A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
A PAPER
BY
NUR FITRI ANGRENI BATUBARA
REG. NO.: 062202056
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
Approved by Supervisor,
Nip. 130535807
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A.
Submitted to Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English.
Approved by
Head of English Study Program,
Nip. 13702287
Dra. Syahyar Hanum DPFE
Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara.
The examination is held on the .………...
Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara
Dean,
Nip. 132098531
Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D
Board of Examiner and Reader:
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NUR FITRI ANGRENI BATUBARA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : NUR FITRI ANGRENI BATUBARA
Title of paper : A Brief Description of Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense
Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma in English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that user are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
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ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
First of all, thanks and praises to Allah SWT who gives her health, strength, patience, and ease to complete this paper since the beginning up to its completion in order to get a diploma degree from Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara and her invocation to the Prophet Mohammad SAW as the God’s messanger.
On this valuable occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude and appreciation to:
1. Her beloved parents, Mr. Yunan Batubara and Mrs. Khadijah Lubis, whose love and affection, give her strength to her weakness and who also pray for her so that she can achieve her success. For her younger sisters and brothers, Rusdi, Rinal, Roni, Riska and Ririn who have given spirit and love to her. 2. Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D., the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of
Sumatera Utara.
3. Dra. Syahyar Hanum DPFE as the Head of the English Diploma Program and also as her reader. Thank you for your attention, guidance and your devoted time to give her suggestion in completing this paper.
5. All of her lecturers in English Diploma Program who have taught her so many things. Thank you very much for all of your knowledge, advice, and your supports.
6. For her friends, especially Ris Handayani, Ammayati, Rahmi Agustina, Kriswayuni, Irlayani Malay, Maryam Damanik, Syaidati ifdari and Ermila Sari who always give spirit and support and also care of her in order to be a good person. And for all her friends of A and B class of English Department. 7. To all of her friends in her lodging. Especially for her sister Nini, Wati, Pitri,
Lida, Tina, Ningsih, Anggi, Dedek, Zuly, and Helga and others whose name she can’t mention one by one. Thank you for being good sister and brother to her since three years ago. She will never forget our memories.
8. For her best friends in Padangsidimpuan, Eka, Rika, Nisa, Adek who always share experience with her. She misses you all.
In writing this paper, the writer actually got many difficulties so that the writer realizes that this it is still far from being perfect. Without much help and support from all sides, this paper would not be completed. Therefore, the writer welcomes for any constructive criticism and suggestion toward the improvement of this paper. Finally, I expect that this paper would be useful for the readers in the future.
Medan, May 2009 The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRACT ... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2The Scope of the Study ... 2
1.3The Objective of the Study ... 2
1.4The Significance of the Study ... 3
2. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 2.1The Defenition of the Present Perfect Tense ... 4
2.2The Usage of Present Perfect Tense ... 5
2.3The Way of forming Present Perfect Tense ... 9
2.3.1 Verbal Sentences ... 9
2.3.2 Nominal Sentences ... 12
3. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
3.1The Defenition of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense ... 20
3.2The Usage of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense ... 22
3.2.1 Duration from the Past Until Now ... 22
3.2.2 Recently, Lately ... 23
3.3The Way of Forming Present Perfect Progressive Tense ... 24
3.4Time Signals ... 27
4. THE PRESENT PERFECT VERSUS PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES 4.1The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses with Similar Meanings ... 29
4.2The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses with Different Meanings ... 30
5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1Conclusions ... 32
5.2Suggestions ... 33
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Tense is one of the most important parts in English. Tense is needed to speak in English correctly and fluently. It is in line what Patricia Wilcox Peterson says: “Changing Times, Changing Tenses”. It can be said that tenses can change in a different time or situation. But, the writer thinks there are many English students who are worried too much about tense. Is it so?
In the writer’s opinion, problem in tenses is to decide which tense to use in a given situation. In order to choose tenses correctly and easily, the students should understand the meaning of the tense itself. It is about the ‘time picture’ which is given in a situation, or condition. The students should know what kind of activities and states can be described by certain verbs. If the students have already known about the tense, so they would make a sentence easily and correctly.
Perfect Progressive Tense. Finally, the students need to be able to choose an appropriate time markers to clarify the time picture.
A part from her great interest in tenses, the present perfect simple and present perfect progressive tense are also important to be studied by students, especially the English students and to know its use and differences. That is the writer’s reason as well as her background why she chose the title: “a Brief Description of Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense”.
1.2 The Scope of the Study
Describing Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tense in English is not easy. Therefore, in this paper the writer would like to limit the scope of the discussion on the meaning, the usages, the way of forming each tenses, and time signals. The writer also writes a little explanation about the similarities and differences of both tenses in meaning.
1.3 The Objective of the Study
In this paper, the writer wants to explain the uses and forms of the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive Tenses in English.
