i
ABSTRACT
Affiah, Hajar. 8146112012. Javanese Speaker’s Attitude toward Their Speech Levels in Desa Danau Sijabut. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Post Graduate School. State University of Medan. 2016. This study deals with Javanese speaker’s attitude toward their speech levels in Desa Danau Sijabut. It aims at finding out what the characteristics of Javanese speaker’s attitude are when they use the dominant speech level, how the linguistic realizations of Javanese speaker’s attitude toward their speech levels is and why they have such attitudes toward their speech level like the way they do. This study was conducted in qualitative research of which design was descriptive a case study. The sources of data for this study were 20 Javanese speakers of second generation of migration who live in Desa Danau Sijabut; meanwhile the data were taken from the transcripts of Javanese utterances spoken during the Javanese speakers communicate in their daily life. The data were analyzed by using Interactive Model by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). To find out the characteristics of Javanese speaker’s attitude, the researcher used theory of Garvin & Mathiot (1968), to see the realizations of Javanese speech levels, the researcher used theory of Rahardi (2001), while to find out the reasons why the Javanese speakers have such attitudes like the way they do, besides used theory of Subroto (2014), researcher also asked the respondents more deeply. Based on the data analysis, the first finding shows that the characteristics of Javanese speaker’s attitude when they used the dominant speech level is language pride. In which they used Javanese language based on the speech levels in formal and informal situation to show their identity as Javanese. The second finding, it was found the Javanese speakers in Desa Danau Sijabut realized their attitudes in the several domains, such as: use Ngoko speech level at home, use Ngoko and Madya at neighborhood, used Ngoko and Indonesian language at work place. In this case, they were speak based on the relationship between speakers and participants. And as the third findings, it was found the Javanese speakers in Desa Danau Sijabut have such attitudes toward the Javanese speech levels because of some reasons. Firstly, they use Ngoko to make communication clearly and easier to understand what their partner said during they have a communication. Secondly, they use Madya when to talk a secret one to their speaker partner without afraid will be known by another people of what they are talking about. Beside, those become their habit in using speech level and aware to the rules of Javanese speech levels. Keywords: Javanese speaker’s attitude, Javanese speech levels, descriptive
ABSTRAK
Affiah, Hajar. 8146112012. Sikap Penutur Jawa Terhadap Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa Di Desa Danau Sijabut. Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2016.
Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang sikap penutur Jawa terhadap tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa di Desa Danau Sijabut. Tujuan penelitian ini menemukan apa karakteristik sikap penutur Jawa ketika mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur yang dominan, bagaimanakah realisasi linguistik sikap penutur Jawa terhadap tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa, serta menemukan alasan mengapa mereka memiliki sikap sedemikian rupa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan metode kualitatif dalam desain studi kasus deskriptif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah 20 orang penutur Jawa dari generasi kedua yang tinggal di Desa Danau Sijabut; sedangkan data diambil dari transkrip ujaran – ujaran yang diucapkan dalam bahasa Jawa selama penutur Jawa berinteraksi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Data penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Interaktif Model oleh Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana (2014). Untuk menemukan karakteristik penutur Jawa, peneliti menggunakan teori Garvin & Mathiot (1968), untuk melihat realisasi tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa, peneliti menggunakan teori Rahardi (2001), sementara untuk menemukan alasan mengapa mereka memiliki sikap sedemikian rupa, selain menggunakan teori Subroto (2014), peniliti juga bertanya kepada responden secara detail. