AN ANALYSIS OF BERTIE’S EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT IN TOM HOOPER’S FILM “THE KING’S SPEECH”
THESIS
By:
DWI WAHYUNINGTYAS 09360271
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS OF BERTIE’S EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT IN TOM HOOPER’S FILM “THE KING’S SPEECH”
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to fulfill one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
DWI WAHYUNINGTYAS 09360271
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
This thesis written by Dwi Wahyuningtyas was approved on October 29, 2013
By:
Advisor II, Advisor I,
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and accepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
on October 29, 2013
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M.Kes
Examiners: Signatures:
1. Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M.Si 1.…...………
2. Puji Sumarsono, M.Ed., M.Pd 2…...……….
3. Dr. Sri Hartiningsih, M.M 3…...…………...
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
“Jika Allah menolong kamu, maka tak adalah orang yang dapat mengalahkan kamu, jika Allah membiarkan kamu, maka siapakah gerangan yang dapat menolong kamu (selain) dari Allah sesudah itu? Karena itu hendaklah kepada Allah saja orang-orang
mukmin bertawakal” (Q.S. Ali Imron: 160)
If you can dream it, you can do it (Walt Disney)
Kuberi tahu satu rahasia padamu, Kawan, buah paling manis dari berani bermimpi adalah kejadian-kejadian menakjubkan dalam perjalanan menggapainya
(Andrea Hirata)
DEDICATION: I dedicate this thesis to: My beloved mother and father,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises belong to Allah SWT, the owner of the greatest power who gives us mercy and blessing, so the researcher could finish this thesis. Shalawat and salam are intended to the Holy Prophet, Muhammad SAW who has guided human from the darkness to the lightness.
The researcher would like to express the deepest gratitude to the first advisor, Dr. Sri Hartiningsih, M.M, and the second advisor, Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd, for their guidance, priceless knowledge, and experience that had been given to the researcher during the process of her thesis.
Also, the researcher would like to express her deepest thankfulness to her best and most beloved woman and man; Mrs. Marmi and Mr. Sudji, her brother, Ninuk, for always being the best brother in the world and inspiration for the researcher, and all of the researcher’s families for their love and support.
The last but not least, the researcher would like to thank to all of English Department lecturers for the best four years in the researcher’s life, her best friends (Wulan, Fina, Azizah, Endang, Linda, Ana, Hani, Widya, Sulis, and Rizca), Keisya girls, all students of class E 2009/2010, beloved seniors, Didaktik members, and all of her friends, who cannot be mentioned one by one, for their love and support. May God bless you all. Amin.
Malang, October 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 10
2.2.1.12. Drama ... 20
2.3.5. Characters, Actors, and Stars ... 23
2.4. Speech Act ... 24
2.4.1. The Kinds of Speech Act ... 27
2.4.1.1. Locutionary Act ... 27
2.4.1.2. Perlocutionary Act ... 27
2.4.1.3. Illocutionary Act ... 28
2.4.1.3.1. The Categories of Illocutionary Acts ... 28
2.4.1.3.1.1. Assertives ... 28
2.4.1.3.1.2. Directives... 29
2.4.1.3.1.3. Commissives ... 29
2.4.1.3.1.4. Declarations ... 30
2.4.1.3.1.5. Expressives ... 30
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 35
3.1. Research Design ... 35
3.2. Approach ... 36
3.3. The Object of the Study…… ... 37
3.4. Data Collection ... 38
3.5. Data Analysis ... 39
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 40
4.1. Research Findings... 40
4.1.2. Types of Bertie’s Expressive Speech Act in Tom Hooper’s Film,
The King’s Speech ... 43
4.1.2.1. Expressives for Attitude ... 44
4.1.2.2. Expressives for Thanking ... 52
4.1.2.3. Expressives for Apologizing ... 58
4.1.2.4. Expressives for Wishing ... 60
4.1.2.5. Expressives for Congratulating ... 60
4.1.3. The Most Dominant Type of Bertie’s Expressive Speech Act in Tom Hooper’s Film, The King’s Speech ... 61
4.2. Discussion ... 63
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 66
5.1. Conclusion... 66
5.2. Suggestion ... 67
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses several topics including background of the study, statement of the problems, purposes of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1. Background of the Study
Language is very important in human life. Besides, the importance of language has also been documented year by year; it proves that language always has the role in community as a media of communication. Furthermore, based on Austin and Searle (in Wardhaugh, 1986), it can be found it is a recognition that language is used by people to reach a variety of objectives. In other words, it can be said that if people want to reach their objectives, language can be a media to achieve them. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003), also state that according to the philosophy stated in many people’s myths and religions, the source of human life and power is language. These statements strengthen the fact that language is a critical element of human life.
