A Paper
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Strata l Degree
YAMAN
Reg.102026024613
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES STA TE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY "SYAR.IF HIDA YATULLAH"
Ali. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, October 2007.
The research concerns on translation study. In this thesis, the writer focuses the analysis on procedural translation of the English translation of Al-Qur'an. For the object of research, he chooses The Meaning Of The Holy Al-Qur 'an by 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
The writer uses qualitative descriptive method. He analyses the translation by reading the original text and then compared to its translation to find if there is any word or sentence that relates to translation procedure. The next step after finding data is organizing or classifying the data according to what kind of the procedure it is. The writer uses the theory of translation procedure to analyze the data.
QUR' AN: AN ANALYSIS TO THE MEANING OF SOME VERSES OF SURAH AL-BAQARAH By 'ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
A Paper
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Strata 1 Degree
YAMAN
Reg.102026024613
Approved by:
Dr. H.
ｍｵｨ｡ｭｭ｡ｴｾＬ＠
M.Pd.ｾＲＹＹＴＸＰ＠
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY "SY ARIF HIDA YA TULLAR"
JAKARTA
Qur'an: An Analysis to the Meaning of Some Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah By
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali" has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty's
Examination Committee on November 28tl', 2007. The thesis has already been
accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Strata 1.
Chair Person,
Dr. H. Abdul Chair, M.A NIP. 150 216 746
Drs. H. Abdul. Hamid. M.Ed NIP. 150 181 922
Jakarta, November 28'h, 2007
Examination Committee
Members:
Secretary,
ｾｉｴ＠
Lta-
Jv "L Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd NIP. 150 261 902• 1,. f/V'-)!)
｣ｾＮｲｾ＠
my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, November 13th 2007
--,
All praises be to Allah SWT. The real writer's guide, who amazingly guides him in the process of making this thesis. Peace and salutation be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions and adherents.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to his beloved parents and sisters, who always pray for my success in the night and the day. Their sacrifices will never be equally paid. The writer also wants to give his gratitude to Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, as the writer advisor for his time, guidance, patient, kindness, and contribution in correcting and helping him in finishing this thesis.
The writer also would like to express the writer's trustworthy gratitude to the following noble persons:
l. Dr. Abdul Chaer, MA, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.
2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University of Jakarta.
5. The writer's teachers: Gurutta KH. Abdurrahman Ambo Daile, Gurutta KH. Faried Wajidie, Gurutta KH. Abd. Wahab Zakariya and all of the writer's teahers at Darud Da 'wah wal ｬｲｾｹ｡､＠ Mangkoso. 111anks for teaching me from dawn till down ...
6. All staff of the library of Letters and Humanities Faculty, the library of main library of UIN Jakarta, the library of American Corner, the library of American Studies of Ul.
7. I 8d' kost; my brother from another mother: Kama' S.H.I, Pu2ng sufi S.Pd. Mursal S.Psi, Murjon, Ewink calon S.H.I, Cuko' S.Pd. Amil 'ballo' LSI, Bang Ucup, Andre Mesir. Makasih banyak semuana cess ..
8. Special thanks to Tika 'Hana' Handayani for all loves and supports.
9. To all people, friends, and all names that are not mentioned one by one who give their help and support in writing this thesis.
May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, bless them all and gives them more than what they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this thesis gives benefit for all people who read it.
Jakarta, November 131h 2007
APPROVEMENT .•...•.•.•.•..•....•..•••.•...•..•.•.•..•..••..•...•..••..•..•.•••.••.•.••..•.••. ii
LEGALIZATION .•..•...•..•.•...•...•...•...•..••..•...•..••..•..•...•••..•..•...••••..•..•..•.••.••..• iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT •..••..•...•...•...•...••...••....•..•.•.••..•..•.•••••.•..•..• v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... ... I A. Background of the Study... 1
B. Focus of the Study... 9
C. Research Question... 9
D. Significance of the Study... 9
E. Research Methodology... 10
I. The Objective ofResearch... IO 2. Method ofResearch... LO 3. The Technique of Data Analysis... 10
4. The Instrument... I I 5. Unit of Analysis... I I 6. Time and Place of the Study... l l CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK... 12
A. Definition of Translation... 12
B. Kinds of Translation... 14
C. The Process of Translation... 16
D. The Principle of Translation ... . . .. . . .. ... ... . ... ... . 19
F. The Procedures ofTranslation... 21
b. The Poems of Yusuf Ali... 26
CHAPTER Ill RESEARCH FINDINGS... 27
A The role of morphology aspects in translation .. . .. 27
B. The role of syntax aspects in translation ... 28
C. Data analysis .. . . . ... ... . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. ... ... ... ... ... 29
a. Transposition . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . ... ... ... 29
b. Modulation . . .. .. . ... . . .. . ... . .. . . ... ... . .. . ... ... 34
c. Adding .. ... . . . ... ... .. ... ... .... ... ... .. . ... ... .. . ... ... 35
d. Subtraction . . .. ... . . .. . .. . ... .. . .. ... . .. . ... ... .. ... 36
e. Adaptation . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . ... .. . ... ... ... .... 37
f. Transliteration . . . . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. ... .. . ... ... ... 38
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 40
A. Conclusion ... 40
B. Suggestion ... 41
A. Background of the Study
Everyday in our life, Language plays the very important position. Language makes human most communicative and social creature. Through language, human can also understand one to each other. The growth of modem civilization and culture in its area, like science, art and technology creates complexity in language field. One of them is the difference of inter-states language problem.
Padahal pengalihan pengetahuan dan teknologi demi ke!ancaran proses pembangunan di segala bidang mensyaratkan perolehan infiwmasi, dan keterampilan berdasarkan keterampilan itu, yang be!um terjangkau karena perintang bahasa asing (Whereas, the transfer of knowledge and technology for the fluency of development process in all area requires the information., and skill of pursuant to that information which is not yet been reached because of the foreign language problem) 1
At this phase, born a new science discipline in the field of language that is translation science. To build the communication nowadays, the differences of nation, language and culture are not matter anymore. Even though the languages are different from each other, now it can be solved by translation. Translation plays an important role in connecting different countries.
Each country tries to translate the language that they do not w1derstand into the language that is understandable by them to get more and more information. There are
1
Mildred L. Larson. Pe11erjemaha11 Berdasar Malena: Pedoman U11111k Pemadm1a11
so many translation works from various disciplines such as political book, economics, law, literature and also Holy Book. One of the Holy Books has been translated into many languages is AL-QUR'AN.
