For example, the word “Rest Room” is not a place to take a rest, but
it is euphemism of Water Closet a place to defecate or wash and arrange your
hair (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary 2002:1422)
Some of linguists define several of semantic changes from their two
perspectives. These are types of semantic changes that are stated by Palmer
(1981:8-9):
1. Generalization
It happens when the meaning of a word is broadening to include new
various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one. Generalization
often refers to all items in a class, rather than one specific item. For example,
the original meaning of the word “take” means to carry or to move something
from one place to another (Oxford Advanced Learner), while, the word
“take” in film making term means the act of photographing a scene or a part
of a scene without interruption.
2. Specialization
This is the opposite of generalization. It occurs when the meaning of
word is narrowed into the same class. The range of its meaning is decreased,
so that a word can be used only in fewer contexts than before is reshaped
under the pressure of another word that had frequently co-occurred with it.
For example, in the sentence “Legion is a good film that will be released on
June 2010”, the word “film” refers to a series of moving pictures recorded
with sound that tells a story. However, in the sentence “Be careful with this
film”, it will be used to capture an image”, the word “film” in film making
terms refers to a thin sheet or a strip of developed photographic negatives or
transparencies.
3. Pejoration
It is a process by which a word meaning is worsens or degenerates,
coming to represent something less favorable than it originally did. For
example, the word “blue” refers to a kind of color and it has positive
compound word “blue film” means porn or adult movie which has negative
meaning.
4. Amelioration
It is a process by which the meaning of word improves or becomes
elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally
refers to. For example, in the sentence “The police shoot three of robbers in
front of bank”, the word “shoot” means to shoot something with a gun. It has
terrifying sense of hurting or killing someone. However, in the sentence “The
cameraman starts to shoot the object of film on medium long shot”, the word
“shoot” in film making terms means making a film or photographing
something. In this sentence, the word “shoot” does not has a terrible sense as
it is in the former sentence.
2.1.6 Variety of Language
Some facts about languages are that they are always changing over time,
different between one another, and have a lot of varieties. The language
variation exist because of the use of single language which is different within
a single community, such as men do not speak like women, and older people
do not speak like younger people. Trudgill (1983:100) stated “Language, in
other words, varies not only according to social characteristics of the speaker
(such as his social class, ethnic group, age, and sex). The same speaker uses
a) Dialect
Dialect is one variety of language. According to Trudgill (1983:17)
dialect is defined as the differences between kinds of language in vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation. “Dialect refers to all the differences between
varieties of language, those in pronunciation, word usage, and syntax”
(Chaika, 1982:132). On the level of vocabulary or word usage, for example,
American English called the underground railway as “subway” while British
English use the term “underground”. And “corn” which means “maize” in the
U.S., Canada, and Australia, “wheat” in England, and “oats” in Scotland.
Even though dialects of the same language are different, it still has common
point of features.
b) Register
Different professional and different group may develop distinctive
vocabularies. Ferguson in Wardhaugh, (2002:51) says that people
participating in recurrent communication situations tend to develop similar
vocabularies, similar features of intonation, and characteristic bits of syntax
and phonology that they use in this situation. Wardhaugh (2002:51) defines
the term register as sets of language item related with discrete occupational or
social group. By using register, people can express their identity at a specific
time or place.
c) Jargon
Jargon is special or technical words used by a particular group or
language as seen by non-technical out-group members. One person’s jargon
seems to be another person’s technical vocabulary. Many jargon terms pass
into standard language. Jargon, like slang, spreads from narrow group until it
is used and understood by large segment of the population.
d) Style
People speak in different ways, formally or informally, according to
the situation and the circumstances. Ceremonial occasions require very
formal speech, public lectures somewhat less formal, casual conversation
quite informal, and conversation between friends may be extremely informal
and casual. Speech varies with the situation; different situation requires
different style of speech. Style refers to the selection of linguistics forms to
convey social or artistic effects. Style is also as set of instructions. The
message it conveys is not normally conveyed in words (Chaika, 1982:29).
e) Slang
Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that
speaker use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a
group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. The existence of
vocabulary of this short within a language is possibly as old as language
itself, for slang seems to be part of any language used in ordinary interaction
by a community large enough and diverse enough to have identifiable
subgroups.
