An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia

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Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATING COMPUTER TERM IN ANDREW S. TANENBAUM 3rd COMPUTER NETWORKS INTO BAHASA INDONESIA

A THESIS

BY:

FACHWINALIA KEUMALA SARI REG. STUDENT NO: 050705048

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah,

First of all, I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Almighty Allah

Subhanahu wa Ta’ala for blessings and endowments in my life so I can finish my study, especially in during the process of finishing this thesis. Nothing is possible

to happen without his permission.

I address my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera

Utara, Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, for giving all students facilities to support

their study. I am also grateful to the Head and the Secretary of Department of

English for their advice and encouragement during my study at the faculty.

I would like to thank to all my lecturers in the English Department who have

taught me lesson so long that I can get knowledge. My gratitude for my academic

Supervisor, Dra, Roma Ayuni Loebis, M. A., who has supported me during my study in the English Department And also bang Samsul for his help in

administration matters.

I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL

M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, Med TESOL as my Supervisor and my

Co-Supervisor. I am grateful for their helps, guidance, understanding, and

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My lovely thanks are due to my beloved parents, Fadly P.Amin and Rumiana

Sukrie. I feel grateful for greatest supports and prayers from my lovely sisters and

brothers, k’iin, k’titin, k’ririn, b’dam,b’isan, b’robby and also my lovely nieces

anya, nayla and kheisa. Thanks for ‘caem bersodara’ Desi, Pipi, Ayu, Tia, Qiqi,

Aik, you all the best. My gratitude is also addressed to my colleagues, emak,

wawan, noni, ratih, novi, kajol, dodo, dini, reza, takem. And also k’eka n ayu, I do

love you all thanks for support me in many things.

Medan, December 2009

Reg. No. 050705048

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudu l An Analysis of Translation Procedures of Translating

Computer Term in Andrew S. Tanembaum 3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa

Indonesia. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan istilah-istilah computer yang

terdapat pada buku Andrew S. Tanembaum, Edisi ke-3 Jaringan Komputer dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori penerjemahan Vinay dan Darbelnet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menjadi dua bagian: (1) terjemahan harfiah (literal translation) dan (2) wajib (oblique translation) yang kemudian di pecah lagi menjadi tujuh bagian yang dikenal dengan sebutan prosedur: (a) peminjaman (borrowing), (b) calque, (c)

terjemahan harfiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) kesepadanan dan (g) penyesuaian.

Dari hasil analisis, dapat dilihat adanya kompleksitas pemahaman tentang prosedur penerjemahan. Hal ini harus lebih dipahami secara benar. Banyak hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses penerapan prosedur penerjemahan seperti hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan proses peminjaman, calque, terjemahan harfiah, modulasi, transposisi, kesepadanan dan penyesuaian. Hasil dari analisis yaitu tidak terdapatnya kesepadanan, modulasi dan penyesuaian.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis... 4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ... 4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ... 4

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ... 5

1.6 Literature Review ... 5

CHAPTER II AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ... 9

2.1 What is Translation? ... 9

2.1.1 Art, Craft, and Science ... 10

2.1.2 Language and Culture ... 11

2.2 Process, Product, and Theory ... 15

2.3 Translation Procedures ... 18

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2.3.2 Calque ... 19

2.3.3 Literal Translation ... 20

2.3.4 Transposition ... 21

2.3.5 Modulation ... 21

2.3.6 Equivalence ... 22

2.3.7 Adaptation ... 23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ... 25

3.1 Research Method ... 25

3.2 Data collecting Method ... 25

CHAPTER IV AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ... 28

4.1 Data ... 28

4.2 Data Analysis ... 32

4.3 Discussions ... 36

4.3.1 Borrowing ... 36

4.3.2 Calque ... 43

4.3.3 Literal Translation ... 51

4.3.4 Equivalence ... 53

4.3.5 Transposition ... 53

4.3.6 Modulation ... 54

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4.4 Data Findings ... 54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 57

5.1 Conclusions ... 57

5.2 Suggestions ... 58

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Percentages of each change rank occurred ... 7

Table 2 : Data ... 28

Table 3 : Table of Data Analysis ... 32

Table 4 : Pure Loanwords ... 37

Table 5 : Mix Loanwords ... 37

Table 6 : Loan Blends ... 39

Table 7 : Calque ... 43

Table 8 : Literal Translation ... 52

Table 9 : Transposition ... 53

Table 10 : Table of findings ... 55

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PL : Pure loanwords

ML : Mix Loanwords

LB : loan Blends

TL : Target Language

SL : Source Language

ST : Source Text

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Nowadays, we cannot imagine our life without computers and the fact is that

they have become so important that nothing can replace them. They seem to be

everywhere today. Computers are evolving daily and it is already affecting our

daily life and our society. Distance is no longer an obstacle with the use of

computer. Crossing oceans takes only a mouse click and a second of waiting. This

is what people say about how the computer affects our life.

Virtually, computer which affects most people’s lives are considered as the

most important technological achievement of the days. Using computers, we can

make or solve most of difficult things which are hardly completed without them.