Al-Qur'an is a holy book for Moslems and has been translated into many languages such as Latin language, German, French and English. It becomes the desire for every Moslem to be able to read and comprehend the Noble Al-Qur'an in original language, Arabic language. But every Moslem can not read and comprehend the Al-Qur'an because everyone does not have the same ability and opportunity. That is the reason why Al-Qur'an translated into many languages.
Before the development of modem Europe vernaculars, the cultivated language of Europe was Latin. A Latin translation was made for the Monastery of Clugny about 1143 AD (in the sixth century of hijrah) but not published until 1543 AC. the place of publication was Basie and the publisher Bibliander.2
Prof W. Montgomery Watt in his book Bell's Introduction to the Qur'an (Islamic Surveys 8) mentions that the visit of Peter the Venerable, the Abbot of Clugny to Toledo at the 12th century known as the beginning of the Western interest of Islamic Studies. He tries to publish the serial of science to compete with the Islamic intellectual activities at that time (especially in Andalusia). As a part from that activity, Robert of Ketton (Robertus Retanensis) translated the Al-Qur'an into the Latin language which is finished on July 1143.
2
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of 111eJ!ofJ! .. Q11r'm1. .. (M'."'Yland: Amana Publications,
From the Latin translation above and then the Al-Qur'an is translated into many languages in Europe. Schweigger translated Al-Qur'an into Germany language in 1616, then Translated into French language by Du Ryer and had been published in Paris in 1647 and then in 1776, the translation of Al-Qur'an in Russian language had been published in St. Petersburg. Savari translated into French language and had been published in 1783 and Kasimirki's translation in 1840. This translation has been published several times.
In 164 7, A.Ross translated Al-Qur'an into English language for the first time. He translated from the Du Ryer's translation in French version and was published a few years after Du Ryer's. George Sale also translated Al-Qur'an into English language in 1734 and published in London inl812 with a new edition (two volumes). In his is translation mentioned that his source from Arabic language, the Moslem Scholars, especially from Tafsir al-Baidlowi. That translation entitled with 171e Koran or The Alcoran of Mohammad: translated from the Original Arabic.
In the \ 91h century, the Al-Qur'an translation expands progressively. Gustav
Flugel (died in 1889), translated Al-Qur'an in 1834 and had been republished and revised by Gustav Redslob. Then it is followed by Gustav Weil (died in 1889) and written the story of Muhammad in 1843. JM Rodwell published his translation in
1861 and tried to arrange the surahs in a rough chronological order.
and rugged". His translation was asswned as the worst translation. Arthur J. Beny, a professor of Cambridge University, and also an editorial staff of Encyclopedia of Islam translates Al-Qur'an into English Language and have been published twice. His translation entitled with The Holy Koran, an Introduction with Selections, was published in London in 1953. The next publishing in 1955 in London entitled with The Koran, Interpreted. His translation was assumed as the good translation.
There is an effort among the Islamic scholars to translate the Al-Qur'an into the English language. It is caused by the wide-spreading of wrong view about Al-Qur'an which is caused by the orientalists to divert the teaching and the real contents of Al-Qur'an or because the misunderstood and their knowledge limitation about the Arabic language and the teaching of Islam.
Dr. Muhammad Abdul Hakim Chan from pattiala is the first Moslem scholar who translated the Al-Qur'an into the English language in 1905. Mirza Hasrat from Delhi also translated Al-Qur'an and was published in 1919. Nawal Imanul Mulk Sayid Husain Bilgrami from Hyderabt Deccan also translated Al-Qur'an and died before he finished it. Haviz Ghulam Sarwar's translation is a good one. His translation provided with the summaries of every surah even though the footnotes is not complete.
introduction and information about Al-Qur'an, the Short Story of Muhammad and Tajwid.3
The famous translation in Western and East is The Holy Qor'an. Translation and Commentmy, 1983, by Abdullah Yusuf Ali and has been published for several times. His translation becomes international standard, it is provided with introduction and footnotes. Also complete with explanation of surah and the conclusion of verse. The translation was printed for the first time in 1934 and still continuous reprinted.4
Yusuf Ali reputation is because of his translation and commentary of Al-Qur'an. His competence in translating and commenting Al-Qur'an published in the serial form between 1934 and 1937. Although his non-stopped write about any topics during at least seven years, this becomes of his masterpiece. This work that has made his name is well-known in international world. The commentary is in the form of more than six thousand footnotes for his translation. 5
Yusuf Ali makes a statement in the preface page of his translation:
Gentle and discerning reader! What I wish to present to you is an English Interpretation, side by side with the Arabic text. The English shall be, not a mere substitution of one word for another, but the best expression I can give to the fullest meaning which I can understand from Arabic text. The rhythm, music, and exalted tone of the original should be reflected in the English Interpretation. It may be but a faint reflection, but such beauty and power as my pen can command shall be brought to its service. I want to make English itself an Islamic language, if such a person as I can do it. And I must give you all the accessory aid which I can. In rhythmic prose,
3 Departemen Agama, Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya, (Medinah, Mujamma' Khadim
al-Haramein asy-Syarifien al-Malik Fahd Ii Tiba'ah al-Mushafasy-Syarief, 1990), p. 30
4 Nurcholis Madjid, Alas Nama Pengalaman, Beragama dan Berbangsa di Maso Tran<isi.
(Jakarta: Paramadina, 2002), p. 196
5 M.A. Sherif. .liwa Yang Re.sah:Biografl Yu.111/ Ali, Penerjemah dan Penqf.vir Al-Qur'a11 Pali11g
of free verse (whichever you like to call it), I prepare the atmosphere for you in a running commentary. Introducing the subject generally, I come to the actual surahs. Where they are short, I give you one or two paragraphs of my rhythmic Commentary to prepare for you the text . . . it is possible to read this running rhythmic Commentary by itself to get a general bird's-eye view of the contents of the Holy Book before you proceed to the study of the Book itself.6
From his statement above, 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali not only tries to remove the divine thing but he also tries to remove the atmosphere of the beautiful language of Al-Qur'an into the English translation.
Say: He is Allah, The One and Only
Allah, The Eternal, Absolute He Begetteth not,
Nor is He Begotten
And there is none like unto Him
(Al lkltlas)
The translation above is taken from the Surah Al Ikhlas translation in Yusuf Ali versioIL He translates Al-Qur'an like a poem pattern, that kind of style is characteristic of him. His efforts to remove the beautiful language of Al-Qur'an he conveys through the form of rhythmic poem.