So, the writer hopes that the comparison of both tenses will increase and develop our knowledge of English grammar especially the tenses.
The objective of this paper is to find out the forms, functions, meanings, and the difference and similarities of using Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense in English and to improve our knowledge about tenses.
1.4The Significance of the Study
Generally, the writer expects that the paper will give useful information to the readers as described as follows:
1. To introduce the readers about Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses in English.
2. To give the readers some explanation of meaning about the similarities and differences between Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses. 3. To arouse the interest of the readers to know and learn about Present Perfect
and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses in English.
CHAPTER II
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
2.1 The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect can be divided into two words, they are present and perfect. So, the writer would like to explain the meaning word by word.
The Present is the time which shows an action or state in the present. Perfect is a tense formed with have and past participle.
The Present Perfect Tense is the time which shows an action that is formed with have and a past participle.
Wittenberg (seventh edition: 64) notes that The Present Perfect Tense shows that the action or state occuring in the past or was recently completed and continuous in the present. It consists of the helping verb has or have plus a past participle.
The house has been vacant for a month or more.
Both organizations have received several federal grants.
According to Patricia K. Werner and Lou Spaventa (2007:79) the present perfect tense can also describe actions or situations that developed in the past and that have continued up to the moment of speaking.
Formula = Suject + Have/Has + Verb III + Object Where, Have is used for I, we, they, you
Has is used for he, she, it
Examples:
I have studied.
We have sung together.
She has seen this movie three times.
2.2 The Usage of Present Perfect Tense
There are some usages of the Present Perfect Tense. These are complete list of Present Perfect Forms:
2.2.1 Unspecified Time Before Now
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times. Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. Have you read the book yet?
There have been many earthquakes in Indonesia. A : Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B : Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
The concept of “unspecified time” can be very confusing for us, English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following explanation:
a) Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, “I have the experience of…” You can also use it to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is not used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
(This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once or several times).
I have been to France three times.
(You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence). I have never been to France.
b) Change over time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
c) Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishment of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
Man has walked on the moon. Our son has learnt how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom
d) An uncompleted action you are expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn’t stopped.
Susan hasn’t mastered English, but she can communicate.
e) Multiple actions at different times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. The Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project. The army has attacked that city five times.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.
2.2.2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
been continued up until now. All durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Tense are “for five minutes”, “for two weeks”, and “since Tuesday”, etc. Examples:
She has walked for two hours.
They have stayed in the same house for a week. Ririn has had a cold for two weeks.
Reni has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. The woman has taught in the school for twenty years.
2.3 The Way of Forming Present Perfect Tense 2.3.1 Verbal Sentences
Verbal sentence is a sentence which is used for explaining an action of being occurred. The action which is happen is most important than its timeline. 1. Positive Sentence
In this sentence, the verb is using V-III (past partciple) and helping verb (Has/Have).
Structure : S + Have/Has + V-III + O Examples:
2. Negative Sentence
Structure : S + Have/Has + Not + V-III + O
Examples:
Rinal has not eaten.
They have not done their homework. Dian has not lived in the same house.
I have not mastered English, but I can communicate. The rain has not stopped.
3. Interrogative Sentence
Structure : Have/Has + S + V-III + O Examples:
Have we ever gone to Jakarta? Has she worked hard?
Have you finished your work? Has Rusdy got my picture? Have you read the news?
4. Negative Question
Structure : Have/Has + Not + S + V-III + O Examples:
Haven’t you taken a pray?
Hasn’t the team given all the best?
Haven’t the students received their reports?
5. Interrogative sentence which is used for asking news. 5.1. Asking news in positive types
Structure : Who/What/When/Where/How/Why + Have/Has + S + V-III + O Examples:
Where have you put your pen? How long has she worked hard? Why has he studied hard? Who has spoken English well? What have they eaten?
How much money have you spent?
5.2. Asking news in negative types
Structure : Who/What/When/Where/How/Why+ Have/Has +Not +S+V-III+O Examples:
When haven’t they spoken Arabic? What hasn’t he done?
How long hasn’t she studied hard? Who hasn’t read the novel?
6. Interrogative sentence which the subject is unknown
The interrogative sentence which has unknown subject is intended to use WHO for asking person and use WHAT except person. Then, we use Has in positive sentence and Hasn’t in negative sentence although the answer is in plural type.
6.1. Positive
Structure : Who/What + Has + V-III + O Examples:
Who has worked hard? What has eaten rice?
6.2. Negative
Structure : Who/What + Has + Not + V-III + O Examples:
Who hasn’t played Pingpong well? What hasn’t worked hard?
2.3.2 Nominal Sentences
Nominal sentence is used to explain a condition which has happened in the past.