Because of these different varieties of abilities, computers have been creating

many noticeable achievements in most of societies’ fields especially medicine,

education, and usual life. Finally, having a computer is a very spectacular tool that

has many functions and very interesting object to analyze related to translating.

Crystal (1997) begins ‘English as a Global Language’ by asking what it

means for a language to be global, and what the advantages and disadvantages of

having a global language are. A language is a system for encoding information

as quoted from Oxford Dictionary “language is a system of sounds, words, etc

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Some languages, most constructed, are meant specifically for communication

between people of different nationalities or language groups as an easy-to-learn

second language. There are about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the

world today.Several of these languages have been constructed by individuals or

groups. Sapir (in Mandelboum, 1958) expressed this view as follows:

“Human beings do not live in the objective social activity as ordinarily

understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjust to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection.”

As a means of communication, translation is known as a technique for

learning foreign languages. According to Newmark (1988) “translation is a

two-edged instrument: it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learner’s

knowledge of foreign language….” Catford (1996) defined “a translation as the

replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual

material in another language (TL)”. Newmark (1988) he also defined “translation

is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author

intended the text”. Addition to Machali (2000) in her book defined

“penerjemahan bukan hanya upaya menggantikan teks bahasa sumber dengan text

yang sepadan atau makna yang dimaksud pengarang ke dalam bahasa sasaran

melainkan juga memperhatikan aspek-aspek sosial ketika aspek tersebut dibaca

atau dikomunikasikan”. It means that translation communicates the same message

in another language.

Moreover translation is also a field of various procedures. In addition to

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procedures that differ in importance according to the contextual factors of both the

ST and the TT. Accessed at:

Dictionary in Machali (2000: 62), “a procedure is the act or manner of proceeding

in any action or process”. At first the different methods or procedures seem to be

countless, generally speaking, translator can choose from two methods of

translating. Newmark (1988) mentions the difference between translation methods

and translation procedures. He writes that, “While translation methods relate to

whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of

language”. The translating procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are Technical

procedures and Organizational procedures. Whereas Vinay and Darbelnet’s ( in

Steiner and Yallop 2001) ‘translation procedures are the basic techniques of

translation’. Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) was the first classification of translation

technique that had a clear methodological purpose. According to them the

procedures were classified as two methods covering seven procedures (in Hatim

and Munday 2004:30), are “(i) direct translation, which covers borrowing, calque,

and literal translation, and (ii) oblique translation, which is transposition,

modulation, equivalence, and adaptation”.

Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures is so compact and

relatively easy to understand, that there is no need to rephrase it. That’s why I

choose to analyze computer terms “in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer

Networks” to see whether of Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation

procedures above are exist or not.

For example packet which is translated into

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to the TL. The next example is network which translated into jaringan as an

example of Literal Translation procedure because the direct transfer of a source

language text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target text.

1.2Problems of the Analysis

Based on the background above there are some problems of the analysis

which are discussed.

a. What kinds of translation procedures found in the target text?

b. What is the most dominant translation procedures found in the

target text?

1.3Objectives of the Analysis

The objectives of the analysis are to answer the problems above that can

be described as follows:

a. To find and to analyze the translation procedures found in the

target text.

b. To find out the dominant types of the translation procedures found

in the target text.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

In this thesis, I focused on analyzing the data from Andrew S. Tanenbaum

3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa Indonesia to find out translation procedures

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collected from chapter one to chapter four. The analysis covers the seven

procedures in other to get the results of the analysis related to the procedures.

1.5Significances of the Analysis

There are theoretical and practical significances that can be taken from this

thesis. Theoretically, this thesis can be used for the readers and especially for the

students of English department to expand their knowledge about translation.

Practically, this thesis can be used by translator in practicing the translation and

also as the reference in Foreign Language Teaching.

1.6

Literature Review

To support the ideas of this thesis, I have consulted some references concerned

with the topic to support the ideas of analysis. Those references are:

Jakobson's (in Venuti 2000) study of equivalence gave new impetus to the

theoretical analysis of translation since he introduced the notion of 'equivalence in

difference'. He suggests three kinds of translation:

• Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase)

• Interlingual (between two languages)

• Intersemiotic (between sign systems).

According to his theory, “translation involves two equivalent messages in two

different codes”. There seems to be some similarities between Vinay and

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Both Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Jakobson conceive the translation task as

something which can always be carried out from one language to another,

regardless of the cultural or grammatical differences between ST and TT.

Benjamin (in Venuti 2000), in his ‘The task of the translator’, Benjamin based

his theory’s of translation on the concept of a universal pure language which

expressed universal thought; within this circumference, languages complemented

and borrowed from each other when translating. Benjamin statement is closely to

borrowing in Vinay and Darbelnet’s seven procedures.

Besides those experts and their theory on translation, I also read some

thesis that also related to this topic. Roswani Siregar (2009) in her thesis ‘Analisis

Penerjemahan Dan Pemaknaan Istilah Teknik: Studi Kasus Pada Terjemahan

Dokumen Kontrak’ has given a lot of contribution to this thesis. Her thesis is very

closely relevant to this thesis. She talks about methodology for translation which

some theory that she uses is relevant to this thesis, such as Vinay and Dalbernet

theory’s about translation procedures.