The language of Qur'an is very rich, so every language that is translating Al-Qur'an surely will find difficulties. According to Nurcholis Madjid, English langnage is the best language to translate Al-Qur'an because English language is also rich of
6
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of The Holy Qur'an (Maryland: Amana Publications,
vocabulary. So, a lot of the nuances are moved from the original even though can not be as perfect as possible. 7
This imperfection is caused by several things. Firstly that the Al-Qur'an is the Words of God in Arabic language fonn and secondly is the differentiation of culture and structure language between Arabic and English. In this case, the translator must work hard to get a good translation. Here, the importance of 'transfonnation' or the procedure of translation is needed.
According to The Macquarie Dictionary which is cited by Rochayah Machali in her book Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah is mentioned that "a procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process". 8 According to Newmark, there are fourteen procedures that are possible used by the translators. But all of these procedures are not relevant in every translation process. If 4 or 5 procedures can make the translation equivalent with the language structure or cultural condition, so the other procedures are needed not to be used. 9
As an example the writer founds in Surah Al-Baqarah, the nineteenth verse
();i
_)i;o.j __-s_.· ....
1\,.,i
1.j
S" '4:&1:_,
is translated into English "but Allah is ever round therejecters of Faith". The word
ｾ＠
_)j
''::)\
is translated become a phrase in Englishlanguage "the rejecters of faith". This procedure which is involving a change in the
7
Nurcholis Madjid, Alas Nama Pe11galamm1, Beragmna dan Berbangsa di Masa Transisi.
(Jakarta: Paramadina, 2002), p. 1%
'Rochayah Machali, Pedoma11 Bagi Peneljemah (Jakarta:PT Grasindo, 2000), p. 62
9
grammar form Source Language into Target Language is known as 'shift' or 1 • • I l0
transpos1t1on .
Another
･ｸ｡ｭｰｬ･Ｌｾ＠
ｦｾ＠
ｾＬＩｊｕｾＩ＠
ｾｩｳ＠
translated in English 'Behold,thy Lord said to the Angels'. In Arabic structure the placement of verb
J\J
'said' isusually before the subject
ｾｪ＠
'Lord', but in English it is unusual to put down theverb before the subject. This procedure is also known as transposition.
The writer also finds another example,
ｾ＠
j '
'i:'
().;..
f_i;
ｾＢ＠ ＭＺＺｾ＠ ｉｾｾＮ＠
Thisverse is translated into 'Then produce a Surah like thereunto'. This procedure is
known as 'loan translation' or 'borrowing', which is the word l) .)_,_...,..translated as the
original word 'surah'.
Based on the information above, the writer is interested in knowing how the translation procedure is used in the Al-Qur'an translation. One factor to discover is by examining the diction or the structure of the sentence. Have the SL and the TL got an equivalent meaning and goal? Does the translator express the meaning naturally in English language? Is the translator add or omit from the source language?
10
B. Focus of the Study
In this research, the writer discusses the words or sentence which connects or relates to the translation procedure.
To make it easier, the writer does not analyze the whole of the Al-Qur'an text, but the writer limits the discussion only on the first surah of Qur'an, Surah Al-Baqarah.
C. Research Question
The problem that will be discussed deeply by the writer is how Abdullah Yusuf Ali makes use of translation procedure to translate Surah Al··Baqarah into English?
D. Significance of the Study
The writer hopes that this research will be advantageous to the writer itself and the readers. Based on cultural development that happens in language development, thus the writer wants to know how the translation procedure or transformation is used in the translation of Al-Qur'an (Surah Al-Baqarah) translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of Research
This research aims to find out any kind of translation procedures which is used by 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali to translate Al-Qur'an (Surah Al-Baqarah), and also to find out how those translation procedures are applied by Yusuf Ali to get equivalent meaning between Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL)
2. Method of Research
The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method which tries to find any translation procedure elements and its application in Yusuf Ali's translation.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer analyzed data by using qualitative method. The writer reads the original text and then compared to its translation to find if there is any word or sentence that relates to translation procedure. The next step after finding data is organizing or classifying the data according to what kind of the procedure it is.
4. The Instrument
5. The Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is The Meaning of the Holy Qur'an by 'Abdullah YusufA/i.
6. The Time and Place of the Study
The writer starts doing the study on January 2006, when the writer is studying at 8th semester at Department of English Letter, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic University "SyarifHidayatullah" Jakarta, up to July 2007.
A. Translation Defenition
The translation is a unique activity. It involves many aspects of someone include skill, intelligence and feeling. Therefore, for the beginning, the translators
should know and understand the definition of translation.
There are some definitions of translation taken from many sources, such as: 1. Translation is the replacement of representation of a text in one language by a
representation of an equivalent text in a second language. 11
2. The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). 12
3. Translation is often thought to be primarily about words, and their meaning, what the words in the source language mean, and what words in target language will be capture or convey that meaning. 13
4. Translation is the general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the language have established orthographies or
Il Robert T Bell. Translation and Translating, "1heory mrd Practice" ( London: Longman,
1998),g 20
2
J.C. Catford. A Linguistic 17reory O/Trmrs/ation (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p.
20 13
do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. 14
5. Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the
SL.is
6. Translating consists in reproducing in receptor language he closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. 16
7. Translation is basically a change form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc, which are spoken or written ... in translation the form of the receptor (target) language replaces the form of the sources languages17•
8. According to Mc Guire (1980), translation is the rendering of a SL text into the TL so as to ensure that (I) the surface meaning of the two will be approximately similar and (2) the structures of the SL will be preserved as
14 Richard. W. Brislin. Tra11slation: Application mid Research. (New York: Gardner Press Inc,
1976),
g
I5 Richard. B. Noss.
Ten Papers on Trm1slatio11 (Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language
Centre. Ed. 1982).p. 3
16 Eugen A. Nida and Charles R. Taber.
The I11eory mid Practice of Trm1slatio11. (Leiden: E. J.
Brill, 1974), p. 12
17 Mildred L Larson. Mea11i11g Based Tra11slatio11: A Guide to Cross-La11guage Equivalent
closely as possible but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. 18
From the definitions above, the writer concludes that Translation is the replacement of spoken or written language into another language which requires the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic understanding to get equivalent in the term of meaning and in the term of style.