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa temuan pertama menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik sikap penutur jawa ketika mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur bahasa yang dominan adalah kebanggaan terhadap bahasa. Yang mana, mereka menggunakan bahasa Jawa berdasarkan tingkat tuturnya didalam situasi formal dan non formal untuk menunjukkan identitas mereka sebagai orang Jawa. Temuan yang kedua menunjukkan bahwa penutur Jawa di Desa Danau Sijabut merealisasikan sikap mereka kedalam beberapa domain, seperti: mereka menggunakan tingkat tutur Ngoko dirumah, menggunkan tingkat tutur Ngoko dan Madya di lingkungan tetangga, serta juga menggunakan Ngoko dan bahasa Indonesia ditempat kerja. Dalam hal ini, mereka berbicara berdasarkkan hubungan antara penutur dan lawan bicaranya. Dan temuan yang ketiga menunjukkan bahwa, penutur Jawa di Desa Danau Sijabut memiliki sikap seperti itu terhadap tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa karena beberapa alasan. Pertama, mereka menggunakan Ngoko untuk membuat komunikasi lebih jelas dan lebih mudah memahami apa yang diucapkan oleh lawan bicara mereka selama berkomunikasi. Kedua, mereka menggunakan Madya saat berbicara sesuatu yang rahasia kepada lawan bicara mereka tanpa takut diketahui oleh orang lain. Disamping, menggunakan tingkat tutur tersebut sudah menjadi kebiasaan dan mereka sadar akan aturan tingkat tutur bahasa Jawa itu sendiri.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah, first and foremost the writer would like to express her best gratitude to Allah SWT, the Almighty God who has given tremendous blessings including health, strength, patience, and wisdom which enable her to accomplish this thesis with the title Javanese Speaker’s Attitude toward Their Speech Levels in Desa Danau Sijabut as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora at the Postgraduate of English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan.
The writer realizes that she cannot complete this thesis without the help and support from great people. Therefore, she would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D and Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph. D., as her first and second adviser who have guided her in the entire process of the thesis writing with all of excellent advices, suggestions, and comments and also truly gave support to finish her study as well.
The writer would also like to extend her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and the secretary, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum. and the staff, Farid Ma’ruf who have done abundant helps especially in administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program. Then, her big thanks to all the lecturers of the English Applied Linguistics Program, State University of Medan who have taught her many valuable knowledges and share life experiences to support the writer to gain brighter future.
Thank also goes to her great proposal reviewers and thesis examiners, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed., TESP., and Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed for their constructive commentaries and suggestions.
Ihsan Al-Bari, Hanif Arinda, S. Sos., and Ihmal Al-Azid for their love, sincerity, prayer and support.
Big thank goes to the head village of Danau Sijabut, Tarimo and all society especially for Javanese ethnic who helped her a lot during the research.
The writer also would like to express her sincere gratitude to Siswono, for all love, patience, support, joke, and contribution to finish her study. Sincere thanks also to her beloved best friends on LTBI B-1 UNIMED 2014 especially Nurlaili Khaira Khalid, Sartika Dewi Harahap, Orli Binta Tumanggor, Frida Dian Handini and all lovely classmates whom she can not mention one by one. Thanks for being her mood booster to join the class since the first untill the last semester.
The last, the writer delivers her regards to all of her friends in UNIMED especially LTBI UNIMED 2014, and also her friends in UMSU especially English Education class B 2009, and all her boarding house mates, Firda Fazriyani Wulandari and Enny Irmala. Thank you very much.
Medan, July 2016 The writer
Hajar Affiah
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A. Map of Asahan District ... 66
Appendix B. Map of Desa Danau Sijabut... 67
Appendix C. Interview Sheet ... 68
Appendix D. Questionnaire Sheet... 69
Appendix E. Observation Transcription ... 71
Appendix F. Analysis Data ... 75
Appendix G. Interview Transcription ... 81
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Pages
Table 2.1. The Characteristic Attitude of Language ... 19
Table 2.2. Ngoko ... 24
Table 2.3. Madya... 25
Table 2.4. Krama ... 26
Table 2.5. Krama Inggil ... 27
Table 4.1. Frequency of Language Loyalty Indicators ... 47
Table 4.2. Frequency of Language Pride Indicators ... 48
Table 4.3. Frequency of Language Awareness of the Norms Indicators ... 49
Table 4.4. Kinds of Speech Levels Held by Javanese Speakers in Desa Danau Sijabut ... 51
Table 4.5. The Use of Javanese Speech Levels at Home ... 53
Table 4.6. The Use of Javanese Speech Levels at Neighborhood ... 55
Table 4.7. The Use of Javanese Speech Levels at Workplace ... 56
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Indonesia consist of many islands. It means that every island even every
city must have different culture and language that differ one another as their
identity. As De Kuthy (2001) states that “since language is a social phenomenon,
it is natural to assume that the structure of a society has some impact on the
language of the speaker of that society”.