2 the identity of the speaker.
Two of the characteristics of language already mentioned above are language as arbitrary and conventional symbol. As arbitrary symbol, language doesn’t fit the objects which are pointed. In other words, “There is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning” (Yule, 1996:21). According to Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2003), the connection between speech sounds and the meanings which are represented in the world languages is, for the most part, an arbitrary one. Meanwhile, as conventional symbol, it is created by the agreement of the society member. As stated above, it may result in difference of language used in different society. Besides, as the means of communication, language has other functions in society, such as to describe something, to express imagination, and to inform/deliver the message. Because of these reasons, language is inseparable part from life.
In this world there are some languages that are widely used, one of them is English. Even, English has been stated as the language which occupies second rank in category of the largest language user in the world under Chinese. It proves that English is used in many aspects of life in this global world. Besides, it has been stated as international language. Therefore, nowadays, English is a very important language. In using and understanding English, there are some aspects that must be understood as explained follows.
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of speaking and writing. Both of them have a very important role in the process of English mastery. As mentioned above, one of the productive skills is speaking. In speaking, someone can express what they want to do or say. According to Djiwandono (2008), the activity of expressing mind through oral way is called speaking. He also states that by expressing what is thinking about, someone can make other people who talk to her/him understand. Therefore, in studying English, someone must also comprehend speaking skill. Without speaking, someone cannot fully communicate with other people.
Talking about speaking it cannot be separated with utterance. Both of these things have very close similarities, as Wardhaugh (1986) states that utterances can be attempted to be classified in any one of a variety of ways. Furthermore, he also says that it can be classified according to some aspects. First, it can be tried to classify them by length, for example by counting the number of words in each utterance. Second, it can be tried to classify them by grammatical structure along a number of dimensions, for example their clausal type and complexity, active-passive, statement-question-request-exclamatory, various combinations of these, and soon.
The above explanations indicate that there are some ways for people in analyzing the utterance. It relates to the speaking which belongs to conversation in which it is stated “It involves much more than using language to state propositions or convey facts” (Wardhaugh, 1986:274). Besides, he also states “Through conversation we establish relationships with others, achieve a measure of cooperation (or fail to do so), keep channels open for further relationships, and soon”.
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constative utterances, they are linked in some way with events or occurrences in a possible world, while in performative utterances, someone is not only saying something, but is also actually doing something if certain real-world conditions are encountered (Wardhaugh, 1986).
Talking about English speaking aspects themselves, there is speech act. Speech act is defined as “A kind of action being performed by people when they use language” (Austin, 1962 in Fasold & Linton, 2006:162). Moreover, speech act is “Another kind of act simply by using language which can be also performed by people” (Thomas W., Stewart Jr., and Vaillette, 2001:221). In short, if someone says about something, there are some meanings that can be grouped into speech acts. One of five main categories of speech acts according to Searle’s basic taxonomy (in Nastri, Pena, and Hancock, 2006) is expressive speech act. Furthermore, it is stated that expressive speech acts are types of act according to psychological states and relating to the feelings or emotions expression to the receiver (e.g., “It’s been a sad day”). Affective reactions to a situation are reflected by expressive speech acts, and therefore are not necessarily based on fact assertions. In this research, the researcher will emphasize on the use of expressive speech act by the main character in a film.
5
The second previous study was conducted by Wahyuningsih (2012), entitled “Illocutionary Acts Used by Main Characters in Inkheart Movie”. She found several sentence types used by the main characters, they are declarative sentences (eighty six sentences), interrogative sentences (twenty eight sentences), and imperative sentences (twenty seven sentences). Besides, she also found three kinds of direct illocutionary acts. They are divided into statements in the form of declarative sentences, questions in the form of interrogative sentences, and directives (orders, requests, warnings, and suggestion) in the form of imperative sentences.