Dhany Novi Anesthasia (2009) in her thesis ‘Unit Shifts in the Interpreting

of Reverend’s English Sermon into Bahasa Indonesia’ gives a contribution to this

thesis. She uses the descriptive method in writing the thesis. She also uses a

formula referring to Nawawi’s social analysis method to account the most

dominant change of rank occurred in the interpreting. Then she draws the

percentages of each change rank occurred on a table. The following table is the

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Table 1: Percentages of each change rank occurred

No.

Kinds of

Unit

Shifts

No. Data Total Percentage

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150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158

4. P-C 25, 48, 64, 89, 98, 115, 117, 142 8 5.06%

5. P-S 20, 61, 138 3 1.9%

6. C-S 124 1 0.63%

7. S-P 93 1 0.63%

8. S-C 29, 134 2 1.27%

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CHAPTER II

AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

2.1 What is Translation?

To state a simplistic definition of translation we can say that it is re-telling,

as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is natural

in the language into which the translation is being made. The term ‘translation’

can be generally defined as the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text,

and production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in

another language. Accessed at:

rd 2009; 03:06 PM

Hatim and Munday (2004:6) prefer to talk of ‘the ambit of translation’ defined as:

1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a

translator, or translators, in a specific socio-cultural context.

2. The written product, or TT, which results from that process and which

functions in the socio-cultural context of the TL.

3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are

an integral part of 1 and 2.

Brislin (1976: 1) defines translation as “The general term referring to the

transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target),

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established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or

both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.”

Nida (1984:83) points out: “translation consists of reproducing in the

receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,

first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. Likewise, translation, as

Bell (1991:8) asserts, “translation involves the transfer of meaning from a text in

one language into a text in another language”.

Finally, Wills (1982:3) defines translation more or less similarly that

“Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL

text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the

semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL”.

2.1.1 Art, Craft, and Science

There is a long-standing debate as to whether translation is an art, a craft or a

science. Literary translators, such as Cary (in Nababan, 1999: 11), defines

translation as an ‘art’. Newmark (1988: 7) defines that “Translation is a craft

consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one

language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. Other

translators and translation theorists, such as Jumpelt in Nababan (1999:11) defines

that “penerjemahan adalah sebuah ilmu”, mostly those who work on technical,

business or legal documents, regard their métier as a science and a craft, one that

can not only be taught but that is subject to linguistic analysis and that benefits

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However, Gabr (2001:2) considers translation both a craft and a science when

he writes that "translation being a craft on the one hand, requires training, i.e.

practice under supervision, and being a science on the other hand, has to be based

on language theories".

Most translators, however, will agree that the situation depends on the nature

of the text being translated. A simple document, for example a product brochure,

can in many cases be translated quickly, using simple techniques familiar to

advanced language-students. By contrast, a newspaper editorial, political speech,

or book on almost any subject will require not only the good language skills and

research technique, but the art of good writing and cultural sensitivity. Culture is,

in fact, a crucial element in translation, in particular, and language in general.

2.1.2 Language and Culture

According to Newmark “Culture can be defined as the way of life and its

manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as

its means of expressions”; however, Goodenough (1964: 36) puts:

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It can be summarized that this definition suggests three things, the first

culture seen as a totality of knowledge and model for perceiving things, the

second immediate connection between culture and behavior and events, and the

last culture depends on norms. While Kridalaksana in chaer (2007:32) explains

that “bahasa adalah sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang digunakan oleh para

anggota kelompok sosial untuk bekerja sama, berkomunikasi, dan

mengindentifikasi diri”.

Many translation scholars distinguish ‘cultural’ language from ‘universal’

and ‘personal’ language. For them, words like ‘father’, ‘die’, ‘live’, ‘star’, ‘swim’

and almost virtually every artifact like ‘table’ are universals which generate no

translation problem. But even with regard to such words there is a cultural aspect.

Take, for instance, the example of ‘father’. The notion of fatherhood takes new

characteristics in each different cultural community. A French ‘father’ is different

from an English ‘father’ who is in turn different from Arabic ‘father’ a father

normally called Si Sayyed. Another radical cultural difference can be further

noticed. Some Amazonian tribes who lead animal-like lives have no ‘father’

notion in their culture and consequently in their language.

Language does contain all kinds of cultural deposits, in the grammar

(genders of inanimate nouns, take the example of couleur which is a feminine

noun in French but masculine in Arabic Lawn). Other examples see the following

excerpts for illustration. The source language (SL) is Indonesian and the target

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(1.) SL: Sebuah lembaga penelitian mengadakan penelitian tentang jumlah

tabungan perbulan dari para buruh sebuah perusahaan negara di ibukota.

Penelitian tersebut menggunakan sampel yang terdiri dari 100 keluarga dan

hasilnya dinyatakan sebagai persentasi dari jumlah pendapatan per bulan.

TL: A research institution conducted a research on the amount of saving deposited

by workers of a company located in a capital city. The research took 100 families

as a sample and the result was presented in percentage of their monthly wages.