B. Kinds of Translation
There are seven kinds of translation: Perfect Translation, Adequate Translation Composite Translation etc: 19
a. Perfect Translation
The purpose of this kind of Translation is focused only how the reader understand the message from the target language text same as the message from the source language text.
Example:
Source language: No smoking. Target language: Dilarang merokok. Source language: Beware of the dog. Target language: Awas anjing.
Source language: Beware of pickpocket. Target language: Awas copet.
18 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al.,
Materi Pokok Tra11slatio11, Modul /-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika and Universitas terbuka, 1998}, p. 1.2
19
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto. Tra11slatio11: Bahasan Teori dan Pe111111t1111
Source language: Private property. Trespassers will be prosecuted. Target language: dilarang masuk tanpa ijin.
The most important in this translation is the message has the same response
with SL language. This Translation often uses the word-by-word translation.
b. Adequate Translation
The translation in this kind is how the reader can enjoy the reading. The process m this translation sometimes has its reduction especially the hard sentence and sometimes the translator free to rephrase the sentence because the translator wants to convey the idea of the story not the structure of the language. Many novels use this kind of translation.
c. Composite Translation
The essence in this kind of this translation is all the aspects such, the meaning, the message and the style from source language have the same aspect in target language
d. Idiomatic Translation
This kind of translation is usually characterized by five of dynamic concepts:
(!) reproduce message, (2) the equivalent, (3) natural Guidance, (4) the closest guidance, (5) meaning priority.20 Translation in this kind usually avoids a literal translation.
e. Literal Translation
Generally, literal translation focused on word or expression in Source Language (SL), which have the same meaning within Target Lani,>uage (TL) text. According to Nida and Taber (1969) and Larson (1984), literal translation has to uphold the structure of the SL text even though the structure is not appropriate in TL text.21 f Communicative Translation
This translation creates the same effect with those that reads the SL text. In this translation, the translators replace the untranslatable word \vith the equivalent word. His translation is the subjective one, because the translators try to reach the effect of the text. The weakness of this translation is the subtraction of the SL text.
g. Semantic Translation
Newmark stated that semantic translation usually used in translating an authoritative texts or expressive texts, such as literature. It tries to uphold syntactic and semantic structure and also contextual meaning of SL text. Therefore, the culture of SL has to be the element of SL culture even though it has been translated into TL.
C. The Process of Translation
In process to transferring the SL text into the TL text is not an easy thing. This process is not simply translating each word or phrase in the target language, but it is looking for the equivalence of meaning or message in the source language to be transferred into the target language. In many cases, the process is not linear, but it
21
usually goes back and forth so that finally the translator can come to the most equivalent translation of the original text. In the process of translation, the process was direct and one-way according the old way.22 Now days, the process more varieties and complicated, there's dynamic process which many steps, including analysis step, transfer step, and restructnring step and so on. 23
According to Ronald H. Bathgate, there are seven elements, steps and integral parts in the process of translation such:
I. Tuning. By this, we mean getting the feel of the text to be translated. Depending of their field of work, translators need to be able to produce the language of a poet or novelist, lawyer or economist, research physicist or fuctor manager, advertising copywriter or biblical prophet. Each 'register', as it is often called, demands a different mental approach, a different choice of words or turn of phrase.
2. Analysis. Once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the text to be translated unit-words or phrases. He will also establish the syntactic relations between the various elements of the sentence.
3. Understanding. After having split up the sentence to be translated into its elements, the translator will generally put it together again in which he can
22 Suryawinata Zuchridin. Terjemahan Penga11tm· Teoridan Praktek (Jakarta: Depdikbud Dirjen
Dikti PPLPTK, 1989), P. 12
23 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok Translation, Modul 1-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika
understand or respond emotionally. The extent to which he can do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter.
4. Terminology. The next step is consider the key words and phrase in the sentence to make sure that apart from understanding them and feeling what the imply, once has a translation for them which is in line with standardized usage and is neither misleading, ridiculous nor offensive for the target language reader.
5. Restructuring. When all the brick needed for the edifice of the target language text have been gathered or made, the translator will fit the together in a form, which is in accordance with good usage in the target language. 6. Checking. The translator will doubtless check his draft translation for typing
errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more elegant, or more correct, translation. In addition, it is quite common for someone other than the translator to read through the finished translation and make or suggest changes.
7. Discussion. For this reason, a good way to end the translation process is often with a discussion between the translator and the expert on the subject matter.24
24
Dr. Ronald H. Bathgate. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Van Taal tot Taal, Jargaang 25
D. The Principles of Translation
There are no universally accepted principles of translation because the only
people who are qualified to formulate the principles have never agreed among
themselves, but have so often and for so long contradicted each other that they have
bequeathed to us a volume of confused thought such as the following:
1. A translation must give the words of original. 2. A translation should read like an original work. 3. A translation should reflect the style of the original.
4. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. 5. A translation may add to or omit from the original.
6. A translation of verse should be in verse.
7. A translation must give the ideas of the original. 8. A translation should read like translation.
9. A translation should posses the style of the translation.
10. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translation. 11. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. 12. A translation of verse should be in prose. 25
The pair of alternative above can be easily recognized as giving one form of
expression to the distinction between the literal or faithjiJ! translation and the
idiomatic or ji-ee translation.
One reason for advocacy of faithfidness is that the translator has never allowed himself to forget that he is a translator. He is not the original writer and the work in
hand was never his own. He is just an interpreter, one whose duty is to act as bridge
or channel between the mind of the author and the minds of his readers. Another
reason for the advocacy of the faithfi1lness is that style is the essential characteristic
25
of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer's personality and his emotions at that time could be preserved in a literal translation.
But the translator who attempts to follow this principle of faithfulness soon runs into several difficulties. A literal or faithful translation is too difficult a task because in reality word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, and even sentence-for-sentence equivalents are often difficult to maintain in accuracy, clearness and precision are to be achieved. Troubles arise from the gaps in languages, which can be filled by translating because there is no equivalent in another. It hard to translate into English Indonesian words or expressions such as Jaran Kepang, Makan Sahur, Teraweh, Selapanan, Se!amat Makan. To get all of the intended qualities above a translator could turn at once into the easier paths of idiomatic or free translation. The translator would then at attempt to include such lexical and grammatical adjustments in order to obtain the meaning/concept of the SL text as closely as possible to the TL equivalent. In free translation the translator entirely legitimate to include in a translation any idiomatic expression that the original may seem to suggest. This kind of translation should be able to pass itself off as an original and show all the freshness of original composition so that it can be read with ease and pleasure. If a translation is not easy and pleasant it will never be read and might as well never have been made. 26
26
Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok frans/ation, Madu/ J-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika
F. The Procedures of Translation
The procedures or sometimes known as transformation in translation, it involves the technical device used to transfer the meaning of the text in one language into a text in another language. The procedures that the translator should know are:
I. Transliteration, this is the process of rendering the letters of one alphabet into the letters of another with different alphabetical system.