Sumatera Island is one of the biggest islands in Indonesia that has varieties
culture and languages. Asahan, as a part of district in Sumatera Island, has an
important role to contribute the varieties in language. Included in Desa Danau
Sijabut, it is a small village in Asahan which is invites many people from different
ethnics to live there. They come to live and work there because they assume that
Desa Danau Sijabut is a good place to keep them survive.
In this village, it’s easily to find Javanese people. One of the reason is
because of the migration of Javanese people from the Java Island to other major
Island, such as Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Sumatera. This due to the
transmigration program held by the government or for many others reasons. Some
of the Javanese migrated to North Sumatera then well-known as Pujakesuma
(Putra/Putri Jawa Kelahiran Sumatera. But now days, the Javanese people who
lives in North Sumatera, especially in Desa Danau Sijabut are the next generation
of migrated of Javanese. Even most of them are Javanese, it means not only
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another ethnics who lived there. Such as, Bataknese, Mandailingnese, Padangnese
(Minang), Banjar and Malay. So, this situation force Javanese people to speak
Bahasa Indonesia to other people that come from different ethnics. This
phenomena is called as bilingualism.
Generally, bilingualism means being able to speak two languages. As in
case above, the Javanese people who are surrounded by some of people from any
tribes are used to speak both Javanese and Indonesian. They speak Javanese and
Indonesian language depending on where they are engaged to, for example, they
use Indonesian language with their friends in their environment while they speak
Javanese with their family at home or to other people who come from the same
ethnic.
Actually, the Javanese daily lives in communication cannot be separated
from their speech levels when they speak. According to Poedjosoedarmo (1979:
54) giving definition about speech level that have relationship with Javanese
language “Speech levels in Javanese level constitute a system for showing 1) the
degree of formality, and 2) the degree of respect felt by the speaker toward the
addressee. The greater the degree of respect and formality in an utterance, the
greater the politeness shown”. Meanwhile, Subroto et al. (2009) giving another
definition about speech levels, generally, there are three speech levels or unggah
ungguh basa in Javanese language, namely Ngoko, Madya and Krama. Ngoko is
the lowest level or informal speech and is used when addressing someone of the
same status, of the same age or of lower status, such as close friends, younger
people, and subordinates. Madya is the middle level and is used when addressing
3
kramanisation. The use of krama inggil in Pekalongan is oriented to the prevailing
normative standards in the Javanese language.
In line with the previous studies above, the researcher found the
phenomena in Desa Danau Sijabut that most of Javanese speakers in this place
still use Javanese language nicely even they are come from different background
and profession and also they live around some ethnics such as, Mandailingnese,
Bataknese, Padangnese, Banjar and Malay that force them to speak Bahasa
Indonesia or bilingualism in daily communication, but most of Javanese speakers
4
Another example of Javanese language that is used in conversation among
two Javanese speakers that describes below:
Sumarno : O geng… geng. Sugeng : Iyo wak, opo iku?
Sumarno : njalok pasire lah, setimbo wae arep ge nambal anu iku ehhhh lante
Sugeng : ohh iyo iyo wak, jipuk wae lah sepiro perlu ne. Sumarno : suwon sanget lah yo geng.
Sugeng : iyo wak, podo podo.
