Mempelajari Pengaruh "Modified Atmosphere Packaging" terhadap Masa Simpan Alpukat (Persea americana, Mill)

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MEMPELAlARl PENGARUH

"MODiFIED

ATMOSPHERE PWCOIAGIMG"

Oleh

FX EKO SUDARMINTO

F 24. 0 7 0 4

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGl PERTANIAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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FX

EKO SUDAKMIN'SI). b' % 4 . 0 7 1 ) 4 . M e m p e l a j a r i P e n g a r u h " H o d i - f i e d A t m o s p h e r e P a c k a g i n g " t e r t l a d a p A l p u k a t ( P e r s e a a m e r i - c a r ? a , M i l l ) . D i bawah t ~ i m b i n g a n F . G . W i n a r n o d a n S u g i y o n o

RINGKASAN

T u j u a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h u n t u k m e m p e l a j a r i

p e n g a r u h p e n y i m p a n a n m o d i f i k a s i a t m o s f e r t e r h a d a p b u a h a l -

p u k a t , d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k e m a s a n p l a s t i k f l e k s i b e l , s e r t a

p e n d u g a a n k o m p o s i s i g a s 0 2 d a n C02 s e l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n .

B a h a n u t a m a y a n g d i p a k a i d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h

a l p u k a t ( P e r s e a a m e r i c a n a

,

M i l l ) y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a

v a r i e t a s y a i t u F u e r t e ( l o k a l : K o d o k ) , West I n d i a n d a n

G u a t e m a l a .

V a r i e t a s F u e r t e ( l o k a l : K o d o k ) d i p e r o l e h d a r i C i k u -

r a i , B o g o r ; v a r i e t a s W e s t I n d i a n d i p e r o l e h d a r i P a d j a j a r -

a n , B o g o r d a n v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a d i p e r o l e h d a r i G a r u t .

B a h a n l a i n y a n g d i p e r g u n a k a n a d a l a h lima j e n i s kema-

s a n p l a s t i k p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (PVC/Argha K a r - y a ) 2 5 pm,

PVC ( F i l m c o . I n t . L t d . ) 1 2 . 5 wm, p o l y e t i l e n e ( P E ) 2 5 pm,

p o l y e t i l e n e ( P E ) 3 5 w m , p o l y p r o p i l e n e ( P P ) 2 9 pm.

M a n g k u k / w a d a h s t y r o f o a m

,

s e l a n g p l a s t i k , v a s e l i n , l i l i n ,

r i n g s e k r u p , lem p l a s t i k .

P e n e l i t i a n i n i t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a t a h a p , y a i t u p e n g u -

k u r a n l a j u r e s p i r a s i b u a h a l p u k a t , p e n e n t u a n k o n s e n t r a s i

g a s 0 2 d a n C02 o p t i m u m , p e m i l i h a n j e n i s f i l m k e m a s a n d a n

p e n d u g a a n k o n s e n t r a s i k e s e i m b a n g a n d e n g a n m o d e l k e m a s a n .

P a d a s u h u 1 5 " C , u n t u k v a r i e t a s F u e r t e k o n s e n t r a s i c),, _.

.

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=

2 1 9 9 . 4 7 0

-

8 . 8 9 0 3 6 t , s e d a n g k a n k o n s e n t r a s i C02 d e n g a n

p e r s a m a a n r e g r e s i [ C 0 2 J ( c c / k g )

=

3 . 1 4 6 1 8 6

+

Z u . D Y S Y 5 t

V a r i e t a s West I n d i a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 b e r u b a h s e c a r a

l i n i e r d e n g a n p e r s a m a a n r e g r e s i [ O 2 1 ( c c / k g )

=

2 0 4 4 . 1 8 8

-

8 . 5 t , k o n s e n t r a s i C02 b e r u b a h d e n g a n p e r s a m a a n r e g r e s i

CCOpl(cc/kg)

=

2 . 6 2 2 8 8 7

+

2 2 . 2 8 5 0 5 t

V a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 b e r u b a h s e c a r a

l i n i e r d e n g a n p e r s a m a a n r e g r e s i [ 0 2 ] ( c c / k g )

=

2 0 6 9 . 6 7 4

-

8 . 5 0 2 2 8 t , k o n s e n t r a s i C 0 2 b e r u b a h s e c a r a l i n i e r d e n g a n

p e r s a m a a n r e g r e s i C C 0 2 J ( c c / k g )

=

2 . 9 2 9 2 5 2

+

23.U9953 t

L a j u r e s p i r a s i v a r i e t a s F u e r t e p a d a s u h u 15°C a d a l a h

8 . 8 9 0 3 c c / k g . jam u n t u k konsumsi O 2 d a n 2 0 . 0 9 5 9 c c / k g . jam

u n t u k p r o d u k s i C 0 2 , v a r i e t a s West I n d i a n 8 . 1 9 7 8 c c / k g . j a m

u n t u k 0 2 d a n 2 2 . 2 8 5 0 c c / k g . j a m u n t u k GO2 s e d a n g v a r i e t a s

G u a t e m a l a 8 . 5 0 2 3 c c / k g . jam u n t u k 0 2 d a n 2 3 . 0 9 9 9 c c / k g . j a m

u n t u k C 0 2 .

K e k e r a s a n , k a d a r a i r d a n b e r a t j e n i s mengalami p e n u -

r u n a n , s e d a n g s u s u t b o b o t , k a d a r l e m a k , p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a -

kan d a n n i l a i pH m e n g a l a m i k e n a i k k a n . K o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n

C02 optimum u n t u k p e n y i m p a n a n a l p u k a t u n t u k k e t i g a v a r i e -

t a s y a i t u F u e r t e , West I n d i a n d a n G u a t e m a l a a d a l a h 3

-

5%

0 2 d a n 6 - 10% COZ

A l p u k a t p a d a k o n d i s i penyimpanan u d a r a normal h a n y a

d a p a t b e r t a h a n s e l a m a 5

-

8 h a r i , d e n g a n k o n d i s i penyimpa-

n a n 3

-

5% 0 2 d a n 6 - 10% C 0 2 p a d a s u h u 15°C d a p a t d i p e r -

p a n j a n g h.ingga 2 8

-

3 0 h a r i .

P e r m e a b i l i t a s f i l m kemasan u n t u k v a r i e t a s F u e r t e

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CU2 a d a l a h 5 7 1 5 . 1 7 8 8

-

6 2 0 4 . 4 1 U 8 c c / m L . j a m . V a r l e t a s West I n d i a n u n t u k O 2 a d a l a h 8 9 2 . 1 5 3 1

-

10133.6722 c c / m 2 . j a m ,

t e r h a d a p C 0 2 a d a l a h 4 3 7 8 . 5 3 4 7

-

7 3 1 2 . 2 2 6 3 c c / m 2 . j a m .

S e d a n g v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a u n t u k O2 a d a l a h 8 9 8 . 1 6 9 6

-

1 0 1 0 . 4 4 0 8 c c / m 2 . j a m , t e r h a d a p C 0 2 a d a l a h 4 4 0 5 . 6 6 0 0

-

7 3 5 7 . 5 2 6 0 c c / m a . jam.

P e m i l i h a n p l a s t i k PVC ( G r e e n P r o d u c e Wrap) b u a t a n

E i l m c o I n t e r n a t i o n a l , L t d . , USA d i d a s a r k a n p a d a p e r m e a b i -

l i t a s n y a y a i t u 9 1 6 . 6 7 cc/mZ . j a m u n t u k O 2 d a n 5 8 3 3 . 3 4

cc/mz . j a m memenuhi b a t a s p e r m e a b i l i t a s y a n g d i b u t u h k a n .