2. Borrowing, a procedure to adopt SL text when TL has no equivalent for the SL text.
3. Literal, this one-to-one structural and conceptual correspondence. It can include borrowing and word-for-word translation.
4. Transposition, this is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves replacing grammatical structure in the SL with one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve the same effect. Example: 'Good Morning' is translated into Indonesian language 'Selamat Pagi'. 5. Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of
view. Modulation and transposition are two main processes in the translation. Transposition and modulation may take place at the same time. Example: 'No Smoking' is translated into 'Dilarang Merokok'. The word 'No' has modulation with 'Dilarang'.
modulation and transposition. Example: 'first class' is translated into 'kelas satu'. The word 'kelas' adaptation from word 'class'.
7. Omission, this means that there is no translation in SL word (part of the text) to TL. Example: 'beware of the dog' is translated into 'awas anjing'. The omission word 'of and 'the'.
8. Adding, this process is used to help when the translation that had the related with the technique, the culture and others. Adding and borrowing may take place at the same time. Example: 'National bank' is translated into 'Bank Nasional'. Adding word 'Bank'.
9. Subtraction, this means the decrease of the SL text. Example: 'automobile' is translated into 'mobil'. Subtracting word 'auto'.
I 0. Expanded, this means that expands of the TL text. Example: 'whale' is translated into 'ikan paus'. The expanded word 'ikan'.27
G. Untranslatability
In a translation work, there are much untranslatabilities found. Catford distinguishes two types of untranslatability, which he terms linguistic and cultural. On the linguistic levels, untranslatability occurs when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute in the TL for an SL item. Linguistic untranslatability, he argues, is due to
27 Sabrony Rachmadi, et al., Materi Pokok ])-ans!ation, Madu! 1-6. (Jakarta: Penerbit Karunika
differences in the SL and the TL, whereas cultural untranslatability is due to the absence in the TL culture or a relevant situational feature for the SL text.28
H. THE BIOGRAPHY OF 'ABDULLAH YUSUF ALI
1. The Life of Yusuf Ali
In 1782 AC. 1289 A.H., 'Abdullah Yusuf Ali was born in family of the Bohra community in Surat, India. His father, a merchant was a very religious man who made sure that his son learned Qur'an before anything else. Upon the completion of young 'Abdullah's committing the entire Qur'an to memory, his father celebrated the occasion with a grand banquet, this showing to his son the importance of this achievement and the importance of the Qur'an. In addition to studying contemporary knowledge at school, 'Abdullah continued to receive lessons in Arabic language and never ceased in his studies of the Qur'an. He was a superior student who excellent in academic achievement and won the much coveted India service Civil Award, a prestigious honor resulting from the extremely competitive entrance examinations for high position in the Indian Civil Service which wealthy families would aspire for their sons to receive.
'Abdullah was easily able to absorb English literature and was considered to be among the best of his fellow countryman in writing English. Many of the most well-known scholarly magazines in India published his works and expressed their appreciation of his beautiful literature style. Later 'Abdullah Yusuf left India for
28 Susan Bassnett.
Europe and visited many European capitals and eventually resided in London for a considerable period of time. While in London, he was exposed to many translation of the Qur'an and continued to have a tremendous interest in it and its studies. He then began to closely study the Qur'an giving special attention to its various interpretations, both old and new after studying what was written about the Qur'an in both European Eastern languages, he returned to India and took up new residence in Lahore where he became the Dean of the Islamic College. He then began monumental work of translating and commentary on the Qur'an.29 Yusuf Ali's life was a dogged but fiustrated pursuit of a hannonious union of East and West at a personal and intellectual level. He married twice, in both cases to English women, first to Teresa Mary Shalders in 1900, and after a messy divorce, to Gertrude Ann Mawbey, the daughter of a Non-Confonnist Derbyshire printer, around 1920. The second marriage too drifted into difficulties, and Yusuf Ali spent most of the last decade of his life either in the National Liberal Club, or the Royal Commonwealth Society, or tragically, shuffling around the streets of Westminster. On a bitterly cold evening in December 1953, he was taken to a home for the destitute, and he died in St Stephen's Hospital, Fulham, the following day in IO Dec 1953 A.C. 1372 A.H.30
29
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meaning of Jhe Holy Q11r'an. (Maryland: Amana Publications,
1997)
30
He was buried in England at the Muslim Cemete1y at Brookwood, SWTey, near Woking, not far from the burial place of Marmaduke Pickthall.31
2. Yusuf Ali and His Works
M.A. Sherif in his book "Jiwa Yang Resah" presents the works of Yusuf Ali which is including his books, pamphlets, articles, bulletins, letters, book review and other literature works. But here the writer will only mention some of the books and the poems of Yusuf Ali.
a. The Books of Yusuf Ali
1. A Monograph on Silk Fabrics Produced on North-Western Provinces and Oudh. Provinces and Oudh Government press, 1900.
2. Life and Labour of the People of India. London, 1977.
3. India Since 1917, The Expansion Of The Anglo Saxon Nations: A Short History OfThe British Empire And The US. London: Black, 1920.
4. Ang/ow-Muhammadan Law. Revised by Yusuf Ali. Kalkuta: Thacker and Spink, 192 l.
5. The Self-Revelation of Babar. Lucknow: United Provinces Historical society, 1923
6. Medieval India: Social and Economic Conditions. London: Oxford University Press, 1932.
31
7. The first series of The Holy Qur'an: An Interpretation in English, with Arabic Text in Parallel Columns, a Running Rhythmic Commentary in English and.full explanatmy notes. Lahore, 1934.
8. Religious of Rabindranath Tagore. Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature. Hyderabad, 1935.
9. India and the War. Tokyo, 1940 10. The Message offs/am. 1940. b. The Poems of Yusuf Ali
l. Palestine. The Mussalman. Kalkuta, Januaiy 28, 1938. 2. The Souvenir. Eastern times, Lahore, October 4, 1940.