(2) SL: Dalam masyarakat Jawa bila seseorang wanita atau istri sedang hamil,

menurut tradisi perlu diadakan bermacam-macam selamatan dan upacara-upacara

lainnya. Hal ini perlu dilaksanakan dengan maksud agar bayi yang dikandung

akan lahir dengan mudah dan selamat sehingga si anak akan mendapat

kebahagiaan hidup dikemudian hari.

TL: In a Javanese community, based on traditions, a pregnant woman or wife

should be celebrated with various kinds of selamatan (traditional fiest)

(3) SL: Upacara siraman dilakukan pada pagi hari sekitar pukul 09.00. Upacara

siraman dilakukan oleh ibu dari anak yang diruwat dengan air kembang setaman.

Setelah dibersihkan anak itu mengenakan busana adat Jawa yang secara khusus

dibuat. Anak yang diruwat diajak oleh Ki Dalang serta didampingi oleh para

pisisepuh (neneknya, budenya, dan lain sebagainya) untuk bersujud di hadapan

ayah dan ibunya

and rituals.

These should be done so that she can give a birth to a child easily and safely and

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TL: Siraman (showering) ceremony is held in the morning around 09:00 o’clock.

This ritual is led by the mother of the child being "ruwat" (cleansed) by showering

him with "kembang setaman" (flower) water. After being cleansed, the child is

dresed in Javanese traditional clothes specially designed for him. The ("ruwat")

child is then guided by Ki Dalang (the puppeteer) and accompnied by the elders

(the grandmother, aunts, etc.) to pay a homage to by bowing down to earth in

front of the father and mother. (Each example accessed at

th 2009; 8:50 PM)

Reading the texts, we can imagine that translating the first text is easier

than the second one, and the second text is easier than the last one. The difficulty

is caused by the culturally-bound words (concepts) found in each text.

Practically, however, the depth of embededness of a text into its culture is

not the first consideration. The purpose of translating is the first determinant. If

the purpose of translating text (2) and (3), for example, is to give general

introduction of a certain type of text or culture, the TL should not carry all the

meaning possessed by the SLT. The words underlined and put in the brackets will

do. In this case there are a lot of possibilities for the TL.

However, if the purpose is to present the Javanese culture before the

English readership, the italicized words should be used and accompanied with a

lot of explanation. Supposed the two paragraphs are parts of a novel, and the

translator wants to keep the local color, only the italicized words should be used.

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purpose of translating text (2) and (3) is to present all the meaning, beauty, and

the style contained in it, then, translation is impossible.

2.2 Process, Product and Theory

Above we provided a definition of translation which left ambiguous the term

‘translation’. A second crucial point is needed to distinguish between the three

meanings of the term ‘translation’. Translation can denote the meaning of

translating, a translation or translation.

Translating is the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible

object whereas a translation is the product of the process of translating for

example the translated text. According to Hatim and Munday (2004:3) “the first of

these two senses relates to translation as a process, the second to the product”.

This immediately means that term translation encompasses very distinct

perspectives. The first senses focuses on the role of the translator in taking the

original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language ( The

Target Text, TT). The second sense centres on the concrete translation product

produced by translator.

Shuttleworth and Cowle in Hatim and Munday (2004:3) defined “translation

an incredibly notion which can be understood in many different ways. For

example one may talk of translation as a process or a product…” In addition

Machali (2000:9) expressed this view as follows:

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melihat tahap-tahap apa saja yang dilalui seoarng penerjemah, prosedur apa yang di dilewatinya,metode apa yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan dan mengapa dia memilih metode itu, mengapa ia memilih suatu istilah tertentu untuk menerjemahkan suatu konsep dan bukannya memilih istilah lain yang sama maknanya, dan sebagainya”.

Nababan states (1999:24), “proses penerjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai

serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seorang penerjemah pada saat dia

mengalihkan amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran”.

Next, Nida and Taber (1969) explain the process of translating as follows

’Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style’.

In this chapter, however, I shall focus on the third meaning of translation

that is translation theory. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with

the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text. However, in a

wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about

translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints.

Newmark (1988:9) defines, “what translation theory does is, first, to

identify a translation problem (no problem – no translation theory!); second to

indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem;

third, to list all the possible translation procedures (or methods); finally, to

recommend the most suitable translation procedures, plus the appropriate

translation”. Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the

problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to

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decision in fact translating (or translation process) is a matter of taking decisions.

Because translation has to do with selecting one option among many, many

scholars take it as an artistic activity; others, however, argue that because it arise

thinking and discussions and has to do with grammatical rules, it is a science.

The linguistic approach to translation theory focusing on the key issues of

meaning, equivalence and shift began to emerge around 50 years ago. This branch

of linguistics, known as structural linguistics, features the work of Roman

Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Newmark, Koller, Vinay, Darbelnet, Catford and van

Leuven-Zwart.