P e n d u g a a n k o n s e n t r a s i k e s e t i m b a n g a n g a s 0 2 d a n C 0 2

y a n g d i l a k u k a n m e n g h a s i l k a n h a s i l yang m e n d e k a t i h a s i l

p e n g u k u r a n y a i t u k o n s e n t r a s i k e s e t imbangan v a r i e t a s F u e r t e

3 . 1 2 3 9 0 % O2 d a n 6 . 3 4 9 7 6 % C02, v a r i e t a s West I n d i a n

3 . 4 8 1 4 1 % O2 d a n 7 . 4 8 3 5 2 % C02 s e d a n g v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a

3 . 3 3 6 3 2 7 % 0 2 d a n 7 . 5 2 9 8 9 % COP

P e n g e m a s a n a l p u k a t d e n g a n s i s t e m " m o d i f i e d a t n o s -

p h e r e " d e n g a n menggunakan p l a s t i k f i l m PVC ( G r e e n P r o d u c e

Wrap), p r o d u k s i P i l m c o I n t e r n a t i o n a l , L t d . , U S A d e n g a n

k e t e b a l a n 1 2 . 5

u m

d a p a t m e m p e r p a n j a n g masa s i m p a n b u a h

a l p u k a t h i n g g a 28

-

3 0 h a r i , d a n akan d i c a p a i k o n d i s i

a t m o s f e r optimum ( 3

-

5 % 0 2 d a n 6 - 10% C02) d a l a m waktu f

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MEMPELAJARI PENGARUH "MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING"

TERHADAP MASA SIMPAN ALPUKAT ( P e r s e a americana, H i l l )

OLEH

FX EKO SUDARMINTO

F 2 4 . 0 7 0 4

S e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u syarat u n t u k m e n p e r o l e h gelar

SARJANA TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

p a d a J u r u s a n TEKNOLOGI PAHGAN DAN G I Z I ,

F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n

I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

UEMPELAJARI PENGARUH "MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING"

TERHADAP MASA SIMPAN ALPUKAT (Persea americana, U i l l )

S K R I P S I

S e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u s y a r a t u n t u k n e n p e r o l e h g e l a r

SARJARA TEKNOLOGI PERTARIM

p a d a J u r u s a n TEKNOLOGI PARGAR DAN G I Z I ,

F a k u l t a s T e k n o l o g i P e r t a n i a n

I n s t i t u t P e r t a n i a n B o g o r

O l e h

FX EKO SUDARHIUM

F 2 4 . 0 7 0 4

D i l a h i r k a n p a d a t a n g g a l 4 D e s e n b e r 1968

d i Kebumen

T a n g g a l l u l u s :

D i s e t u j u i

B o g o r ,

5

, % 1 9 9 2

I r . S u g i y o n o P r o f . D r . F . G . W i n a r n o

Dosen P e m b i m b i n g

-

Dosen P e n b i o b i n g I

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KATA PENGANTAR

P u j i d a n s y u k u r p e n u l i s p a n j a t k a n k e h a d a p a n T u h a n

a t a s r a h m a t y a n g d i l i m p a h k a n - N y a selama m e l a k u k a n p e n e l i -

t i a n h i n g g a s e l e s a i p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i .

D a l a m k e s e m p a t a n i n i , p e n u l i s menyampaikan u c a p a n

t e r i m a k a s i h s e b e s a r - b e s a r n y a k e p a d a :

1. P r o f . D r . F . G . W i n a r n o , s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i n b i n g I y a n g

t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n b i m b i n g a n , p e n g a r a h a n d a n b a n t u a n

h i n g g a t e r s u s u n n y a s k r i p s i i n i

.

2 . I r . S u g i y o n o , s e l a k u d o s e n p e m b i m b i n g I1 y a n g t e l a h

b a n y a k membantu d a n m e m b e r i k a n p e n g a r a h a n selama

m e l a k u k a n p e n e l i t i a n .

3 . D r . I r . Y a d i H a r y a d i , MSc., s e l a k u d o s e n p e n g u j i y a n g

t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n s a r a n d a l a m p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i .

4 . ~ a p a k , ib u d a n a d i k - a d i k s e r t a R i t a , y a n g t e l a h b a n y a k

membantu d a n mendorong p e n u l i s s e l a m a p e n e l i t i a n

h i n g g a s e l e s a i p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i .

5 . S e l u r u h s t a f d a n k a r y a w a n l a b o r a t o r i u m k i m i a d a n p i l o t

p l a n P u s a t A n t a r U n i v e r s i t a s (PAU-IPS), P u s b a n g t e p a ,

d a n l a b o r a t o r i u m k i m i a j u r u s a n TPG y a n g t e l a h n e m b a n t u

k e l a n c a r a n p e n e l i t i a n p e n u l i s .

P e n u l i s m e n y a d a r i s k r i p s i i n i n e m p u n y a i k e l e b i h a n d a n

k e k u r a n g a n , o l e h s e b a b i t u s a r a n d a n k r i t i k y a n g membangun

s a n g a t d i h a r a p k a n

.

Semoga s k r i p s i i n i b e r m a n f a a t

.

B o g o r , P e b r u a r i 1992 P e n u l i s

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DAFTAR I S 1

Halaman

KATA PENGANTAR

. . .

i i i

DAFTAR I S 1

. . .

i v

DAFTAR GAMBAR

. . .

v i i

DAETAR TABEL

. . .

x

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

. . .

x i

I . PENDAHULUAN . . . 1

11. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA . . . 4

A . BOTANI

. . .

4

B . KARAKTERISTIK BUAH

C . SIFAT DAN KARAKTERISTIK PERNAPASAN 'BUAH

D . PENGEMASAN "MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE" DALAM

KEMASAN PLASTIK . . .

E . PENDUGAAN KONSENTRASI O2 DAN C02 KESETIMBANGAN

. . .

DALAM KEMASAN

111. METODOLOGI PENELITIAN . . .

A . BAHAN DAN ALAT

. . .

a . B a h a n

. . .

b . A l a t

. . .

B. METODA PENELITIAN

. . .

1. P e n g u k u r a n L a j u R e s p i r a s i

2 . P e n e n t u a n K o n s e n t r a s i Gas O 2 d a n C02

. . .

Optimum

3 . P e n e n t u a n J e n i s F i l m Kemasan d a n P e n d u g a a n K o n s e n t r a s i K e s e i m b a n g a n d e n g a n M o d e l

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1 . V a r i e t a s . . . . . . 3 _U 2 . K o n s e n t r a s i G a s O 2 d a n i O Z

3 . L a m a P e n y i m p a n a n . . .

D . PENGAMATAN . . .

1 . K e k e r a s a n

2 . S u s u t B o b o t . . .

3 . K a d a r A i r

4 . K a d a r Lemak

5 . B e r a t J e n i s . . .

6 . D e r a j a t K e r u s a k a n . . .

E . RANCANGAN PERCOBAAN . . .

I V . HASIL D A N PEMBAHASAN . . .

A . PENGUKURAN LAJlJ HESPlRASI 6 l l A H ALPUKAT

B . PENENTUAN KONSEN'l'RASI GAS C 7

-

DAN C 0 2 OPTIMUM . . .

1. P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O2 d a n C02 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p K e k e r a s a n

A l p u k a t . . .