The origin of word slang is unknown. It’s resemblance in sound and
found in any language. It is a kind of very colloquial and extremely word
style (Fengjian, 1987: 43), therefore slang is used in informal environments
and avoided in formal setting, like in the work or the classroom. This is
because the use of slang in such circumstances (in the formal situation) could
result that the speaker will be evaluated negatively.
Although slang is for informal situations and environments, it can be
used for many purposes. In writing, it possesses characteristic such as novel
conception, rich image and lively humor (Zhongshouman, 1995: 120).
Generally slang expresses a certain emotional attitude, the same term may
express different attitude when it is used by different people. Some slang
words are primarily derogatory, although they may also be ambivalent when
they are used in intimacy or affection. Because slang is in the area of
fundamental emotions, slang become the most changeable and most
productive language (Britanica, 1959: 767). Slangs are often invented to fit
particular situation at a given moment, such as wetback and flop. In American
English wetback describes a Mexican agricultural worker who enters the
united states illegally by swimming across the Rio Grande, and flop has
meaning “to flap around loosely”. Some slang words are essential because
there are no word in standard language which express the exact meaning,
such as rubberneck that refers to the people who are curious to go where the
crowds are. Besides it can be used to express emotions, slang can be used to
give identification for definite social group. People belonging to the same
social group of the same trade, profession, hobby, age, or social position-
tend to behave in the same way. This behavior influences not only the clothes
particularly slang, is one of several forms of behavior that keeps the ground
distinct from other groups (Britanica, 1959: 766). One of the commonest
social grouping is that of people who work together, like student have lab
(the clipped form of laboratory) and gym (the clipped form of gymnasium),
and the second hand car dealers have creampuffs (excellent car).
At the same time, slang is being seriously studied by linguist and
other social scientist as a revealing index to the culture that produces and uses
it. According to the scientific view, slang is part of natural growth of
language. A living language must continually change, and some of the
changes first appear as slang. Some slangs make the language capable of
giving new and delicate shades of meaning to words or add vividness, clarity,
and directness to everyday expression (Britanica, 1959: 767). Slang has
probably always existed and probably always will exist, in all languages at all
times (Pei, 1967: 189).
This thesis is used Eble’s theory to explain about the slang word and phrase.
The theory of Lyons is used to find the lexical and contextual meaning. Palmer’s
theory is used to explain about the semantic problem especially about the type of
semantic change.
2.2 Relevant Studies
Actually the writer is not the first who analyze English or American slang word.
First, the study of American English slang word has been conducted by graduated
students of English literature faculty of Petra Christian University. The first research
and the processes that form them in "sugar & and spice" movie”. She describes the
formation process of the slang words and found out the most frequent process used in
those slang. Second, the study of American slang word has been conducted by
graduated students of Humanities Faculty of Diponegoro University, Semarang.
They have the same topic but it is different in using theory and has different object to
discuss it. This second research belongs to Septika. S. Tobing (2010) in her research
“Semantic change and meaning shift analysis on film making terms”. She describe
the types of semantic change in film- making terms.
Based on the previous study above, the writer is interested in doing the same
research concerning to the use of American slangs words in Movie Script, but is
different. This study is meant to develop the absence of the topic. It is to identify the
characteristic of slang and to describe the lexical meaning of slang word used in
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1 Research Design
Mc Millar and Schumacher (1993:31) describe research design as the plan
and structure of the investigation used to obtain evidence to answer research
question. The design of this study was descriptive qualitative research; because of
this study describe the meaning of slang word in Paul movie script. Slang is a kind of
jargon marked by its rejection of formal rules, its comparative freshness and its
common ephemerality, and its marked used to claim solidarity. The design describes
the procedures for conducting the study, including when, from whom, and under
what condition the data will be obtained. In other words, design indicates how the
research is done. What happens to the object and what procedure of data collection
are used. The purpose of a research design is to provide the most valid, accurate
answer possible to research question. The design of this study was descriptive
qualitative research. As stated by Gay (1987:11) descriptive research involves
collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer question relates to the current
status of the object of the study. A descriptive study determines and reports the thing.