The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the

end of the 1950s with the work of Vinay and Darbelnet. Vinay and Darbelnet in

venuti (2000:84) identify two methods of translating, the first of three procedures

are direct, or literal translation and the other procedures are called oblique

translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and

even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and

darbelnet, this is only possible when the two languages are very close two each

other. The literal translation (direct) procedures are borrowing, calque and literal

translation. While oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is

possible. The oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence and

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2.3 Translation Procedures

2.3.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is the simplest of all translation method. We can say that this

task refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used

in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of

grammar or pronunciation of the TL.

Borrowing in translation is not always justified by lexical gap in the TL,

but it can mainly be used as a way to preserve the local color of the word, or be

used out of fear from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of

the word if it is translated.

According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:37) there are some possibilities that

may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning

(pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without

changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the

term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan

blends)

Examples:

a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords):

email email

dollar dollar

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b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix

loanwords):

computer komputer

packet paket

negotiation negosiasi

c. Loan blend

computer network jaringan komputer

broadcast network jaringan broadcast

internet provider penyedia layanan internet

2.3.2 Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an

expression from another, but then translates literally each of its elements. Calque,

where the SL expression is literally transferred to the TL, such as the English

character ‘Snow White’ in French becomes ‘Blanche Neige’, because the normal

word configuration in English of ‘white snow’ would be transferred as ‘neige

blanche’.

Vinay and Darbelnet note that both borrowing and calque often become

fully integrated into the TL, although sometimes with semantic change, which can

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Examples:

broadcasting broadcasting

service user service user

transceiver cable kabel transceiver

2.3.3 Literal Translation

Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into

a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’

task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In

principle, a literal translation is unique solution in which is reversible and

complete in itself. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than

the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional

endings, for example English ‘where are you?’ translated into French ‘Ou etes

vous?’. This procedure is most commonly found in translations between closely

related language, for example French-Italian, and especially those having a similar

culture. There are other examples of literal translation.

Examples:

network layer lapisan jaringan

flow control pengendalian aliran

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2.3.4 Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with

another without changing the meaning of the message. It can also be used within a

language, as when rewarding the phrase, for example ‘He announced that he

would return’ to ‘He announced his return’ (the subordinate verb becomes a

noun). In translation, there are two types of transposition: obligatory and optimal.

It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language

(singular to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of

speech). There are other examples of transposition.

Examples:

speed of

performance unjuk kerja

light kecepatan cahaya

suppressor anti gema

2.3.5 Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change

in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even

transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is

considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

As with transposition, there are two types of modulation, namely free or

(31)

is it?’ which must be translated into Arabic as “kam essa3a?” is an example of

obligatory modulation. Also, the type of modulation which turns a negative SL

expression into a positive TL expression is a fixed modulation, other example of

fixed modulation is:

‘it isn’t expensive it’s cheap

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the

case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages

and freely used this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the

overall acceptable, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of

the preferred expression.

2.3.6 Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where languages

described the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. The

classical example of equivalence is given by reaction of an amateur who

accidentally hits his finger with hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would

be transcribed as, “aie!”, but he were English this would be interpreted as,

“ouch!.” Another striking case of equivalences are the many onomatopoeia of

animal sounds, for example:

cocorico cock-a-doodle-do

miaou miaow

(32)

2.3.7 Adaptation

With this seventh method we reach the extreme limit of translation: it is

used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL

message is unknown in the TL culture. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as

a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. For example, English

father who would think nothing of kissing his daughter on the mouth, something

which is normal in that culture but which would not be acceptable in a literal

rendering into Arabic or even French. Translating, “He kissed his daughter on the

mouth” by “qabbala ibnatahu min famiha” or “Il embrassa sa fille sur la bouche,”

would introduce into the TL an element which is not present in the SL, where the

situation may be that of a loving father returning home and greeting his daughter

after a long journey. While the French rendering would be a special kind of

overtranslation, the Arabic rendering would simply be a ‘catastrophe’. A more

appropriate translation in French would be “Il serra tendrement sa fille dans ses

bras” and in Arabic “Laqad 3anaqa ibnatahu bi hararatin”.

This involves changing the culture reference when a situation in source

culture does not exist in target culture. For example, Vinay and Darbelnet in

Munday (2001:58) suggest that the culture connotation of a reference in English

text to the game of cricket might be best translated into French by reference to the

tour de France. They claim that they refusal to use such adaptation in an otherwise

“perfectly correct’ TT, may still noticeable by an undefinable tone, something

(33)

change cricket to cycling in phrases such as “that isn’t cricket” or “a sleepy

(34)

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3. 1 Research Method

In analyzing the data in this study, I use the descriptive qualitative method.

Descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a description of the result of

analysis of Computer Terms in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks

into Bahasa Indonesia. As quoted from Bodgan and Bliken in Samosir (2007:4):

“Qualitative research is descriptive. The data is collected in the form of word or

picture rather than number”, I also use library research in analysis as I read some

relevant books in analyzing the data.

3. 2 Data Collecting Method

Purposive sampling is used to collect the required data. Sutopo (2002:36)

says that “teknik cuplikan penelitian kualitatif cenderung bersifat “purposive”

karena dipandang lebih mampu menangkap kelengkapan dan kedalaman data”,

besides; Bailey (1987:94) also cites:

“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does he or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as in convenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her own judgment about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.”