2 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O2 d a n C02 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p S u s u t B o b o t

A l p u k a t . . .

3 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O7 d a n C02 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p e . k a d a r Alr

A l p u k a t . . . 4 9

4 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O2 d a n C02 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p K a d a r Lemak

A l p u k a t . . . 5 2

5 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O2 d a n C02 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p E e r a t . J e n i s

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6 . P e n q a r t l h K o n s e n t . r s s 1 (I2 d a n C O Z d a l a m

I J d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p P e r s e n t a s e K e r u s a k a n A l p u k a t . . . !i '7 7 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n C O Z dalam

U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p pH A l p u k a t . . . 60

8 . P e n g a r u h K o n s e n t r a s i O 2 d a n C 0 2 d a l a m U d a r a K e m a s a n t e r h a d a p K o n d i s i V i s u a l

Buah A l p u k a t . . . 6 2

C . PENENTUAN J E N I S FILM KEMASAN . . . 6 5

V . KESIMPULAN D A N SARAN . . .

7s

. . .

A . KESIMPULAN ' ( 5

8 . SARAN . . . ' ( 6

UAFTAR PUSTAKA . . . 7 7

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DAFTAR

GAHBAR [image:11.595.86.530.111.677.2]

H a l a m a n

Gambar 1. P e n a m p a n g m e l i n t a n g b u a h a l p u k a t

. . .

7

Gambar 2 . H e k a n i s m e p r o s e s p e r n a p a s a n b u a h

d a l a m f i l m k e m a s a n

. . .

18

Gambar 3 . A l p u k a t v a r i e t a s F u e r t e ( K o d o k ) , v a r i e t a s

West I n d i a n d a n v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a

. . .

23

Gambar 4 . B a g a n p e n g u k u r a n r e s p i r a s i a l p u k a t

. . .

2 5

Gambar 5 . B a g a n p e n e n t u a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n

. . .

C02 o p t i m u n p e n y i m p a n a n a l p u k a t 26

Gambar 6 . B a g a n p e n d u g a a a n k o n s e n t r a s i k e s e t i m - b a n g a n g a s 0 2 d a n C02 d a l a m

k e m a s a n

. . .

29

Gambar 7 . P e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 02, C0.2 d a n g r a f i k h a s i l r e g r e s i p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 , CU2

u n t u k v a r i e t a s F u e r t e

. . .

38

Gambar 8 . P e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 02, C02 d a n g r a f i k h a s i l r e g r a s i p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 , C02

u n t u k v a r i e t a s West I n d i a n

. . .

38

Gambar 9 . P e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 , C02 d a n g r a f i k h a s i l r e g r e s i p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 , C02

u n t u k v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a

. . .

39

Gambar 1 0 a . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k e k e r a s a n , k o m p o s i s i g a s

d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

. . .

F u e r t e 42

Gambar l o b . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k e k e r a s a n , k o m p o s i s i gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

. . .

West I n d i a n 4 3

Gambar 1 0 c . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k e k e r a s a n , k o m p o s i s i g a s

G u a t e m a l a

. . .

4 3

Gambar l l a . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n s u s u t b o b o t , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

. . .

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G a m b a r l l b . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n s u s u t b o b o t , . k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

W e s t I n d i a n . . . 4')

G a m b a r l l c . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n s u s u t b o b o t , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

G u a t e m a l a

. . .

G a m b a r 1223. G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r a i r , k o m p o s i s i gas

F u e r t e . . .

G a m b a r 1.2b. G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r a i r , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

West I n d i a n . . .

G a m b a r 1 Z c . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r a i r , k o m p o s i s i gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d s v a r i t a s

G u a t e m a l a

. . .

G a m b a r 13a. G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r l e m a k , k o m p o s i s i

gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s F u e r t e

. . .

G a m b a r 1 3 b . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r l e n a k , k o m p o s i s i

g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s W e s t I n d i a n

. . .

G a m b a r 1 3 c . Graf i k h u b u n g a n k a d a r l e m a k , k o m p o s i s i

gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

. . .

G u a t e m a l a

G a m b a r 1 4 a . Graf i k h u b u n g a n b e r a t j e n i s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s F u e r t e

. . .

G a n b a r 1 4 b . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n b e r a t j e n i s , k o m p o s i s i

gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

West I n d i a n

. . .

G a m b a r 1 4 c . Graf i k h u b u n g a n b e r a t j e n i s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i u ~ p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s

. . .

G u a t e m a l a

G a m b a r 1 5 a . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s F u e r t e

. . .

[image:12.599.84.532.60.710.2]

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G a m b a r l b c . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n , k o m p u s i s i g8.s d a n 1 sma. p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a .

v a r i t a s (;ttatema.la . . . 59

G a m b a r 1 6 a . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n p H , k o m p o s i s i g a s

d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a v a r i t a s F u e r t e

. . .

G a m b a r 1 6 b . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n pH, k o m p o s i s i gas

West I n d i a n

. . .

61

G a m b a r 1 6 c . G r a f i k h u b u n g a n pH, k o m p o s i s i g a s

G u a t e m a l a

. . .

6 2

Gamba-r 1 7 a . G r a f i k p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i O Z d a n CUZ

h a s i l d u g a a n d a n h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n

u n t u k v a r i t a s F u e r t e . . . '13

G a m b a r l ' l b . G r a f i k p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i O 2 d a n C 0 2 h a s i l d u g a a n d a n h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n

. . .

u n t u k v a r i t a s West I n d i a n 7 4

G a m b a r 1 7 c . G r a f i k p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i O 2 d a n C 0 2

h a s i l d u g a a n d a n h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n

. . .

[image:13.599.88.511.49.379.2]

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H a l a m a n

T a b e l '

T a b e l

T a b e 1

T a b e l

P e r k e m b a n g a n l u a s p a n e n d a n p r o d u k s i a l p u k a t d i I n d o n e s i a d a r i t a h u n 1 9 8 4

h i n g g a 1 9 8 8

. . .

2

S y a r a t m u t u b u a h a l p u k a t

. . .

8

Data h a s i l p e n g u k u r a n b e r a t a l p u k a t ( k g ) , v o l u m e b e b a s ( c c ) d a n l u a s p e r m u k a a n

. . .

t r a n s m i s i g a s ( i n 2 ) 66

D a t a p e r h i t u n g a n p e r m e a b i l i t a s f i l m k e m a s a n t e r h a d a p 0 2 d a n C 0 2 y a n g d i b u t u h k a n

u n t u k b e r b a g a i v a r l e t a s . . . 68

P e r m e a b i l i t a s t e r h a d a p O 2 d a n C 0 2 b e b e r a p a

j e n i s k e m a s a n p l a s t i k

. . .

69

H a s i l p e n g a m a t a n p e n g e m b u n a n u a p a i r d i

p e r m u k a a n k e m a s a n

. . .

7 0

L a j u t r a s m i s i u a p a i r d a n k e t e b a l a n f i l m

b e b e r a p a j e n i s k e m a s a n p l a s t i k

. . .

7 0

Hasil p e n g a m a t a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n C 0 2

y a n g d i k e m a s d e n g a n "PVC G r e e n P r o d u c e

Wrap"

. . .

'7 1

H a s i l p e n d u g a a n k o n s e n t r a s i O2 d a n C 0 2

y a n g d i k e m a s d e n g a n "PVC G r e e n P r o d u c e

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DAFTAR LAHPTRAN

Hal aman

L a m p i r a n 1 . R e k a p i t u l a s i d a t a h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n

. . .

a n a l i s a t e r h a d a p a l p u k a t 8 1

L a m p i r a n 2 a . A n a l i s a s i d i k r a g a n t e r h a d a p k e k e r a s a n

. . .