It means that descriptive study, the research happen naturally, and the research has
no control over the condition and the situation, and can only measure what already
exist.
To do this thesis entitled “Semantic Analysis of Slang used in PAUL Movie
thesis and browses internet. All of the references are related to semantic and
language books.
3.2 Data and Data Source
All data in this thesis are taken from movie script. The data is limited only
all slang words, and phrases found in Paul movie script (2011). It means that it is
not included sentences though the slang words itself derived from the sentences
in the movie script. There are slangs that have meaning as a full sentence, but if it
separated into word, it doesn’t slang anymore.
3.3 Data Collection Procedures
In conducting the research, a method to collect the data is needed to
achieve an accurate data. The documentation method is used in this research
because the data are taken from a printed media. Arikunto (1983:18) said that the
written data or variable in form of note, transcript, book, etc becomes a main
object in the documentation method. This research is continued with a Note-
Taking Method or Written Method which the data are listed by writing the lines
of conversation from the movie script that only contain slang words or phrases
and classifying them according to their types of semantic change.
3.4 Data Analysis Method
After reading the movie script, the researcher find the slang word and phrase
Huberman there are three major phrases of data analysis: data reduction, data
display, and conclusion drawing and verification.
Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Mode (Miles & Huberman, 1992)
3.4.1 Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying,
abstracting and transforming the data that appear in written up field notes or
transcriptions (Miles & Huberman, 1992). In data reduction the mass of data has to
be organized and meaningfully reduced or reconfigured. In this case, the researcher
selects the slang words and phrases and classifies them into the type of semantic
change.
3.4.2 Data Display
Data display is second component or level in Miles and Huberman (1992)
model of qualitative data analysis. A display can be an extended piece of text or a
diagram, graph, chart, table or matrix that provides a new way of arranging thinking
order categories or themes may emerge from the data that go beyond those first
discovered during the initial process of data reduction.
3.4.3 Conclusion Drawing and Verification
This activity the third element of qualitative analysis. Conclusion drawing
involves stepping back to consider what the analyzed data mean and to assess their
implication for the questions at hand. Verification is linked to conclusion drawing,
entails revisting the data as many times as necessary to cross-check or verifies these
emergent conclusion. (Miles & Huberman, 1992).
This research also uses a Descriptive Qualitative Method as the researcher
intended to identify the lexical and contextual meaning of slang words, phrase, or
sentence in Paul movie script.
After collecting the data, the writer analyses them .The step of processing the
data are as follows:
(1) Tabulating the slang words that have been found in the movie script;
(2) Giving the meaning of the slang words; in this part, the researcher uses oxford
and urban dictionary to find the lexical and contextual meaning.
(3) Group them into types of semantic changes;
(4) And drawing conclusion.
Examples of analyzing data :
GRAHAM
”Excuse me.”
PAUL
From the example above, the slang word that found is ‘fucking’ and ‘psycho’.
It will be tabulated and give the lexical and contextual meaning of each word. After
finding the lexical and contextual meaning, it will be classified into type of semantic
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
This chapter deals with the analysis and findings that have been done through
the methodology as explained in the third chapter.
4.1 Analysis
This analysis part is divided into two parts. The first one is the analysis of the
meaning of slang word found in Paul movie script. The second one is the analysis of
the type of semantic change to find which type of semantic change that has more and
less dominant for the slang word. In this chapter, it is found 81 slangs.
4.1.1 Lexical and Contextual Meaning
No. Slang Line in Movie Script Lexical Meaning Contextual
Meaning
“He's my friend! I've known
him for twenty years. He
introduced me to my wife
“Oh you know, kickin' back,
shooting the shit.”
“Shit. My sister's kid went to
that. Little Manga faggot.”
“No, it's 52. Area 51 is just
full of old Pan Am jets and
mini disc players and shit.”
“No shit.”
“Holy shit! It's the space
faggots that dinged the
fuck-mobile!”
“Shame. I get it from the
military. This is the shit that
Wake up. We fell asleep.”
“You better be right about
this, Zoil. I'm getting a little
tired of this shit.”