3. Air Raid of German in London. Eastern times, Lahore, November 21, 194!32
32
A. The Role Of Morphology Aspect In Translation
Being a translator means has to understand about the content of source text and able to conclude the essences in it. Unlike a common reader, the translator has an adequate understanding about the small part of the text and the relations of each text.
Pemahaman mendetail dan mendalam ini amat diperlukan penerjemah agar mampu mengalih bahasakan teks atas dasar "Tahabuq" (kesepadanan) dalam semua unsur yang dikandung teks awed. (The deep understanding is very important for the translator so they can remove the text based on "Tahabuq" (equivalence) in all elements contained by the original text/3
For instance, the construction system of Arabic and English language is different. Arabic language is one of the inflectional languages where the word changing form shows a grammatical relation; including noun, pronoun and adjective.
For example, the word a/if ( I ) dan nun (
u )
if it added in the end of noun then becomes mutsanna, for instance the ｷｯｲ､ｾ＠ (book) becomes ｵｾ＠ (2 books), andword relation in Arabic language can be changed because of adad (number), gender,
fl
'ii (verb), zaman (tense), shihahfi'il (mood).The number aspect comprises mu/rad (singular), mutsanna and Jama' (plural). Gender comprises mudzakkar (male) and mu'anats (female). Verb aspect comprises
33
Ahmad Satori Ismail, Dasar-Dasar Menterjemah; Teori dan Aplikasi11ya dalam
Penerjemahan Arab-Indonesia, (Diktat Mata Kuliah Terjemah Fakultas Adah dan Humaniora), part I,
mutakallim wahdah ( \JI ), mutakallim ma'al ghair Ｈｾ＠ ), mukhatablmukhatabah mufrad ( C:.wl and ,_:,....;I ), mukhatab!mukhatabah Iii mutsanna ( \...:Lii ) and mukahatblmukhatabah Jama' Ｈｾｉ＠ and uJ..il ). Tense comprises madhi, (past) and mudhari (present). Mood aspect comprises indicative and imperative mood.
Il. The Role of Syntax Aspect in Translation
In the transposition is known part of speech or word class. Each language has a different category of part of speech which means that part of speech in a language (for example English language) is different from part of speech in another language (Arabic language). A part of speech in English comprises adjective, adverb, verb, noun, pronoun, conjunction, preposition and interjection, meanwhile in Arabic language comprises
Ji
'ii, isim and huruf.Syntaxes role can be seen in structure case, where in Arabic language a sentence must be initiated by verb. Noun can not be used in front of sentence, unless there are certain purposes, unlike English language, a sentence must be initiated by noun, unless in inversion sentence or exception.34 This structure difference affects a translator many times, so the translator is affected with Arabic structure which is actually uncommon to be used in English language.
34
Ibnu Burdah, Menjadi Penerjemah; Melooe dan Wawasan Menerjemahkan Teks Arab,
C. Data Analysis
In analyzing this data, first, the writer will mention the source language (SL) and its translation (TL), and then the writer will analyze the translation procedures that have happened to the target language (TL).
a. Transposition
Transposition is one of the most common procedures used in translation. It involves the replacement a grammatical structure in the source language with one of a different type in the target language in order to achieve the same effect.
There are many types of transposition that writer finds. Each type of transposition will be explained by the writer with the example below:
1. Obligatory Transposition
"They followed what the evil ones gave out falsely against the power of Solomon ... " (102)
"Verily, we have sent thee in truth ... " (119)
The translations above are the examples of transposition which are caused by
the differentiation of the language structure. The placement of verb in Arabic language is unusual in English structure. In Arabic structure, verb usually puts before noun. It means that a sentence must be initiated by verb, unless there are certain purposes. Unlike in English language sentence must be initiated by noun, unless in inversion sentence or exception. In this case, the translator has no another option but has to do the translation of this kind to get the same effect between the target language (TL) and the source language (SL).
2. Changing From Active Into Passive Voice
.,;-' .,
.
,,. .,. ,,.
,,,,
Qi ...
ｾｉ＠ ｾｪｾ＠ ｾ＠l_,.,.?l.J I_#=
"So eat and drink of sustenance provided by Allah ... " (60)
J.,J"":. » . ... ｟ＬＬｾ＠ -;
ｉＨｾＩ＠ ... Ｌｾ＠
,..:;I.
,.u[j
ｾﾫＭ • , - / ｾ＠
"His heart is tainted with sin ... " (283)
Transposition also comprises the changing from active form to passive form.
It can be seen from the verse (60) and (283), both of these verses are an active form but then the translator translates it into the passive form ''provided" and "is tainted'.
3. Class Shift
"And guidance and glad tidings for those who believe" (97)
"Allah is an enemy to those who reject faith" (98)
The third kind of transposition is the word class changing. The examples above are the words which undergo word class changing from the original text. The
ｷｯｲ､ｳｾＮ＠ ｾＩＴＬ＠
0-i..»,
are calledjamak mudzakkar in Arabic language. Jamakmudzakkar is a plural noun (masculine) which is ended by tJJ or
0:1.·
at the end of the noun,35 meanwhile in English language the forming of plural is marked by the adding of 's' or 'es' at the end of the noun.The whole examples in the verse 26, 97, 98 are noun and they are also supposed to be translated into noun. But in this case, the translator does not find any equivalent word to translate it into the target language, so the translator translates the noun become "who reject forsake'', "who believe", "who reject faith", the changing of word class from "noun" becomes "who+ verb". In English grammar this form are known as adjective clause. Adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun.36 In this case,
35
Kaplavatzky DR. Jochanan, Pelajara11 Bahasa Arab Untuk Orang Non-Arab; Bahasa da11
Tata Bahasa Arab, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam Departemen Agama
RI, 1986). p. 90
36 Betty Schrampfer Azar,
U11dersta11di11g and Using English Grammar, (New Jersey:
the dependent clauses "who reject forsake, who believe and who reject faith" modify the pronoun "those".
4. Changing From Singular into Plural Form or the Otherwise
'They became like a rock and even worse in hardness ... " (74)
-: ! .,.,.., ,..,. ... _,,..,. ....
ｾ＠
...