L a m p i r a n Z b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h v a r i e t a s t e r h a d a p

. . .

k e k e r a s a n 8 2

L a m p i r a n 2 c . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i gas

t e r h a d a p k e k e r a s a n . . . 8 2

L a m p i r a n 2 d . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

t e r h a d a p k e k e r a s a n 8 2

L a m p i r a n 3 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p

k e k e r a s a n

. . .

8 3

L a m p i r a n 3 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

k e k e r a s a n

. . .

8 3

L a m p i r a n 4 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

k e k e r a s a n

. . .

84

L a m p i r a n 5 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p k e k e r a s a n

. . .

85

L a m p i r a n 6 a . A n a l i s a s i d i k ragam t e r h a d a p s u s u t

b o b o t

. . .

86

L a m p i r a n 6 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s t e r h a d a p

. . .

s u s u t b o b o t 8 6

L a m p i r a n 6 c . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i g a s

t e r h a d a p s u s u t b o b o t . . . 8 6

L a m p i r a n 6 d . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h lama p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p s u s u t b o b o t

. . .

8 6

L a m p i r a n 7 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p s u s u t

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L a m p i r a n 7 6 . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

s u s u t b o b o t

. . .

8 7

L a m p i r a n 8 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i

g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p s u s u t b o b o t

. . .

L a m p i r a n 9 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

t e r h a d a p s u s u t b o b o t

L a m p i r a n 10a. A n a l i s a s i d i k ragam t e r h a d a p

. . .

k a d a r a i r

L a m p i r a n l o b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s t e r h a d a p

. . .

k a d a r a i r

L a m p i r a n 1 0 c . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i g a s

t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

. . .

L a m p i r a n i O d . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

. . .

L a m p i r a n l l a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p

. . .

k a d a r a i r

L a m p i r a n I l b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

k a d a r a i r

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 2 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i gas d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

. . .

k a d a r a i r

L a m p i r a n 1 3 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i gas d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

t e r h a d a p k a d a r a i r

L a m p i r a n 14a. A n a l i s a s i d i k ragam t e r h a d a p k a d a r l e m a k

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 4 b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s t e r h a d a p

. . .

k a d a r l e m a k

L a m p i r a n 14c. U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i g a s

. . .

t e r h a d a p k a d a r l e m a k

L a m p i r a n 1 4 d . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

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L a m p i r a n 1 5 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r l t a s d a n k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p k a d a r

l e m a k

. . .

9 5

L a m p i r a n 1 5 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p k a d a t

l e m a k

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 6 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p

k a d a r l e m a k

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 7 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p k a d a r l e m a k

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 8 a . A n a l i s a s i d i k r a g a m t e r h a d a p b e r a t . .

j e n l s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 8 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n i s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 18c. U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n i s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 8 d . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i n p a n a n

t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n i s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 9 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s

d a n k o m p o s i s i _. _. gas t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n l s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 1 9 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n l s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 2 0 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i n p a n a n t e r h a d a p

b e r a t j e n i s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 2 1 a . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s ,

k o m p o s i s i gas d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p b e r a t j e n i s

. . .

L a m p i r a n 2 2 a . A n a l i s a s i d i k ragam t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e

. . .

k e r u s a k a n

L a m p i r a n 2 2 b . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n

. . .

L a m p i r a n 2 2 c . U j i D u n c a n p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n . . .

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L a m p i r a n 2 3 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n . . . 1 0 3

L a m p i r a n 2 3 b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n k o m p o s i s i gas t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e

k e r u s a k a n

. . .

103

L a m p i r a n 2 3 c . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e

k e r u s a k a n

. . .

103

L a m p i r a n 2 4 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o m p o s i s i gas

d a n l a n a p e n y i n p a n a n t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e

. . .

k e r u s a k a n 1 0 4

L a m p i r a n 2 5 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i g a s d a n l a n a p e n y i m p a n a n

. . .

t e r h a d a p p e r s e n t a s e k e r u s a k a n 1 0 5

. . .

L a m p i r a n 2 6 a . A n a l i s a s i d i k ragam t e r h a d a p pH 1 U 6

L a m p i r a n 2 6 b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h v a r i t a s

t e r h a d a p pH

. . .

1 0 6

L a m p i r a n 2 6 c . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h k o m p o s i s i gas

t e r h a d a p pH

. . .

106

L a m p i r a n 2 6 d . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h lama p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p pH

. . .

1 0 6 L a m p i r a n 2 7 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s

d a n k o m p o s i s i g a s t e r h a d a p pH . . . 1 0 7

L a m p i r a n 2 7 b . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s

. . .

d a n l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n t e r h a d a p pH 107

L a m p i r a n 2 8 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i k o n p o s i s i g a s d a n lama p e n y i m p a n a n

t e r h a d a p pH

. . .

108

L a m p i r a n 2 9 a . U j i Duncan p e n g a r u h i n t e r a k s i v a r i t a s , k o m p o s i s i gas d a n lama p e n y i n p a n a n

t e r h a d a p pH

. . .

1 0 9

L a m p i r a n 3 0 . H a s i l p e n g a i n a t a n v i s u a l p e n y i m p a n a n

a l p u k a t

. . .

110

L a m p i r a n 31. Gambar p e n a n p a k a n k e t i g a v a r i t a s

a l p u k a t s e t e l a h 2 8 h a r i p e n y i n p a n a n

. .

1 1 2

L a r n p i r a n 3 2 . P r o g r a m p e n d u g a a n k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n C02 d a l a m k e m a s a n d e n g a n p e n d e k a t a n

[image:18.595.85.520.41.705.2]

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I . PENDAHULUAN

I n d o n e s i a m e r u p a k a n n e g a r a a g r a r i s y a n g m e n p u n y a i

b e r b a g a i macam k o m o d i t a s p e r t a n i a n y a n g b e r p o t e n s i

u n t u k d i e k s p o r n a u p u n u n t u k k o n s u n s i d a l a n n e g e r i .

H a s i l p e r t a n i a n i t u a d a l a h b i j i - b i j i a n , p a l a w i j a d a n

k o m o d i t a s h o r t i k u l t u r a .

Buah-buahan m e m p u n y a i p o t e n s i e k o n o m i y a n g c u k u p

t i n g g i d a n umumnya d i k o n s u m s i s e b a g a i b u a h s e g a r , o l e h

k a r e n a i t u mutu d a n k e s e g a r a n b u a h p e r l u d i p e r t a h a n k a n

s e h i n g g a d a p a t m e n g h a s i l k a n n i l a i j u a l y a n g t i n g g i .

D i d a e r a h t r o p i s , b u a h d a n s a y u r a n c e p a t s e k a l i

m e n g a l a m i k e r u s a k a n s e t e l a h d i p a n e n . K e r u s a k a n i n i

t e r u t a m a d i s e b a b k a n o l e h k e l a i n a n f i s i o l o g i s , k e r u s a k a n

m e k a n i s , s e r t a g a n g g u a n hama d a n p e n y a k i t . D i p e r k i r a -

k a n t i n g k a t k e r u s a k a n pasca p a n e n b u a h d a n s a y u r a n

b e r k i s a r d a r i 2 2 h i n g g a 7 8 p e r s e n (FAO, 1 9 8 1 ) .