1. Positive Sentence
Structure : S + Has/Have + Been + Non Verb Examples:
He has been present on time. They have been happy.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure : S + Has/ Have + Not + Been + Non Verb Example:
You have not been there. She has not been sick.
The woman has not been lazy.
3. Interrogative Sentence
Structure : Has/ Have + S + Been + Non Verb Examples:
Have they been a pilot last year?
Has Renny been happy with her darling? Have we been successful people?
4. Negative Question
Structure : Has/Have + Not + S + Been + Non Verb Examples:
Hasn’t she been a nurse?
5. Asking subject which is unknown
Structure : Who/What + Has + Been + Non Verb
Example:
Who hasn’t been in the class? What has been at the garden? Who has been here last night?
6. Interrogative sentence which used for asking news 6.1.Positive question
Structure : Who/What/When/Where/Why/How+ Have/Has + S + Been+ Non Verb
Examples:
Who has she been at present time? What has it been at the garden?
When have they been with their parents? Where has she been scholarship?
Why have they been here? How have you been sick?
6.2.Negative question
Examples:
Who hasn’t she been at present time? What hasn’t it been at garden?
When haven’t they been with their parents? Where hasn’t she been persent?
Why haven’t we been here? How haven’t you been sick?
2.4 Time Signal
The time signals involve the past time and the day now on which can be used in Present Perfect Tense. When we use the Present perfect, it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time when the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has
worked for three different companies so far. My car has broken down four times this week.
Notice:
“Last year” and “in the last year” are very different in meaning. “Last year” means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. “In the last year” means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days
ago and now.
The adverbs already, (not) ever, just, never, recently, still, and not (yet), since are frequently used with the perfect tenses.For those adverb of time can be used by Present Perfect Tense with some rules, they are:
1. Just
Just refers to the very recent past.
Example:
Anne has just gone out. I’ve just visited that museum.
2. Recently
It is usually come before the past participle or at the end of the sentence. It can be used in all types of sentences.
Examples:
Recently, they have been on vacation. They have recently been on vacation. They have been on vacation recently.
3. Already
It can be placed in front or end of past participle (V-III) and usually used in affirmative sentence (positive) and question sentence (positive), and not with both of negative sentences.
Examples:
Have you already eaten? Have you eaten already?
To explain which time is faster than it is being expected. Examples:
The class always begins at 08.00 a.m. It is only 07.55, but the lesson
has already begun.
The plane has already left the airport.
To explain which time is slower than what it is being expected. It is always placed in the end of sentences.
It is used in negative and interrogative sentence. Examples:
The class begins at 08.00 a.m. It is 08.05 but the teacher hasn’t come
yet.
Has he ported the letter yet? She hasn’t come yet.
5. For
For explains the duration of an occuring action. Examples:
They have lived in London for ten years. My mother has been sick for three days.
6. Since
It shows when an action is started. Examples:
We have lived in this house since 1990. I haven’t seen him since last February.
7. Ever
Ever must come before the past participle and be used in interrogative
sentence. Example:
Other examples by focusing on the conversation to state that form, the Present Perfect Tense more clearly:
1. A : Are you going to finish your work before you go to bed? B : I have already finished it. I finished my work two hours ago. 2. A : Is Jim going to eat lunch with us today?
B : No, He has already eaten. He ate lunch an hour ago.
3. A : Do you and Erica want to go to the movie at the Bijou with us tonight? B : No thanks. We have seen it. We saw it last week.
4. A : When are you going to write your paper for Dr. Roth? B : I have already written it. I wrote it two days ago.
5. A : When is Jane going to call her parents and tell them about her engagement?
B : She has called them. She called them last night.
CHAPTER III
THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
The perfect aspect most often describes events or states taking place during a preceding period time. The progressive aspect describes an event or state of affairs in progress or continuing. Perfect and progressive aspect can be combined with either present or past tense.
Perfect aspect, present tense:
We have written to Mr. Steven, but he has ignored our letters. Progressive aspect, present tense:
Jack is growing his beard out.
3.1 The Definition of the Present Perfect Progressive
The progressive or continuous form of present perfect tense is a construction made up of have/has + been + the-ing (present participle) form of the main verb. It emphasizes or exaggerates the progressive nature of the action of the verb or the duration of the action throughout the period time.
Examples:
Ever since I read the book, I have been waiting to meet the author. She has been living in the same house since she was born.
There are many explanations about the meaning of present perfect progressive tense. I would like to take the meaning word by word and from some grammarians, as below:
The Present is the time which shows an action or state in the present. Perfect is a tense formed with have/has and a participle.
Progressive is going on without break.
So, the Present Perfect Progressive Tense shows that the action was being completed at some definite time in the past (Wittenberg, seventh edition: 65). This tense is composed of had been plus a present participle.
Patricia K. Werner and John P. Nelson (2007: 37) note that the present perfect progressive tense can describe actions or situations that began in the past and continue to the moment of speaking.