“Anyway, if there is a God,
didn't he create doctors and
hospitals and scalpels and
shit, so he wouldn't have to
go round fixing people's lazy
eyeballs?”
“Holy shit!”
“Shit!”
“I don't give a shit who's in
command. Where' my
fucking mooncoon?!”
“Shit!”
“Oh shit.”
Bad Thing
Angry
Disgusting
Bad thing
Angry
Angry
Curse
Curse
3. Gonna “Aren’t you gonna get it?”
“Oh come on. Who's gonna
believe anything she says?”
“Tell me you're gonna kill
that thing, Mr. Zoil. Kill it
for what it is.”
“The Lord ain't gonna fix
nothing sweetheart.”
“And you were just gonna
take off?”
“Papa said the Lord would
fix it. Guess that's not gonna
happen, seeing as we're
living in a gigantic godless
universe, with no hope of
salvation.”
“There is no way this thing
isn't gonna end happy.”
going to (in informal pronunciation)
going to
4. Rubbish “No, it’s rubbish” Refuse; garbage.
Worthless material.
5. Tits “Tough tits four eyes”
“I never noticed the third tit.”
a common small
7. Colossus “Give it to colossus” The original
“Oh you man a FAT Coke.”
14. Awesome “Three tits. Awesome.” inspiring or
displaying awe. little rattled but from where I’m standing it would appear you are trading nut
knowledge with an alien life
form.
“It was like the prancing pony in there.”
“Where the hell do you think
you're going?”
“Zoil, what the hell's going
on?”
citadel before we nod off?”
rain, snow, or
28. Cerebro “Least I’ve got Cerebro, eh?” Brain; cerebrum:
J.” ship at sea. cranky, angry
30. Hitchhiking “What about that old man on
crutches we saw
31. Whaddya “Well whaddya know? Small
world.”
33. Bangstick “Dear, coon, beaver,
whatever steps in front of the bangstick, right jake?” they don’t open you throw them away”.
“Yeah I gotta take this man.”
“Maybe. I gotta tell ya. It's at
Slang form of ‘got to’
times like these you wonder
if the intelligent design
crowd aren't onto
something.”
“You gotta talk the talk,
right?”
“I gotta go.”
37. Fuck off “Yeah, now let’s get clover
field onto the recreational vehicle and get the fuck off MacArthur’s black mile.”
38. Bogie “Norad would have picked
up a bogie.”
40. Letterman “You’re going to handle this
personally, Zoil. I want this wrapped up before
insane thinks he/she is
42. Wormhole “How could he possibly have
the word as a
“It’s the fucking V guys again.”
“Fucking borg”
“Fuck, that made me jump.”
“Arrghh, what the fuck?!”
“I'm fucking with you, man.
I was on a science mission
actually.”
“Holy shit! It's the space
faggots that dinged the
fuck-mobile!”
“Fuck you!”
“That doesn't matter. Don't
you see? You're real. I was
right and all those folk that
said I was crazy? Well, they
can all go fuck themselves.”
“Fuck a duck! Get out!”
“Not a fucking cent”
“I don't give a shit who's in
command. Where' my
fucking mooncoon?!”
“Jesus Christ, Zoil, this has
been one fuck up after
another. I should have
handled it myself.”
“You've never made a
mistake in your life. That's
why I put you in charge of
this fucking mission.”
“Too bad, seeing as I'm the
one hold'ng all the cards and
when I say "cards", I of
course mean big fucking
Anger
Curse
Angry
gun.”
“Come here you fucking
geeks.”
“Yeah. Now let's get
Cloverfield onto the
recreational vehicle and get
the fuck off MacArthur's
Black Mile.”
“Holy shit! It's the space
faggots that dinged the
fuck-mobile!”
“I want that little fucker's
brain in a jar by sundown.”
“Well, they can all go fuck
themselves.”
Annoy
50. Kickin’ Back
explosives,
54. Goddamnit “Goddamnit, it knew we
should have gone ahead with invasion in “44.”
“Holy shit! It's the space
fuck-56. Geek “What a geek.”
“It was pretty easy once we
got a fix on the
geek-mobile.”