A l p u k a t m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u j e n i s b u a h y a n g

b e r p o t e n s i d i I n d o n e s i a . P r o d u k s i a l p u k a t p a d a t a h u n

1 9 8 8 n e n g a l a m i k e n a i k k a n 4 2 . 0 4 % s e l a m a 4 t a h u n t e r a k -

h i r . T a b e l 1 m e n u n j u k k a n l u a s p a n e n d a n j u m l a h p r o d u k -

s i b u a h a l p u k a t d i I n d o n e s i a d a r i t a h u n 1 9 8 4 h i n g g a

1988.

B u a h a l p u k a t s e t e l a h d i p a n e n m a s i h m e l a n g s u n g k a n

p r o s e s r e s p i r a s i d a n m e t a b o l i s n e . S e l a m a n e l a n g s u n g k a n

p r o s e s i n i d i k e l u a r k a n C 0 2 d a n a i r s e r t a d i k o n s u n s i 0 2

y a n g a d a d i s e k i t a r n y a . S e l a i n i t u , a l p u k a t a k a n o e n g -

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p r o s e s k e r u s a k a n . K e c e p a t a n k e r u s a k a n t e r g a n t u n g d a r i

s u h u p e n y i m p a n a n , s e r t a k o m p o s i s i O2 d a n C 0 2 u d a r a l i n g k u n g a n n y a .

T a b e l 1. P e r k e n b a n g a n l u a s p e n e n d a n p r o d u k s i b u a h a l p u k a t d i I n d o n e s i d a r i t a h u n

1984 h i n g g a 1988

Tahun L u a s P a n e n ( h a ) P r o d u k s i ( t o n )

1984 16 897 58 097

1985 20 030 62 820

1986 20 816 72 234

1987 22 543 7 1 530

1988 20 366 82 520

S u n b e r : D i r e k t o r a t J e n d r a l P e r t a n i a n T a n a n a n P a n g a n ( 1989)

A l p u k a t m e r u p a k a n b u a h y a n g cepat r u s a k , k a r e n a

n e n g a l a o i p r o s e s y a n g c e p a t p a d a f a s e p e n a s a k a n , y a n g

d i s e b u t b e r s i f a t k l i m a k t e r i k .

T i n g k a t k e b e r h a s i l a n p e n y i m p a n a n t e r g a n t u n g d a r i

c a r a m e n g u r a n g i k e r u s a k a n a t a u d e n g a n c a r a n e n p e r l a n b a t

a t a u m e n c e g a h p r o s e s k e r u s a k a n t e r s e b u t . C a r a - c a r a

p e n a n g a n a n p a s c a p a n e n y a n g b a i k d a n h a t i - h a t i s e r t a

p e n y i m p a n a n y a n g k h u s u s d i p e r l u k a n u n t u k n e n j a g a agar

k o m o d i t a s t e r s e b u t t e t a p b a i k .

S a l a h s a t u c a r a u n t u k m e n g h a n b a t a t a u n e n u n d a

p r o s e s k e m a s a k a n d a n k e r u s a k a n b u a h a l p u k a t a d a l a h

p e n y i m p a n a n p a d a s u h u r e n d a h y a n g d i k o a b i n a s i k a n d e n g a n

t e k n i k p e n y i m p a n a n m o d i f i k a s i a t m o s f e r , y a i t u s i s t e n

p e n y i m p a n a n d e n g a n n e n g a t u r k o m p o s i s i u d a r a d a l a n r u a n g

p e n y i m p a n a n s e h i n g g a b e r b e d a d e n g a n k o m p o s i s i u d a r a

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a k a n l e b i h e k o n o n i s d e n g a n menggunakan k e m a s a n p l a s t i k

y a n g m e n g e n d a l i k a n k e a d a a n l i n g k u n g a n k e m a s a n .

T u j u a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h u n t u k mempela-

j a r i p e n g a r u h p e n y i n p a n a n m o d i f i k a s i a t m o s f e r t e r h a d a p

b u a h a l p u k a t , d e n g a n menggunakan k e m a s a n p l a s t i k f l e k -

(22)

11. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

A . BOTANI

A l p u k a t a d a l a h j e n i s t a n a m a n y a n g t e r m a s u k f a m i l i

Lauraceae. Nana b o t a n i s d a r i b u a h a l p u k a t i n i Persea americana, H i l l ( R i s m u n a n d a r , 1986).

A l p u k a t m e r u p a k a n t a n a n a n h o r t i k u l t u r a y a n g d a p a t

tumbuh d i d a e r a h y a n g a g a k k e r i n g d a n j u g a d a e r a h

b a s a h . T a n a h y a n g d i k e h e n d a k i a g a r pohon a l p u k a t d a p a t

tumbuh d e n g a n b a i k a d a l a h t a n a h y a n g g e m b u r y a n g n e -

n u n g k i n k a n a d a n y a a e r a s i a t a u p e r e d a r a n u d a r a d e n g a n pH

a n t a r a 5 . 0 s a m p a i 6 . 5 .

P o h o n a l p u k a t y a n g t u m b u h l a n g s u n g d a r i b i j i

n e n c a p a i k e t i n g g i a n l e b i h d a r i 20 meter. P o h o n y a n g

d i p e r b a n y a k m e l a l u i o k u l a s i p e r t u n b u h a n n y a a g a k k u r a n g

t i n g g i . Daun a l p u k a t b e r b e n t u k t u n g g a l t e r s u s u n d a l a m

b e n t u k s p i r a l . P u c u k d a u n a l p u k a t a d a y a n g b e r w a r n a

h i j a u n u d a h i n g g a k e m e r a h - m e r a h a n . B u n g a a l p u k a t

d i b e n t u k p a d a a k h i r r a n t i n g d e n g a n b e n t u k o a l a i y a n g

b e r j e n i s k e l a m i n d u a . P e r s a r i a n b a n y a k t e r j a d i k a r e n a

kun j u n g a n l e b a h .

Husim b e r b u n g a a l p u k a t s a n g a t b e r g a n t u n g p a d a d a e -

r a h d a n j e n i s a l p u k a t . B i a s a n y a a l p u k a t b e r b u n g a d a l a n

b u l a n A p r i l s a n p a i d e n g a n A g u s t u s , d a n O k t o b e r s a n p a i

November. A l p u k a t b e r b u a h d a r i b u l a n Desember s a n p a i

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Menurut R i s m u n a n d a r ( 1 9 8 6 ) t a n a n a n a l p u k a t y a n g

k u r a n g d a l a m p e m b e n t u k a n a k a r r a m b u t n y a , t i d a k a k a n

n u d a h tumbuh d e n g a n b a i k p e r a k a r a n n y a d a l a n t a n a h y a n g

p a d a t . D e m i k i a n p u l a d i t e m p a t - t e n p a t y a n g a i r d a l a m

t a n a h n y a t i d a k m u d a h d i b u a n g , a t a u d i m a n a a i r t e t a p

m e n g g e n a n g d i p e r m u k a a n . T a n a h y a n g s e n a n t i a s a b a n y a k

n e n g a n d u n g a i r d a n p a d a t n e n g u n d a n g d e n g a n c e p a t p e n y a -

k i t a k a r . P o h o n a l p u k a t t a m p a k s e d i k i t d e n i s e d i k i t

m e r a n a k a r e n a a d a n y a s e r a n g a n p e n y a k i t Pytophtora cinamoni.