ｾｾｉ＠if"
-<!·.µ
"They ask thee concerning the new Moons ... " (189)
The forth kind of transposition is the changing from the plural form into the
singular form or the otherwise. The word ｾ＠ _;l.;....;:JI in the verse 74 is the example of
transposition which is changed from the plural noun into singular noun "rock". The
word ｾ＠ _;l.;....;:JI is a plural noun from the singular noun ＢｾＢ＠ which is mean "rock"
or "stone" ,37 but in this case Yusuf Ali translates it into the singular form. Meanwhile the example in the verse 189 is the opposite from the example before. The word
ｾｙｉ＠ is definite form (ma'rifah) from the word (.J:l\A which are both of these words
are singular. The word fu YI or (.J:l\A in the Elias Dictionary mean "new moon". 38 It
37 Elias
A. Elias and ED. E. Elias, Elias' Modem Dictionary: Arabic - English. (Beirut,
1982), p. 136
38
means that the word
lli
":II is translated into the plural fom1 which is marked by the adding "s" at the end of the word "new moons".The changing of language structure to the target language (verse 74) does not affect to the result of translation because the word "rock" here is more emphasized to its characteristic which is hard. The structure changing at verse 189 affect to the perfection of translation result. Using of plural form to the word "moons" is not effective because it will be in contradiction with the logical thinking that the earth only has one satellite named "moon". This verse talks about the appearance of the moon which is usually used as a "measure of time" at that time. The new moon is one great sign. Muslim festivals, including the Pilgrimage are fixed by the appearance of the new moon.
5. Changing from Definite Into Indefinite
"He hath forbidden you dead meat..." (173)
The definite and indefinite form in Arabic language is known as ma 'rifah and nakirah. It is usually marked by the adding of a/if/am (JI ) before a noun or adjective. 39 In English language the definite form is marked by "the" before a noun.
39 Kaplavatzky Jochanan, DR. Pe/ajaran Bahasa Arab Untuk Orang Non-Arab; Bahasa dan
Tata Bahasa Arab, (Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam Departemen Agama
The word ｾｉ＠ in the verse 173 is a definite fonn with al/flam, but then translating into the target language becomes an indefinite fonn "dead meat" without "the".
b. Modulation
Modulation entails a change in lexical elements, a shift in the point of view.
ｾＬＮ＠ -;;:"",., ,.,,., ,,.,.,.:;: ｾ＠
,,
..._,
... ,.,ｬｾ＠
...
ｾｉ＠
ｾ＠
E'
Lr"-:'
ｾｉ＠
<.J-4
J"And who is more unjust than he who forbids than in palaces for the worship of Allah ... " (114)
The verse 114 is an example modulation with contextual conditioning. Contextual conditioning is a placement of an information in the context so that its meaning clear or understandable for the reader.4-0 The underlined word above easily
can be translated as "mosque", but the word ｾ＠ translates become "palaces for the
worship" to give more infonnation about that word itself.
"Their works will bear no fruit in this life and in the hereafter..." (217)
;,. ;,.
®l ···
{J!
.:t
t.:
ｾｪ＠
2;.::5
t.:
ｾ＠
"They shall reap the fruit of what they did ... " (134)
;,.
ＨＨｩｾﾷﾷﾷ＠
ｾ＠ｾｾｾｾＮｊＮＵｪｦｾ｟Ｌｾｾｾｾ＠
40
"After that, the husbands should either retain their wives together on equitable tenns, or let them go with kindness ... " (229)
The verse 217, 134 and 229 are the examples of the free modulation procedure. Free modulation is a translation procedure with nonlinguistic reason, for example to clarify the meaning, to get an equivalent meaning and to find any natural word in the target language.41 This procedure is also used in idiom translating. For
instance, JL.
)I
.J..JE.
Y. is not translates into "dia banyak abunya" but " diadermawan'"'2
The other type of modulation is absolute modulation. This procedure is applied if there is no equivalent word, phrase or structure in the target language. 43 Some words that the writer finds in surah al-Baqarah are:
Allah :
.Ji\
Manna :
(J.:.11
c. AddingAdding is one of the processes which is used to the translation that has relation with the technique, the culture and others.
¢
,
Ｇ＼ＭｾｾｾＮｃＱ［ＡＧ＠, ,,
t• _.(-,;,, , ,, ｾＡ＠Ｈｾｾ＠
0-'..J""'",;.,:;
ＨＭｾ＠
ｾﾷｾ＠
ｾ＠
ｾ＠
r-...:..-
b_j.<U;
ｾ＠
"Even then We did forgive you, there was a chance for you to be grateful" (52)
41 Ibid, p. 70
42
Muhammad Mansyur Kustiwan, Dalilul Katih wal Mutarjim, (Jakarta: PT. Moyo Segoro
Agung:2002), p. 143
43
,. ,.,.,,"" - : . J ... t ... ..- . , . -,;}/ ,. ...
ｲｾＧｩＧＭＭＺ＠
_.:._1·-·-
ＭｾｷＱＱＭＮＱｴｪ＠ ﾷﾷｾＱ＠•I
ＮＮＮｬＮＮＮＮＮＮｊＲＮｪｾＺｾＱ＠1•1::.1-ｾＬ［ｩＭＮＮＮＮＮＮＺＮＮＮＮ＾ｾｵＭＭ
_, _,.,
ｾＮｊ＠q-' ,
rr
ｾ＠JJ
"When it is said to them: "make not mischief on the earth," they say: "why, we only want to make peace!" (11)
"But if he cannot afford it, he should fast three days during the Hajj and seven days on his return._." ( 196)
"And there is the type of man who gives his life to earn the pleasure of Allah ... "
(207)
From the examples above, the writer divides the adding procedures into two categories. The first category is the adding procedure which is done by the translator because he has to. This means that the translator has no another option but he has to
add some words to get an equivalent meaning with the source text (See the verse 52, 196 and 207). And the second category is the adding procedure which is unnecessary to do. This means that the translator has another option to add or not. According to the writer, the adding of word "why" in the verse 11 is not necessary. The sentence will remain perfect and understandable with or without the word "why".
d. Subtraction
"And sent down to you Manna and quails ... " (57)
,...-, • ,,,,. ...- . ..:.-1 ... !.t ...
ＨＨｾＩ＠
...
ｬｹＮＮＮＱｾ＠ > • ｾ［ｵＱ＠ ｾｬｬ［ｩ＠"O ye of faith ... " (104)
,., J. ) J t .;: -;:J. J.,.. _,,,,,..
ｾＩｬｷｾｾｪ＠
ｾｊ＼ｩ｟ＬＮＮＮＮＮＺ［＠
ｾ＠
...