In addition Arikunto (2006: 139) says that:

(35)

tenaga, dan dana sehingga tidak dapat mengambil sample yang besar dan jauh”.

The data are collected from Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks

into Bahasa Indonesia to find out translation procedures by using Vinay and

Dalbernet’s theory. The original book consists of 8 Chapters containing 813

pages. The translation of the book is made into 2 books which first book consists

of 1-4 Chapters containing 344 pages and of 5-8 chapters containing 331 pages

respectively. The data are computer terms which are collected only from chapter

one to chapter four. The analysis covers the seven procedures in order to get the

results of the analysis related to the procedures. So, the following procedures were

executed to carry out this analysis:

a. Collecting the data from the original book and its translation into

Indonesian.

b. Listing translation procedures as the data findings.

c. Analyzing the seven procedures from the data.

d. Finding out the most dominant type of the translation procedures

found in target text.

To find out the most dominant type of the translation procedures

this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Nawawi’s social

analysis method. The following is the formula of calculating the

percentage of the data.

(36)

X: Number of types of procedure

Y: Number of all data

N: The percentage of types of procedure

e. Finally, I make some conclusions of the result of the analysis, and

(37)

CHAPTER IV

AN ANALYSIS

OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

4. 1 Data

Table 2: Data

No. Data

SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT

1. computer network jaringan computer

2. interconnected interkoneksi

3. computer center pusat computer

4. autonomous computers computer autonomous

5. distributed system sistem terdistribusi

6. software perangkat lunak

7. resource sharing resource sharing

8. high reliability keandalan tinggi

9. file server file server

10. client-server model model client-server

11. scalability skalabilitas

12. communication medium medium komunikasi

13. email email

14. videoconference videoconference

15. broadcast network jaringan broadcast

16. packet paket

(38)

18. multicasting multicasting

19. communication subnet subnet komunikasi

20. subnet subnet

21. internet internet

22. layer lapisan

23. interface antar muka

24. network architecture arsitektur jaringan

25. header header

26. service provider service provider

27. peer entity peer entity

28. service user service user

29. quality of service kualitas layanan

30. datagram service layanan datagram

31.

the acknowledged

datagram service

layanan acknowledged

datagram

32. request- reply service layanan Request- reply

33. negotiation negosiasi

34. connect connect

35. data link layer lapisan jalur data

36. network layer lapisan jaringan

37. hardware perangkat keras

38. flow control pengendalian aliran

(39)

41. news news

42. public network jaringan public

43. promiscuous mode

mode tidak

membeda-bedakan

44. dispersion dispersi

45. speed of light kecepatan cahaya

46. wireless transmission transmisi tanpa kabel

47. attenuation atenuasi

48. delay distortion distorsi delay

49. modem modem

50. sine wave carrier carrier gelombang sinus

51. amplitude modulation modulasi amplitude

52. frequency modulation modulasi frekuensi

53. suppressor anti gema

54. delta modulation modulasi delta

55. path jalur

56. tributary tributer

57. direct trunks trunk langsung

58. crosspoints titik potong

59. channel kanal

60. bit stuffing penyisipan bit

61. sliding window jendela geser

(40)

63. initial state keadaan awal

64. fire menembak

65. output arms lengan output

66. internet provider penyedia layanan internet

67. station model model station

68. collision assumption asumsi tabrakan

69. continues time waktu kontinu

70. slotted time waktu slot

71. carrier sense carrier sense

72. contention persaingan

73. wireless tanpa kabel

74. chip sequence rangkaian chip

75. orthogonal orthogonal

76. ethernet ethernet

77. thick ethernet ethernet tipis

78. transceiver cable kabel transceiver

79. performance unjuk kerja

80. response window jendela response

81. wire center pusat kabel

82. backward learning backward learning

83. satellite networks jaringan satelit

(41)

4.2 Data Analysis

Table 3: Table of Data Analysis

No.

Data

Translation

Procedures

1. computer network jaringan komputer borrowing (LB)

2. interconnected interkoneksi calque

3. computer center pusat computer borrowing (LB)

4.

autonomous

computers

computer autonomous calque

5. distributed system sistem terdistribusi calque

6. software perangkat lunak transposition

7. resource sharing resource sharing calque

8. high reliability keandalan tinggi literal translation

9. file server file server calque

10.

Client-server

model

model client-server calque

11. scalability skalabilitas borrowing (LB)

12.

communication

medium

medium komunikasi calque

13. email email borrowing (PL)

14. videoconference videoconference calque

15. broadcast network jaringan broadcast borrowing (LB)

(42)

17. broadcasting broadcasting calque

18. multicasting multicasting calque

19.