“Looks like the geek shall
inherit the earth.”
57. Horseshit Horseshit! Paranoid
expression
58. Baby “These the "˜friends' you told
60. Ya “Maybe. I gotta tell ya.”
ball with a grotesque snort
and spits it onto the floor of
the RV.”
“CLIVE reaches down and
picks up PAUL's phlegm
ball.”
“I asked him why he wore
shorts and he said if he didn't
I'd see his big spaceman
balls.”
“You're not still talking
about his balls, are you?”
any round, or spherical, object; sphere; globe
a testicle
63. Kinda “You should get that fixed
up. Reckon you'd be kinda
pretty in the right light.”
“Well it was, kinda.”
“I just kinda retreated into
myself.”
65. Skedaddle “Come on. Let's skedaddle.
You want anything Ruth?”
come along and cart me off
to Area 52.”
a cluster or tuft of things growing together
Many or much
68. Bingo “Bingo! Fortunately,
someone was kind enough to
numbered alike:
“There are only two types of
person small enough to fit
inside an Ewok costume.”
“Don't call me Sausage in
fries.” saturated with
“He always knew what was
going on in Buffy before me
because his mum had cable.”
The British,
Spent a very long time trying
to convince folk about what
happened that night.”
Short form of ‘Why’
76. Freeze “Freeze, space monkey!” to be or become very cold
To stop moving.
77. Mother
fucker
“I don't wanna hear from
either of you jokers until that
little mother fucker is under
glass.”
In five years, you could have
been where I am.”
79. Bulb “This is a self-sustaining
light orb. Might come in
handy, you know, if a bulb
goes.”
“The bulb's gone in there.”
“We need bulb for the
toilet.”
“Might come in handy, you
“He's not a goblin he's from
another planet.”
ugly or misshapen in form
81. Dude “Whatever dude.” a man too much
concerned with his clothes and appearance; dandy; fop
any man or boy
In the movie script is found 81 slang words. From the table above, it can be seen the
After finding the lexical and contextual meaning of each slang words and phrases, it
will be classified into type of semantic change.
4.1.2 Type of Semantic change
21 Cool
22 Hell
23 storm
24 Java
25 Solids
26 Chewie Seat
27 Loo
28 Cerebro
29 Wreck
30 Hitchhiking
31 Whaddya
32 Malt
33 Bangstick
34 Wee
35 Prick
36 Gotta
37 Fuck off
38 Bogie
39 Bastard
40 Letterman
41 Fucking insane
42 Wormhole
43 Balls
44 G’day mate
45 Whatcha
46 Doin’
48 Hitch Hiker
49 Fuck
50 Kickin’ Back
51 Gotcha
52 Bagel
53 Nerds
54 Goddamnit
55 Faggot
56 Geek
57 Horseshit
58 Baby
59 Freak
60 Ya
61 Fatty
62 Balls
63 Kinda
64 Game
65 Skedaddle
66 Hot
67 Bunch
68 Bingo
69 Ewok
70 Sausage
71 Wet
72 Blood
73 Mum
75 Y’
76 Freeze
77 Mother fucker
78 Bitch
79 Bulb
80 Goblin
81 Dude
According to Palmer (1981: 8-9), there are four types of semantic change.
Based on Table 4.2.1, there are four kinds of changes in meaning that has been
passed by those American Slangs in “Paul” movie, namely generalization, pejoration,
specialization and specialization. Based on the result, it is found all of the processes
will be explained more detail in the following:
4.2.1 Generalization
Generalization happens when the meaning of a word is broadening to include
new concepts. The range of its meaning increases, so that the word can be used in
various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one. The example of this
process are the slang words baby and bastard.
a. Baby (Noun)
When we investigate the etymology of the word, actually its origin
has meaning “infant.” Now the meaning of baby means “infant” and
in the sense of slang it is used especially as “a form of address
expressing affection for a young woman, young wife, lover, etc.
The meaning of the slang word bastard also has changed in the
meaning. Before its meaning broadens to “contemptible person”, it
has origin meaning “illegitimate child.”