In refers to those example above, it can be seen that they feel comfortable
in using Javanese language when communication in same ethnic. In this case, both
of them are used Ngoko speech level. Actually, based on the rules of speech
levels, the second participant (Sugeng) must use Madya because he spoke to a
person older than him. But in this case, he didn’t use the proper speech level. It
can be said that, he ignore the rules of speech levels itself even he knows what
kind of speech level must be used. Furthermore, he also do not have a clear reason
for that, so it is still being in a big question for the researcher. Based on the
situation of using Javanese speech levels in Desa Danau Sijabut, she is interested
in conducting her research about “Javanese Speaker’s Attitude toward Their
Speech Levels in Desa Danau Sijabut”.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
The problems of this study are formulated as the following:
1. What are the characteristics of Javanese speaker’s attitude when they use
the dominant speech level?
2. How is the Javanese speaker’s attitude towards their speech levels in Desa
5
3. Why do the Javanese speakers have such attitudes toward their speech
level like the way they do?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study above, the objectives of the study are:
1) to investigate the characteristics of speaker’s attitude when they use the
dominant speech level, and
2) to explain the linguistic realizations of Javanese speaker’s attitude toward
their speech levels in Desa Danau Sijabut.
3) to give reasons of Javanese speaker’s attitude toward their speech levels in
Desa Danau Sijabut.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study only focused on. Javanese speaker’s attitude toward their
Speech Levels and the reasons why they have such attitudes when they use the
dominant speech level.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
Theoretically, findings of this study are expected to enlighten some aspect.
In terms sociolinguistics, this study should contribute a clear description in
Javanese speaker’s attitude toward Levels who living in Desa Danau Sijabut.
Practically, in terms of social environment, findings of this study are
expected to give information about Javanese speaker’s attitude toward their
6
researchers, the finding of the study can be a previous knowledge for the next
research who wants to gain a deep insight especially in Javanese speaker’s attitude
toward their speech levels and generally in language planning theories. Secondly
for the students, they can enrich their knowledge about speaker’s attitude and
vernacular language especially for Javanese language and its speech levels.
Thirdly for the educators they can use it to support their teaching material about
speaker’s attitude and vernacular language, especially for Javanese language and
its speech levels. The last for the government, hopefully the result of this study
can help the local government in Desa Danau Sijabut to make a language policy
toward Javanese language by make the rules to use Javanese language to all of
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:
1) The characteristics of Javanese speaker’s attitude when they use the
dominant speech level is language pride. In which, they used Javanese
language based on the speech level in a formal and informal situation to
show their identity as Javanese.
2) The Javanese speakers in Desa Danau Sijabut realized their attitudes in the
several domains, such as: use Ngoko speech level at home, use Ngoko and
Madya at neighborhood, used Ngoko and Indonesian language at work
place. In this case, they were speak based on the relationship between
speakers and participants.
3) The Javanese speakers in Desa Danau Sijabut have such attitudes toward
the Javanese speech levels because of some reasons. Firstly, they use
Ngoko to make communication clearly and easier to understand what their
partner said during they have a communication. Secondly, they use Madya
when to talk a secret one to their speaker partner without afraid will be
known by another people of what they are talking about. Beside, those
become their habit in using speech level and aware to the rules of Javanese
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5.2 Suggestions
Related to the conclusions, suggestions are staged as the following:
1) Because this research was conducted only in five weeks, it was suggested
that other researchers conduct the research in longer time so they can get
better result. They can also apply the relevant research in investigating
what factors that influence the speakers so they tend to use the dominant
speech levels, and what kinds of dialect they used when speak.
2) Having read this research, hopefully the Javanese students should have
positive attitudes relate to the characteristics of language attitude, so they
can maintain Javanese language and keep it becomes an exist language.
3) The educators are suggested to give more deep explanation about
speaker’s attitude and their vernacular language especially for Javanese
language. So, the educators can enrich their student knowledge about
language attitude, especially for Javanese students.
4) For the government, especially for the local government in Desa Danau
Sijabut are suggested to make a language policy toward Javanese language
by make the rules to use Javanese language to all of community who live
in Desa Danau Sijabut as theirs language to communicate in theirs daily
live. Because the population in Desa Danau Sijabut is dominated by the
Javanese. So they can use Javanese language as their badge or symbols to
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