23. interface antar muka transposition

24.

network

architecture

arsitektur jaringan borrowing (LB)

25. header header

borrowing

(PL)

26. service provider service provider calque

27. peer entity peer entity calque

28. service user service user calque

29. quality of service kualitas layanan borrowing (LB)

30. datagram service layanan datagram borrowing (LB)

31.

layanan request- reply borrowing (LB)

33. negotiation negosiasi

borrowing

(43)

34. connect connect borrowing (PL)

35. data link layer lapisan jalur data borrowing (LB)

36. network layer lapisan jaringan literal translation

37. hardware perangkat keras transposition

38. flow control pengendalian aliran literal translation

39. channel paging channel paging calque

40. frame relay frame relay calque

41. news news borrowing (PL)

42. public network jaringan public borrowing (LB)

43. promiscuous mode

mode tidak

membeda-bedakan

transposition

44. dispersion dispersi borrowing (ML)

45. speed of light kecepatan cahaya transposition

46.

wireless

transmission

transmisi tanpa kabel borrowing (LB)

47. attenuation atenuasi borrowing (ML)

48. delay distortion distorsi delay calque

49. modem modem borrowing (PL)

50. sine wave carrier carrier gelombang sinus borrowing (LB)

51.

(44)

53. suppressor anti gema transposition

54. delta modulation modulasi delta calque

55. path jalur literal translation

56. tributary tributer borrowing (ML)

57. direct trunks trunk langsung borrowing (LB)

58. crosspoints titik potong transposition

59. channel kanal literal translation

60. bit stuffing penyisipan bit borrowing (LB)

61. sliding window jendela geser literal translation

62. finite state keadaan terbatas literal translation

63. initial state keadaan awal literal translation

64. fire menembak literal translation

65. output arms lengan output borrowing (LB)

66. internet provider penyedia layanan internet borrowing (LB)

67. station model model station calque

68.

collision

assumption

asumsi tabrakan borrowing (LB)

69. continues time waktu kontinu borrowing (LB)

70. slotted time waktu slot borrowing (LB)

71. carrier sense carrier sense calque

72. contention persaingan literal translation

73. wireless tanpa kabel transposition

(45)

75. orthogonal ortogonal borrowing (ML)

76. ethernet ethernet borrowing (PL)

77. thick Ethernet ethernet tipis borrowing (LB)

78. transceiver cable kabel transceiver calque

79. performance unjuk kerja transposition

80. response window jendela response borrowing (LB)

81. wire center pusat kabel literal translation

82. backward learning backward learning calque

83. satellite networks jaringan satelit borrowing (LB)

84. fibre channel kanal fibre borrowing (LB)

4.3 DISCUSSIONS

4.3.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is the procedure which carryover source language lexeme or

lexemes combinations into target language in order to fill the gaps between the

languages. According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:37) there are three possibilities

that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and

meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but

without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part

of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed

(46)

The following table is borrowing which is found from the data and

followed by the analysis.

Table 4: Pure loanwords

No.

data

1. 13. email email

2. 20. subnet subnet

3. 21. internet internet

4. 25. header header

5. 34. connect connect

6. 41. news news

7. 49. modem modem

8. 76. ethernet ethernet

1.) “email”, “subnet”, “internet”, “header”, “connect”, “news”, “modem”,

and “ethernet” are purely borrowed from source language without any change

in target language writing system.

Table 5: Mix Loanwords.

No.

No. Data

1. 11. scalability skalabilitas

2. 16. packet paket

(47)

4. 44. dispersion dispersi

5. 47. attenuation atenuasi

6. 56. tributary tributer

7. 75. orthogonal ortogonal

1). scalability skalabili

‘skalabilitas’ is borrowed from source language ‘scalability’ with some

changes in writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language changes to letter ‘k’

in target language and suffix ‘-ity’ in source language changes to ‘tas’ in target

language.

tas

2) packet paket

‘paket’ is borrowed from source language ‘packet’ with some changes in

writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language is lost.

3) negotiation negosiasi

‘negosiasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘negotiation’. The word

‘negosiasi’ with some change writing system (form). The letter ‘t’ in source

language changes to letter ‘s’ in target language and suffix ‘-tion’ in source

language changes to ‘si’ in target language.

4) dispersion disper

‘dispersi’ is borrowed from source language ‘dispersion’. The word ‘dispersi’

with some change writing system (form). The suffix ‘-ion’ in source language

changes to ‘si’ in target language.

(48)

5) attenuation atenua

‘atenua

si

si’

6). tributa

is borrowed from source language ‘attenuation’. The word

‘atenuasi’ with some change writing system (form). The letter t in target language

is lost one letter. The suffix ‘-ion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target

language.

ry tribut

‘tributer’ is borrowed from source language ‘tributary’. The word ‘tributer’

with some change writing system (form). The suffix ‘-ry’ in source language

changes to ‘er’ in target language.

er

7). orthogonal ortogonal

‘ortogonal’ is borrowed from source language ‘orthogonal’. The word ‘ortogonal’

with some change writing system (form). The letter ‘h’ in source language is lost

in target language.

Loan blends: One of the two or more morphemes making up the compound form

is replaced by native morpheme.

Table 6: Loan blends.

No.

No. Data

1. 1. computer network jaringan computer

2. 3. computer center pusat computer

(49)

4. 24. network architecture arsitektur jaringan

5. 29. quality of service kualitas layanan

6. 30. datagram service layanan datagram

7.