A l p u k a t y a n g d i t a n a m d a r i b i j i m u l a i b e r b u a h p a d a

u n u r 5

-

6 t a h u n . Dengan o k u l a s i s a a t b e r b u a h d a p a t

d i p e r c e p a t y a i t u p a d a umur 3

-

4 t a h u n ( R i s n u n a n d a r ,

1 9 8 6 ) .

H e n u r u t Ahmed d a n B a r n o r e ( 1 9 8 0 ) , t e r d a p a t t i g a

v a r i e t a s y a n g d i a k u i s e b a g a i i n d u k y a i t u H e x i c a n ,

G u a t e m a l a n d a n West I n d i a n .

T i p e M e x i c o rnempunyai d a u n y a n g b e r b a u s e p e r t i

n i n y a k a d a s . T a n g k a i b u a h p e n d e k . B u a h n y a k e c i l - k e c i l

b u l a t d e n g a n b e r a t r a t a - r a t a i- 2 0 0 gram. Unur b u a h 6

-

8 b u l a n . B i j i b u a h n y a t e r g o l o n g b e s a r . K u l i t b u a h n y a

t i p i s d a n mudah t e r k e l u p a s . D a g i n g b u a h n y a n e n g a n d u n g

m i n y a k s a m p a i 3 0 % . Berasal d a r i M e x i c o ( R i s n u n a n d a r ,

1 9 8 6 ) .

T i p e G u a t e m a l a n e m p u n y a i b o b o t b u a h 0 . 2 s a n p a i 2 . 3

k g . T a n g k a i b u a h p a n j a n g , b u a h n a s a k 9 h i n g g a 1 2

b u l a n . K u l i t b u a h n y a t e b a l , k e r a s d a n k a s a r . B i j i n y a

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B e n t u k b u a h n y a b u l a t t e l u r ( e l l i p s ) . B e r a s a l d a r i

G u a t e n a l a d a n t i d a k t a h a n d i t a n a n d i d a e r a h d i n g i n

( R i s m u n a n d a r , 1 9 8 6 ) .

T i p e West H i n d i a n e m p u n y a i b o b o t b u a h 0 . 3 s a n p a i

2 . 3 k g . Buah masak umur 6

-

9 b u l a n . T a n g k a i b u a h

p e n d e k . K u l i t buah h a l u s d a n a g a k l i a t . B i j i n y a l e b i h

b e s a r d a r i t i p e G u a t e m a l a . D a g i n g b u a h n y a b e r k a d a r

lemak 3

-

10% ( R i s n u n a n d a r , 1 9 8 6 ) . B e r a s a l d a r i d a t a -

r a n r e n d a h d i Amerika T e n g a h d a n b a g i a n u t a r a A n e r i k a

S e l a t a n ( B i a l e d a n Young, 1 9 7 1 ) .

T i p e F u e r t e n e r u p a k a n h y b r i d y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i

t i p e Mexican dan t i p e G u a t e m a l a , n e n p u n y a i k u l i t a g a k

k a s a r , b e n t u k b u l a t t e l u r ( e l l i p s ) .

Buah a l p u k a t t e r d i r i d a r i s e b u a h k a r p d a n s e b u a h

b i j i . P e r i k a r p yang t e r d a p a t d i l u a r b i j i t e r d i r i d a r i

e k s o k a r p , n e s o k a r p d a n e n d o k a r p . B a g i a n l u a r e k s o k a r p

d i l i n d u n g i o l e h l a p i s a n l i l i n y a n g t i p i s . Mesokarp

s e b a g i a n b e s a r d i b e n t u k o l e h s e l p a r e n k i m y a n g s e r a g a n

d e n g a n d i a m e t e r 6 0 Wm p a d a b u a h y a n g m a t a n g . S e l

p a r e n k i m mengandung s e l m i n y a k k h u s u s , d a n w a l a u p u n s e l

m i n y a k n e r u p a k a n b u t i r a n k e c i l , d a p a t t e r d e t e k s i d i

d a l a n s e l p a r e n k i n ( B i a l e d a n Young, 1 9 7 1 ) . L e b i h

l a n j u t d i n y a t a k a n bahwa e n d o k a r p t e r d i r i d a r i b e b e r a p a

b a r i s s e l p a r e n k i n y a n g m e n y e l u b u n g i b i j i . U k u r a n s e l

p a r e n k i m e n d o k a r p l e b i h k e c i l d a r i p a d a s e l p a r e n k i m

n e s o k a r p . Sebuah b i j i a l p u k a t t e r d i r i d a r i d u a c e l a h

k o t i l e d o n , . p l u n u l e , h i p o k o t i l , r a d i k a l d a n d u a b i j i

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Penampang m e l i n t a n g b u a h a l p u k a t d i g a n b a r k a n

s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

K e t e r a n g a n g a n b a r :

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1. E k s o k a r p 2 . M e s o k a r p 3 . E n d o k a r p 4 . B i j i

Gambar 1. P e n a n p a n g n e l i n t a n g b u a h a l p u k a t

B .

gARAKTERISTIK BUAH

Buah a l p u k a t s e b a i k n y a d i p e t i k b i l a s u d a h c u k u p

t u a ( n a t u r e ) . K e n a t a n g a n b u a h a l p u k a t d a p a t d i l i h a t

d a r i penampakan k u l i t n y a . B i l a n a s i h m e n g k i l a p , n a k a

b u a h m a s i h b e l u m c u k u p m a t a n g w a l a u p u n b e n t u k n y a s u d a h

c u k u p b e s a r . C i r i k e d u a i a l a h b i l a b u a h a l p u k a t y a n g

n a s i h muda d i k e t u k d e n g a n s e n t i l a n j a r i a k a n t e r d e n g a r

b e r b u n y a i n y a r i n g . C i r i k e t i g a a d a k a l a n y a b i j i a l p u -

k a t k e d e n g a r a n t e r l e p a s b i l a b u a h d i k o c o k s e d i k i t , g e -

j a l a i n i m e n u n j u k a n b u a h s u d a h c u k u p n a t a n g ( R i s n u n a n -

d a r , 1 9 8 6 ) .

H e n u r u t P a n t a s t i c o ( 1 9 8 6 ) t i n g k a t k e n a t a n g a n p a d a

s a a t p e n a n e n a n m e r u p a k a n h a 1 y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g u n t u k

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b u a h y a n g b e l u n c u k u p m a t a n g h a r u s d i h i n d a r k a n , o l e h

k a r e n a b u a h y a n g b e l u n c u k u p n a t a n g c e n d e r u n g n e n p u n y a i

a r o m a d a n t e k s t u r y a n g k u r a n g b a i k p a d a p e n a s a k a n

( r i p e n i n g ) .

M e n u r u t R i s n u n a n d a r ( 1 9 8 6 ) k a d a r a i r d a r i b u a h

a l p u k a t s e k i t a r 87 X , k a d a r p r o t e i n a n t a r a 0 . 8 7 s a n p a i

1 . 7 X , k a d a r l e n a k 4

-

20 X , k a r b o h i d r a t 1 . 5

-

2 X d a n

m i n e r a l a n t a r a 0 . 6

-

1 . 2 X .