" ... then die not except in the state of submission (to Allah)" (132)
Ｈｾ＠
...
ｾ｡ｐ＠
1-
s
·h
1.:
ＧＭＡＧｯｲｾ＠
ＺＱＵｾ＠
ＮｾＮＱＱＰ｟Ｌ｡ＺＭ
..
"The fools among the people will say: "what hath turned them from the Qiblah ... " (142) At this phase, the translator subtracts the word which is not supposed to be subtracted because it will affect the perfection of translation result. Most of the words that are subtracted by the translator are dhamir (pronoun). For inctance, in the verse 57 the subject Li "we" is subtracted, in the verse 132 the word " ｾｉ＠ " is subtractedand the possessive pronoun
f""
"their" in the verse 142 is also subtracted.e. Adaptation
This process is used when the other do not suffice. It involves modifying the concept, or using a situation analogous to the source language situation thought not
Abraham ｾＺＩＮｉ＠ ,... •J Gabriel
ｊｩｾ＠
'·
-
ｾｬ＠
Jacob ｹｾ＠ Isaac
,
-David
,), JI.)
IsmailJi··:
...ｾＮｉ＠
!.,
,
-
,
Solomon . , ｾ＠ I \I Moses
(.S"'.J-4
u
-,
-Goliath
...::__., _,J
lq..
All of the examples above are names that writer find in Surah Al-Baqarah The names that mentioned by the writer are the names of prophet/messenger, angel and devil which is its story written in Al-Qur'an. The names such as Jacob, Abraham, David, Gabriel and Goliath are adopted from the Arabic names. These names not only adopted by Yusuf Ali but most of these names also written in Bible.
f. Transliteration
Transliteration is known as the process ofrendering the letters of one alphabet into the letters of another with different alphabetical system.
ｾｬｊ［ｩｬ＠
"Al if Lam Mim" (I)
... ｾＮＱ＠ -,.,. ... i "".J... -::,..
¢11 ...
ｾｾｴＺ｣ＺＮｾｬｾｾｪ＠.
ｾ＠
... ..W
ｾ＠
ＱｾＱ［［Ｍｬｪ＠
ｾｪ＠
"Our lord! Make of us muslims, bowing to thy (will) ... " (128)
Three of these verses are example of tran5literation which is written in Latin
letter but still in same pronunciation. Special for the verse I ' ｾ＠ ', this letters known
as the particular letters. The particulars letters are found prefixed to this surah and surahs 3, 29, 30, 31, and 32 (six in all) much has been written about the meaning of these letters, but most of it is pure conjecture. Some commentators are content to recognize them as some mystic symbols of which it is unprofitable to discuss the meaning by more verbaJ logic.44
,,.. ..- -:t .... , .... .. ,...
..-®) ...
ｾｬＮｾｹｬｩｬＡｾｬｱＮ＠J)J[j
"He said: "I will make thee an Imam to the nations ... " (124) ｾ＠ j It " I • ,
1-\;;_('
ｉｾＬＺＬ＠｜｜Ｌｾ＠ ... ..:...u ｾ＠ • • J '"".J "Our lord! Make of us muslims, bowing to thy (will) ... " (128)
i::.. ｾ＠ ... ,., ,,,,I
.:::L...
ｾ＠ t© ...
ｾ＠o_;:;Jlj
C-
I
ｬｾｬｪ＠"And complete the Hajj or Umrah ... " (196)
The underlined words above are examples of the transliteration procedure which is different in alphabetical system but still same in pronunciation.
44
'Abdullah Yusuf Ali. 111e Meaning of 11ie Holy Qur'an. (Maryland: Amana
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the data about the transformation (translation procedures), the writer concludes some points below:
From 10 procedures that writer mentions at the theoretical framework, Abdullah Yusuf Ali uses at least 6 procedures to translate the al-Qur' an into English language. These procedures comprise transposition, modulation, adding, subtraction, adaptation and transliteration. Transposition application in this translation can be seen from how it works which the writer divides into five categories: (a) obligatory transposition, (b) changing from active into passive voice, ( c) class shift, (cl) changing from singular into plural form or the otherwise, and (e) changing from definite into indefinite. Modulation comprises modulation with Contextual Conditioning, Free Modulation and Absolute Modulation.
Contextual conditioning is a placement of information in the context so that its meaning clear or understandable for the reader. Free modulation used to get a translation result as close as possible to the target language. AbsoluJe modulation is a procedure which is applied if there is no equivalent word, phrase or structure in the target language.
is interested in translation activity because both of these procedures comprise the syntax and morphology aspects. Through these procedures, the literal translation result will be adjusted with the language structure and cultural condition of the target language.
B. Suggestion
Bassnett, Susan. Trans/at on Studies. London: Routledge, l 99 l
Bell, Robert. T, Translation and Translating, "Theory and Practice". London: Longman, 1998
Brislin, Richard. W. Translation: Application and Research. New York: Gardner Press Inc, 1976
Burdah, lbnu. Menjadi Penerjemah; Metode dan Wawasan Menerjemahkan ｔ･ｫｾ＠
Arab. Jogjakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 2004
Catford, J.C. A Linguistic Theory Of Translation. London: Oxford University Press, 1965
Departemen Agama, Al-Qur'an dan Terjemahannya. Medinah, Mujamma' Khadim al-Haramein asy-Syarifien al-Malik Fahd Ii Tiba'ah al-Mushaf asy-Syarief,
1990.
Dr. Bathgate, Ronald H. A Survey of Translation Theory. In Van Taal tot Taal, Jargaang 25 Nummer 2 Holland: 1981
Douglas, Robinson. Becoming a Translator. New York: Cambridge, 1997
Elias A. Elias and ED. E. Elias, Elias· Modern Dictionary: Arabic - English. Beirut, 1982
http://www.salam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/bio abdullah yusuf ali http://en.wikioedia.org/wiki/ Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Jochanan. DR, Kaplavatzky Pelajarmt Bahasa Arab Untuk Orang Non-Arab; Bahasa dan Tata Bahasa Arab. Direktorat Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam Departemen Agama RI, 1986
Kustiwan, Muhammad Mansyur. Dalilul Katib wal Mutarjim. Jakarta: PT. Moyo Segoro Agung:2002 ,
Larson, Mildred L. Penery·emahan Berdasar Makna: Pedoman Untuk Pemadanan Antarbahasa. Jakarta: Arcan, 1989
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