8. 32. request- reply service layanan Request- reply

9. 35. data link layer lapisan jalur data

10. 42. public network jaringan public

11. 46. wireless transmission transmisi tanpa kabel

12. 50. sine wave carrier carrier gelombang sinus

13. 57. direct trunks trunk langsung

14. 60. bit stuffing penyisipan bit

15. 65. output arms lengan output

16. 66. internet provider penyedia layanan internet

17. 68. collision assumption asumsi tabrakan

18. 69. continues time waktu kontinu

19. 70. slotted time waktu slot

20. 74. chip sequence rangkaian chip

21. 77. thick Ethernet ethernet tipis

22. 80. response window jendela response

23. 83. satellite networks jaringan satelit

(50)

1) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘komputer’ is borrowed from source language

‘computer’.

2) ‘pusat’ is native while ‘komputer’ is borrowed from source language

‘computer’.

3) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘broadcast’ is borrowed from source language

‘broadcast’.

4) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘arsitektur’ is borrowed from source language

‘architecture’.

5) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘kualitas’ is borrowed from source language

‘quality’.

6) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘datagram’ is borrowed from source language

‘datagram’.

7) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘acknowledged’ is borrowed from source

language ‘acknowledged’ and ‘datagram’ also borrowed from source

language ‘datagram’.

8) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘request’ is borrowed from source language

‘request’ and ‘reply’ also borrowed is from source language ‘reply’.

9) ‘lapisan’ and ‘jalur’ are native while ‘data’ is borrowed from source

language ‘data’.

10)‘jaringan’ is native while ‘public’ is borrowed from source language

‘public’.

11) ‘transmisi’ is borrowed from source language ‘transmission’ while

(51)

12) ‘carrier’ is borrowed from source language ‘carrier’ and ‘sinus’ also

borrowed from source language “sine’ while gelombang is native.

13) ‘trunk’ is borrowed from source language ‘trunk’ while ‘langsung’ is

native.

14) ‘penyisipan’ is native while ‘bit’ is borrowed from source language ‘bit’.

15)‘lengan’ is native while ‘output’ is borrowed from source language

‘output’.

16)‘penyedia’ and ‘layanan’ are native while ‘internet’ is borrowed from

source language ‘internet’.

17)‘asumsi’ is borrowed from source language ‘assumption’ while ‘tabrakan’

is native.

18)‘waktu’ is native while ‘kontinu’ is borrowed from source language

‘continues’.

19)‘waktu’ is native while ‘slot’ is borrowed from source language ‘slot’.

20) ‘rangkaian’ is native while ‘chip’ is borrowed from source language

‘chip’.

21) ‘ethernet’ is borrowed from source language ‘ethernet’ while ‘tipis’ is

native.

22) ‘jendela’ is native while ‘response’ is borrowed from source language

‘response’.

23) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘satelit’ is borrowed source language ‘satellite’.

(52)

4.3.2 Calque

Table 7: Calque

No.

No. Data

1. 2. interconnected interkoneksi

2. 4. autonomous computers computer autonomous

3. 5. distributed system sistem terdistribusi

4. 7. resource sharing resource sharing

5. 9. file server file server

6. 10. client-server model model Client-server

7. 12. communication medium medium komunikasi

8. 14. videoconference videoconference

9. 17. broadcasting broadcasting

10. 18. multicasting multicasting

11. 19. communication subnet subnet komunikasi

12. 26. service provider service provider

13. 27. peer entity peer entity

14. 28. service user service user

15. 39. channel paging channel paging

16. 40. frame relay frame relay

17. 48. delay distortion distorsi delay

18. 51. amplitude modulation modulasi amplitude

(53)

20. 54. delta modulation modulasi delta

21. 67. station model model station

22. 71. carrier sense carrier sense

23. 78. transceiver cable kabel transceiver

24. 82. backward learning backward learning

1). interconnecte

The phrase ‘interco

d interkoneksi

nnected’ is translated as interkoneksi

2). autonomous computers komputer autonomous

where the letter c in

source language is replaced by target language ‘k’.

The phrase ‘autonomous computers’ is translated with linear substitution into

target language. ‘autonomous’ which comes as a first word in source language

goes to second word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source

language is borrowed by target language.

The word ‘autonomous’ is purely imported from source language

‘autonomous’ but the word komputer’ is imported from source language

‘computer’ with some writing system changes in target language. The first letter

‘c’ in source language is replaced by target language ‘k’.

3). distributed system sistem terdistribusi

The phrase ‘distributed system’ is translated with linear substitution into target

(54)

second word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source language is

borrowed by target language.

The word ‘distributed’ is loan word used with affix ‘ter-‘. And the word

‘sistem’ is imported from source language ‘system’ with some writing system

changes in target language. The first letter ‘y’ in source language is replaced by

target language ‘i’

4). resource sharing resource sharing

The phrase ‘resource sharing’ is translated with structural substitution into

target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

5). file server file server

The phrase ‘file server’ is translated with structural substitution into target

language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

6). client-server model model client-server

The phrase ‘client-server model’ is translated with linear substitution into

target language. ‘client-server’ which comes as a first phrase in source language

goes to second phrase in target language and vice versa. ‘model’ which comes as

last word in source language goes to first word in target language and vice versa.