S y a r a t n u t u a l p u k a t n e n u r u t D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l

P e r t a n i a n T a n a n a n P a n g a n ( 1 9 8 9 ) t e r l i h a t p a d a T a b e l 2

b e r i k u t i n i :

T a b e l 2 . S y a r a t n u t u b u a h a l p u k a t

K a r a k t e r i s t i k s y a r a t n u t u

I

I I

K e s a n a a n sif a t s e r a g a n v a r i e t a s

T i n g k a t k e n a - s u d a h n a t a n g , t a p i t a n g a n t i d a k t e r l a l u n a s a k

B e n t u k n o r m a l

K e k e r a s a n k e r a s

U k u r a n s e r a g a n

K e r u s a k a n n a k s . ( X ) 5

B u s u k n a k s . ( X b e r a t ) 1

K o t o r a n b e b a s

s e r a g a n

s u d a h m a t a n g , t i - d a k t e r l a l u m a s a k

k u r a n g n o r m a l

k e r a s

s e r a g a n

1

a

2

b e b a s

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C.

SIFAT DAN KARAKTERISTIK PERNAPASAN BUAH

S e l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n , b u a h - b u a h a n d a n s a y u r - s a y u r a n

m e n j a l a n i b e n t u k k e h i d u p a n h e t e r o t r o p i k d e n g a n n e n g g u -

n a k a n c a d a n g a n n a k a n a n y a n g t e r s i s a . S a t u - s a t u n y a

h u b u n g a n y a n g n a s i h t e r j a d i a n t a r a b u a h - b u a h a n d a n

l i n g k u n g a n n y a a d a l a h p e r t u k a r a n g a s , y a i t u b u a h - b u a h a n

menggunakan O2 d a l a m a t n o s f e r u n t u k n e n p r o d u k s i COZ,

u a p a i r d a n z a t - z a t o r g a n i k ( s e p e r t i e t h y l e n e d a n z a t -

z a t p e m b e n t u k a r o m a ) .

P e r n a p a s a n m e r u p a k a n s a r a n a p e n y e d i a e n e r g i y a n g

s a n g a t v i t a l d i b u t u h k a n u n t u k s e n p e r t a h a n k a n s t r u k t u r

s e l d a n j a l a n n y a p r o s e s - p r o s e s b i o k i m i a . P e r n a p a s a n

i d e n t i k d e n g a n k e h i d u p a n . S e t i a p o r g a n i s n e , o r g a n d a n

s e l b e r n a p a s t e r u s m e n e r u s d a l a n s e l u r u h p e r i o d e h i d u p -

n y a . S e l a m a b e r n a p a s , b u a h - b u a h a n m a s i h h i d u p . J i k a

p e r n a p a s a n t e r h e n t i , p a s o k a n e n e r g i t e r g a n g g u d a n

s e b a g a i h a s i l n y a s t r u k t u r s e l r u s a k , p r o s e s - p r o s e s l a i n

m e n j a d i k a c a u d a n r e a k s i p e n b u s u k a n a k a n b e r l a n g s u n g .

R e a k s i s e l u r u h p e r n a p a s a n b u a h a d a l e h :

C6H1206 + '2 > 6 C 0 2

+

6 H 2 0

+

6 7 4 k c a l

( e n e r g i )

Dari p e r s a n a a n d i a t a s t a n p a k bahwa s u n b e r u t a n a

p e n g h a s i l e n e r g i a d a l a h g l u k o s a . T e t a p i t i d a k b e r a r t i

p r o t e i n , l e m a k d a n asam o r g a n i k t i d a k n e m p u n y a i p e r a n a n

d a l a m p e r n a p a s a n . H a s i l y a n g d a p a t d i a n b i l d a r i p r o s e s

p e r n a p a s a n a d a l a h g a s - g a s y a n g t e r l i b a t d a l a m p e r n a p a -

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d i k o n s u m s i k a n sama d e n g a n v o l u m e C 0 2 y a n g d i l e p a s k a n .

J a d i r a s i o v o l u n e C 0 2 y a n g d i l e p a s k a n d a n v o l u n e O 2

y a n g d i k o n s u n s i ( R e s p i r a t i o n Q u o t l e n t RQ) s a n a d e n g a n

s a t u .

D a l a m k e n y a t a a n n y a RQ t i d a k s e l a l u s a t u . N i l a i RQ

a k a n m e n i n g k a t d e n g a n m a k i n m a t a n g n y a b u a h . P e n i n g k a t -

a n i n i m e n y a t a k a n h u b u n g a n a n t a r a p r o s e s p e r n a p a s a n

d e n g a n i n d e k s k e n a t a n g a n d a r i k a r a k t e r i s t i k f i s i o l o g i

b u a h .

W

i n a r n o d a n W i r a k a r t a k u s u m a h ( 1 9 8 1 ) n e n y a t a k a n

b a h w a n i l a i RQ sana d e n g a n s a t u b e r a r t i d a l a n r e a k s i

p e r n a p a s a n h a n y a g l u k o s a y a n g d i o k s i d a s i . J i k a

RB

s e b e s a r 0 . 7 1 h a n y a l e n a k y a n g d i o k s i d a s i d a n b i l a RQ

s e b e s a r 0 . 8 h a n y a p r o t e i n y a n g d i o k s i d a s i . S e d a n g k a n

a n t a r a 0 . 7 1 s a n p a i 1 . 0 y a n g d i o k s i d a s i c a m p u r a n g l u k o -

s a , p r o t e i n d a n l e n a k .

S e b a g a i h a s i l p e r n a p a s a n , s u s u n a n u d a r a d a l a n

s i s t e m t e r t u t u p a k a n b e r u b a h d i n a n a v o l u m e C 0 2 a k a n

b e r k u r a n g s e d a n g k a n v o l u n e C 0 2 a k a n m e n i n g k a t t e r h a d a p

w a k t u . S i f a t - s i f a t p e r n e p a s a n b u a h ( m a k i n b e r k u r a n g n y a

O2 d a n b e r t a n b a h n y a C 0 2 ) i n i y a n g d i p a k a i n e n b e n t u k

a t m o s f e r t e r n o d i f i k a s i d e n g a n k a n d u n g a n Q 2 r e n d a h d a n

k a n d u n g a n C 0 2 t i n g g i

.

P e r n a p a s a n j u g a d i i r i n g i o l e h t e r b e n t u k n y a u a p a i r

d a n p a n a s , y a n g j u g a n e r u p a k a n f a k t o r y a n g h a r u s d i p e r -

h a t i k a n d a l a n p e n y i m p a n a n b u a h - b u a h a n d a n s a y u r - s a y u r -

a n . L a j u p e r n a p a s a n t e r g a n t u n g p a d a k o n s e n t r a s i 0 2 d a n

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p e r n a p a s a n t e r g a n t u n g p a d a b e b e r a p a f a k t o r

.

F a k t o r .

y a n g t e r p e n t i n g y a n g b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n k e a d a a n f i s i o l o -

g i s b u a h a d a l a h t i n g k a t k e n a t a n g a n b u a h d a n t u r g o r s e l .

I n t e n s i t a s p e r n a p a s a n n e n c a p a i p u n c a k n y a p a d a b u a h y a n g

n a t a n g .

M e n u r u t

W

i n a r n o d a n

W

i r a k a r t a k u s u m a h ( 1 9 8 1 ) a l p u -

k a t d i g o l o n g k a n s e b a g a i g o l o n g a n b u a h - b u a h a n k l i m a k t e -

r i k y a n g b e r a r t i bahwa selama p r o s e s p e r t u n b u h a n b u a h

sampai n e n j a d i b u s u k , t e r j a d i p e r u b a h a n - p e r u b a h a n b i o -

l o g i s m i s a l n y a t e r j a d i p e n i n g k a t a n r e s p i r a s i , p e m b e n t u -

k a n s e n y a w a e t i l e n d a n p e n i n g k a t a n p r o s e s p e n a s a k a n .