4.2.2 Specialization
Specialization occurs when the meaning of word is narrowed into the
same class. The range of its meaning is decreased, so that a word can be used
only in fewer contexts than before is reshaped under the pressure of another
word that had frequently co-occurred with it. The example of this process is
the slang words prick.
a. Prick
The word prick has origin meaning “a very small puncture or,
formerly, dot, made by a sharp point”. Then the meaning of the word
is narrowed and become a person, esp. a man, regarded as
contemptible, obnoxious.
b. The other slang that has passed specialization is tits. The origin
meaning of this word refers to “any small projection like teat”.
However, then the word tits passed the process of specialization and
the meaning narrows from before. In standard usage, it refers to
4.2.3 Pejoration
Pejoration is a process by which a word meaning is worsens or
degenerates, coming to represent something less favorable than it originally
did. The slang word that has passed this process is pens and faggot.
a. Pens
The word pens is middle English that has origin meaning “a small
yard or enclosure for domestic animals.” Then the meaning
degenerates or worsen and become “a penitentiary”.
b. Faggot
The word faggot has origin meaning “bundle of sticks.” Then, the
meaning of the word broadens through the process of generalization
and also degenerates through the process of pejoration to become
“homo sexual men” as slang.
4.2.4 Amelioration
It is a process by which the meaning of word improves or becomes
elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it originally
refers to. The American slang that have passed this process is bitch.
a. Bitch
The origin of the word bitch is from old English. It has meaning
“female animals, especially dogs.” Now the meaning of the term
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data, the writer found that the lexical meaning and
contextual meaning is always has different meaning. Referring to the problems of the
study, the lexical meaning of slangs found in Paul movie script is the meaning which
commonly assigned in dictionary. We can easily understand the meaning of slangs
used in the movie script written by Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, by referring to
lexical meaning in the dictionary where the slangs defined lexically or based on the
dictionary.
The most important thing in understanding slang is not only based on the
dictionary, but also on the context where slang is used. In analyzing slang
contextually is more difficult than lexically because the meaning of slang
contextually is not always clear, it is implicit and we have to interpret its meaning.
Sometimes, the meaning of slang relates to the sense or feeling.
After identify all of slang words and phrase, the researcher found that there
are 81 slang words used in “PAUL” movie script. And the most dominant slang word
used in Paul movie script is “Fuck” followed by other words, damn, shit and gonna.
Among them, some of the American slangs refer to the same thing. It means that the
vocabulary of the American slang is quite various to define one thing. Although they
are various, we still should be careful in using them because not each of them is
can hurt ones feeling. Slang is informal words used by a particular social group and
has the positive and negative meaning; the meaning depends on the context. Based
on palmer’s theory for the type of semantic change, it is found there are four
classifications: Generalization, Specialization, Pejoration and Amelioration.
From the classification above, type of Generalization is more dominant for
the slang words in “PAUL” movie script. And Amelioration is the less dominant
happen for the slang words. There are 55 slang words which is classified as
Generalization (67,9%), 11 as Specialization (13,5%), 14 Pejoration (17,3%), and 1
Amelioration (1,2%).
5.2 Suggestion
Slang is interesting to learn and to analyze especially in the movie. So, the
writer would like to suggest the reader especially the students of English Department
to learn more about slang because it is important to study and to understand meaning
of slang. The researcher also hopes that this study can give a contribution for the
readers, especially the students who are interested in semantic study. Furthermore, it
is hoped for further researchers to conduct similar themes of this study, which not
only focuses on meaning and type of semantic change but also on the other aspect of
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APPENDICES
Simon Pegg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Simon Pegg
Pegg at the San Diego Comic-Con International in
July 2010.
Born
Simon John Beckingham
14 February 1970 (age 42)
Brockworth, Gloucestershire, England
Occupation Actor, comedian, writer, producer,
singer, director
Years active 1995–present
Spouse
Maureen McCann
(2005–present)
Children 1
Simon Pegg (born Simon John Beckingham; 14 February 1970) is an English actor,
and starred in various Edgar Wright features, mainly Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz,
and the comedy series Spaced.