The third previous research was conducted by Wahyuni (2008), entitled”Expressive Illocutionary Acts in Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park: A Pragmatic Analysis. She found 185 expressive illocutionary acts from the novel with this specification; ten expressives for thank (5,4%), twenty one expressives for apologies (11,4%), twenty two expressives for congratulation (11,9%), eleven expressives for greetings (5,4%), seventy one expressives for wishes (37,8%), and fifty two expressives for attitudes (28,1%), in which the most dominant type was expressives for wishes. She also described the usage of the expressive illocutionary acts into literal direct (91,9%), non literal direct (2,7%), and literal direct+non literal indirect (5,4%).
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and assertive which belong to illocutionary speech act, while in the second previous study it is researched about illocutionary speech act). It implies that illocutionary speech act still has many other aspects to be analyzed.
Based on these reasons, the researcher decides to analyze a film in its expressive speech act. Thus, it is chosen a film titled The King’s Speech which is directed by Tom Hooper and was released in 2010 to be analyzed. There are some reasons concerning to the film choice. First, this film consists of the dialogues, in which expressive speech act can be analyzed clearly and deeply. Second, this film is very famous, with the setting of Britain Kingdom, this film became one of the best films in 2010 and received many awards in some events, one of them is 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Original Screenplay.
In this film, the researcher chooses Bertie as the main character to be analyzed, because this story focuses on him. Besides, as the king in this film, the figure of Bertie was described as someone who was often stressful, frustrated, and depressed, because he was stammer and forced to be the king to change his brother who abdicated. Therefore, he often uttered expressive speech act, in which expressive speech act itself deals with psychological state or condition of someone. Based on the above reasons, the researcher conducts the research entitled “An Analysis of Bertie’s Expressive Speech Act in Tom Hooper’s Film The King’s Speech”.
1.2. Statement of the Problems
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1. What were Bertie’s expressive speech acts in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech?
2. What were the types of Bertie’s expressive speech act in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech?
3. What was the most dominant type of Bertie’s expressive speech act in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech?
1.3. Purposes of the Study
1. To describe Bertie’s expressive speech acts in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech.
2. To identify the types of Bertie’s expressive speech act in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech.
3. To know the most dominant type of Bertie’s expressive speech act in Tom Hooper’s film The King’s Speech.
1.4. Significance of the Study
Hopefully, the result of this research can be useful both in practical and theoretical aspect of speech act in the aspect of sociolinguistics and film in the aspect of literature. In practical aspect, it is expected to give contribution in the form of reference especially in speech act and film. Therefore, it can be the source of sociolinguistics and literature for the students and lecturers of University of Muhammadiyah Malang. In theoretical aspect, it is expected to give fruitful contribution of speech act and film theory. Thus, it can give additional information about speech act and film.
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on speech act and film especially for the academicians of English Department of University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The last, it is expected to be the reference and additional information for the academicians who want to conduct their research in the similar field.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
The scope of this research is the expressive speech acts of Bertie in film The King’s Speech directed by Tom Hooper, in the beginning, middle, and at the end of the film. The utterances of Bertie’s expressive act were limited in the dialogue between Bertie and Lionel Logue, because in this film, it was focused more on the relationship between Bertie and Lionel Logue, thus, there were many emotional scenes involve both of them. In addition, its limitation is in describing the expressive speech acts, identifying the types of expressive speech act, and knowing the most dominant type of expressive speech act found in the film.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, these are some key terms used in this research:
1. Speech is defined as the production and perception of vowels and consonants originates from a pre-phonetic capacity to perform speech sounds and gestures (Aaltonen and Uusipaikka, 2005:185).
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3. Expressive speech act is the speech act based on psychological states and relate to the expression of feelings or emotions to the receiver (Searle in Nastri, Pena, Hancock: 2006).
4. Film is a highly collaborative art form (the product of writers, actors, cinematographers, editors, studios, directors, etc.) that contradicts the kind of artistic credit that society provides comparatively autonomous novelists or painters (Small, 1994:13).