S t a d i a k l i m a k t e r i k s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a n e r a t hu-

b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n k u a l i t a s b u a h s e l a n a p e n y i n p a n a n s e r t a

umur s i n p a n n y a . P a d a s t a d i a i t u k u a l i t a s b u a h n e n c a p a i

o p t i n u n d a n s e t e l a h i t u k u a l i t a s b u a h s e n a k i n m e n u r u n

d e n g a n c e p a t

.

D. PEWGEHASBW

"HODIFIED BTHOSPHERE"

D B L M

EMASAM PLASTIK

M e n u r u t B u c k l e e t a l . ( 1 9 8 7 ) pengemasan m e r u p a k a n

s a l a h s a t u c a r a n e m b e r i k a n k o n d i s i y a n g t e p a t b a g i

p a n g a n u n t u k n e n u n d a p r o s e s dalam j a n g k a w a k t u y a n g

d i i n g i n k a n

.

M e n u r u t Wills e t a l . ( 1 9 8 1 ) s y a r a t - s y a r a t k e n a s a n

a d a l a h (1) h a r u s c u k u p k u a t n e l i n d u n g i b a h a n s e l a n a

p e n y i m p a n a n . t r a n s p o r t a s i d a n p e n u n p u k a n , ( 2 ) t i d a k

b e r e a k s i d e n g a n b a h a n y a n g d i k e m a s , ( 3 ) b e n t u k n y a

s e s u a i d e n g a n c a r a p e n a n g a n a n d a n p e n a s a r a n n y a , ( 4 )

(30)

k e g i a t a n p e r n a p a s a n b a h a n y a n g d i k e m a s d i k e t a h u i d a n ( 5 )

b i a y a kemasan d i s e s u a i k a n d e n g a n b a h a n y a n g d i k e n a s .

Menurut P a n t a s t i c o ( 1 9 8 6 ) , p e n g g u n a a n p l a s t i k

s e b a g a i b a h a n p e n g e n a s d a p a t n e l i n d u n g i d a n n e n g a w e t k a n

b u a h d a n s a y u r a n y a n g d i s i n p a n . S e l a n a p e n y i n p a n a n

d a l a m kemasan p l a s t i k t e r j a d i p e r u b a h a n k o n s e n t r a s i Cog

d a n 0 2 , d i m a n a C o g m e n i n g k a t d a n O 2 n e n u r u n a k i b a t

r e s p i r a s i .

H e n u r u t H e n i g d a n G i l b e r t ( 1 9 7 5 ) , p e r u b a h a n kon-

s e n t r a s i t e r s e b u t s u a t u s a a t a k a n n e n c a p a i k e s e t i n b a n g -

a n y a i t u s e d i k i t s e k a l i b a h k a n h a m p i r t i d a k a d a p e r u b a -

h a n k o n s e n t r a s i .

Menurut Wills e t a l . ( 1 9 8 1 ) b e b e r a p a j e n i s p l a s t i k

c o c o k d i g u n a k a n u n t u k n e n g e n a s b u a h - b u a h a n d a n s a y u r -

s a y u r a n s e p e r t i P o l i e t i l e n ( P E ) d a n P o l i v i n i l k h l o r i d a

( P V C ) . P l a s t i k p o l i e t i l e n y a n g s e r i n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k

n e n g e m a s b u a h - b u a h a n d a n s a y u r - s a y u r a n a d a l a h p l a s t i k

P o l i e t i l e n y a n g b e r k e r a p a t a n r e n d a h

(LDPE)

.

B a h a n i n i

k u a t , k e d a p a i r , t a h a n t e r h a d a p z a t k i m i a , t r a n s p a r a n ,

f l e k s i b e l , p e r . n e a b e 1 t e r h a d a p gas s e r t a m u r a h .

Menurut Hall e t a l .

di.

P a n t a s t i c o ( 1 9 8 9 ) ,

p e n g g u n a a n p l a s t i k s e b a g a i b a h a n p e n g e m a s n e n u n g k i n k a n

b a n y a k ragam k e g u n a a n y a n g d a p a t n e l i n d u n g i d a n n e n g -

a w e t a n buah-buahan d a n s a y u r a n y a n g n u d a h r u s a k , se-

h i n g g a d a p a t m e m p e r p a n j a n g d a y a s i m p a n n y a . K e n a s a n

m e m b e r i k a n l i n d u n g a n y a n g b e r b e d a p a d a b u a h y a n g

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(133)

MEMPELAlARl PENGARUH

"MODiFIED

ATMOSPHERE PWCOIAGIMG"

Oleh

FX EKO SUDARMINTO

F 24. 0 7 0 4

FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGl PERTANIAN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

(134)

FX

EKO SUDAKMIN'SI). b' % 4 . 0 7 1 ) 4 . M e m p e l a j a r i P e n g a r u h " H o d i - f i e d A t m o s p h e r e P a c k a g i n g " t e r t l a d a p A l p u k a t ( P e r s e a a m e r i - c a r ? a , M i l l ) . D i bawah t ~ i m b i n g a n F . G . W i n a r n o d a n S u g i y o n o

RINGKASAN

T u j u a n d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h u n t u k m e m p e l a j a r i

p e n g a r u h p e n y i m p a n a n m o d i f i k a s i a t m o s f e r t e r h a d a p b u a h a l -

p u k a t , d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n k e m a s a n p l a s t i k f l e k s i b e l , s e r t a

p e n d u g a a n k o m p o s i s i g a s 0 2 d a n C02 s e l a m a p e n y i m p a n a n .

B a h a n u t a m a y a n g d i p a k a i d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h

a l p u k a t ( P e r s e a a m e r i c a n a

,

M i l l ) y a n g t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a

v a r i e t a s y a i t u F u e r t e ( l o k a l : K o d o k ) , West I n d i a n d a n

G u a t e m a l a .

V a r i e t a s F u e r t e ( l o k a l : K o d o k ) d i p e r o l e h d a r i C i k u -

r a i , B o g o r ; v a r i e t a s W e s t I n d i a n d i p e r o l e h d a r i P a d j a j a r -

a n , B o g o r d a n v a r i e t a s G u a t e m a l a d i p e r o l e h d a r i G a r u t .

B a h a n l a i n y a n g d i p e r g u n a k a n a d a l a h lima j e n i s kema-

s a n p l a s t i k p o l y v i n y l c h l o r i d e (PVC/Argha K a r - y a ) 2 5 pm,

PVC ( F i l m c o . I n t . L t d . ) 1 2 . 5 wm, p o l y e t i l e n e ( P E ) 2 5 pm,

p o l y e t i l e n e ( P E ) 3 5 w m , p o l y p r o p i l e n e ( P P ) 2 9 pm.

M a n g k u k / w a d a h s t y r o f o a m

,

s e l a n g p l a s t i k , v a s e l i n , l i l i n ,

r i n g s e k r u p , lem p l a s t i k .

P e n e l i t i a n i n i t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a t a h a p , y a i t u p e n g u -

k u r a n l a j u r e s p i r a s i b u a h a l p u k a t , p e n e n t u a n k o n s e n t r a s i

g a s 0 2 d a n C02 o p t i m u m , p e m i l i h a n j e n i s f i l m k e m a s a n d a n

p e n d u g a a n k o n s e n t r a s i k e s e i m b a n g a n d e n g a n m o d e l k e m a s a n .

P a d