He also portrayed Montgomery "Scotty" Scott in the 2009 Star Trek film, Benji
Dunn in Mission: Impossible III and its sequel Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol,
and Thompson in The Adventures of Tintin. Much of his major work has been in
collaboration with some combination of Wright, Nick Frost, Jessica Hynes, and
Dylan Moran. He also starred in and co-wrote Paul (with Frost) and Run Fatboy Run
(with Michael Ian Black).
He will reprise his role as Scotty in Star Trek Into Darkness and will star in Wright's
next film The World's End.
Early life
Pegg was born in Brockworth, Gloucestershire, England, the son of Gillian
Rosemary (née Smith), a former civil servant, and John Henry Beckingham, a jazz
musician and keyboard salesman.[1] His parents divorced when he was seven and he
took on the surname "Pegg" after his mother re-married.[2][3] He attended many schools, including Castle Hill Primary School;[citation needed] Brockworth Comprehensive Secondary School;[citation needed] The King's School, Gloucester;[4] and later Stratford-upon-Avon College to study English literature and Theatre.[5] He studied drama at the University of Bristol and wrote his undergraduate thesis on "A
Marxist overview of popular 1970s cinema and hegemonic discourses".[3] At Bristol he appeared in a Drama Society production of Howard Barker's Victory alongside
Sarah Kane and David Greig.[citation needed]
Career
Early appearances in TV series and films include Asylum, Six Pairs of Pants, Faith in
the Future, Big Train and Hippies. Between 1998 and 2004, Pegg was regularly
featured on BBC Radio 4's The 99p Challenge. In 1999, he created and co-wrote the
Channel 4 sitcom Spaced with Jessica Stevenson. For this project Pegg brought in
Nick Frost. For his performance in this series, Pegg was nominated for a British
director Edgar Wright) and starred in the "romantic zombie comedy" film Shaun of
the Dead, released in April 2004. At George A. Romero's invitation, Pegg and
Wright made cameo appearances in Romero's film, Land of the Dead. In 2004, Pegg
also starred in a spin-off of the television show Danger! 50,000 Volts! called
Danger! 50,000 Zombies!, in which he played a zombie hunter named Dr. Russel
Fell.
Pegg at a premiere for Star Trek in April 2009
Pegg's other credits include the World War II mini-series Band of Brothers, guest
appearances on Black Books, Brass Eye Special, I'm Alan Partridge, The Parole
Officer and in the Factory Records story 24 Hour Party People. He also played the
mutant bounty hunter Johnny Alpha, the Strontium Dog, in a series of Big Finish
Productions audio plays based on the character from British comic 2000 AD and
Pegg appeared in the Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio story Invaders From
Mars as Don Chaney, and portrayed the Editor in the 2005 Doctor Who episode "The
Long Game". He also narrated the first series of the documentary series Doctor Who
Confidential.
Upon completion of Shaun of the Dead, Pegg was questioned on whether he would
be abandoning the British film industry for bigger and better things, to which he
replied "It's not like I'm going to run off and do Mission: Impossible III!" However,
he then went on to play Benji Dunn, an I.M.F. technician who assists Tom Cruise's
character, Ethan Hunt.[6] In 2006 he played an American character, Gus, in Big Nothing alongside David Schwimmer.
In 2006, Pegg and Wright completed their second film, Hot Fuzz, released in
February 2007. The film is a police-action movie homage and also stars Nick Frost.
Pegg plays Nicholas Angel, a London policeman who is transferred to rural
Sandford, a fictional village situated in Pegg's home county of Gloucestershire,
where grisly events take place.
In 2007, Pegg starred in The Good Night (directed by Jake Paltrow) and Run Fatboy
Run directed by David Schwimmer and co-starring Thandie Newton and Hank
Azaria.
In 2008, Pegg wrote the dialogue for an English language re-release of the cult 2006
animated Norwegian film, Free Jimmy. Pegg received screenwriting credit for this,
and Pegg also voiced one of the main characters in the English language version,
which has an international range of actors including Woody Harrelson.
Pegg co-wrote the script for a film called Paul, about two young men who encounter
a comedic extraterrestrial alien during a road trip across the US.[7][8] The completed script appeared on the 2008 Black List, a film-industry-compiled list of the best