The present perfect progressive tense often implies that the action or situation
will continue in the future.
This tense stresses the progressive nature of the activity; it is not normally
used with expressions that indicate repeated action (one time, two times, and so on).
Examples:
When I came to Bandung in 2003, he has been living there about five
years.
He has been working in this office for ten years.
From the first example, we can see that he has lived in Bandung since 2003 and still lived there (Bandung) right now.
Structure : S + Have/ Has + Been + V-ing Examples:
I have been waiting for an hour, but she still hasn’t turned up yet. It has been raining since yesterday, and it still raining.
He has been ringing me up all morning.
There is a similarity between Present Participle and Gerund in using –ing type. It is in the form, but the character is different. Gerund is a kind of adverb or verb which is being a noun, present participle is a kind of adjective.
3.2 The Usage of the Present Perfect Progressive Tense
We use the present perfect Progressive to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. All durations which can be used with the present perfect progressive are “for five minutes”, “for two weeks”, and “since Tuesday”.
Examples:
She has been working at that company for three years. They have been talking for the last hour.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
Why has Riska not been taking her medicine for the last three days? Renny has been teaching at the university since May.
3.2.2 Recently, Lately
You can also use the present perfect progressive tense without a duration such as “for two weeks.” Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of “lately.” We often use the words “lately” or “recently” to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
My mother has been working too much lately.
Eka has not been feeling a little depressed. What have you been doing?
Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
Note:
Remember that the present perfect progressive has the meaning of “lately” or “recently.” If you use the present perfect progressive in a question such as, “Have you been feeling alright?”, it can suggest that the person look sick or unhealthy. A question such as, “Have you been smoking?” can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggest you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
3.3 The Way of Forming Present Perfect Progressive Tense
The verbs of Present Perfect Progressive Tense have three parts, they are:
1. It has a part which has progressive form (middle), so the –ing form is also used and have the same way of forming with it is explained in Present Progressive and Past Progressive.
2. Progressive tense uses helping verb “BE”, so the Present Perfect Progressive also uses the helping verb that is “BEEN”.
The examples of using Present Perfect Progressive Tense in sentence: 1. Positive Sentence
Structure : S + Have/Has + Been + V-ing + O Examples:
You have been working here for three years. He has been teaching us since last years.
They have been watching VCD the whole night.
2. Negative Sentence
Structure: S + Have/Has + Not + Been + V-ing + O Examples:
I have not been working there for two week. It has not been reading since morning.
He has not been living in Lenteng for three years.
3. Interrogative Sentence
Structure: Have/Has + S + Been + V-ing + O Examples:
4. Negative Question
Structure: Have/Has + Not + S + Been + V-ing + O Examples:
Haven’t they been sleeping since 10.00?
Hasn’t she been watching VCD the whole night?
5. Interrogative sentence which subject is unknown Structure: Who/What + Has + (Not) + Been + V-ing + O Examples:
Who hasn’t been sleeping in the class this morning? What has been sleeping on my shirt?
Who hasn’t been studying in the class this morning? What hasn’t been sitting on the table?
6. Interrogative sentence which is used for asking news a. Positive Sentence
Structure: What/ When/ Where/ Who/ Why/ How + Has/Have + S + Been + V-ing + O
Examples:
Who has your Brother been watching VCD?
b. Negative Sentence
Structure: What/When/Where/Who/Why/How + Has/ Have Not + S + V-ing Examples:
Where hasn’t Anis been eating? When haven’t they been buying shirt? What hasn’t it been working in the yard? How long haven’t you been studying? Why haven’t we been sitting on the chair? Who hasn’t your brother been watching TV?
7. The short answer in Present Perfect Progressive Tense Examples:
Have you been sleeping a lot lately? Yes. We have/ No. We haven’t
3.4 Time Signals
The following words are often used as time signal in Present Perfect Progressive Tense:
For + period time Since + beginning time
So far, to date, up to now, until now How long…?
Other examples by focusing on the conversation to state that form, the Present Perfect Tense more clearly:
1.A : You look busy right now, what are you doing?
B : I’m working on my physics experiment. It’s a long and difficult experiment.
A : How long have you been working on it?
B : I started planning it last January. I have been working on it since then. 2.A : How long has Rusdy been studying English?
B : He has been studying English for five years. 3.A : Shhh, Riska is talking on the phone long-distance.
B : Who is she talking to?
A : Her brother. They have been talking for almost an hour. I think her brother is in some kind of trouble.
CHAPTER IV
THE PRESENT PERFECT VERSUS PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES
4.1 The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses with Similar Meanings
Sometimes the present perfect progressive and present perfect tenses have similar meanings. In these cases, both the present perfect and the present perfect progressive tenses can have a past-to-present time frame.
This meaning of the present perfect tense occurs most commonly with verbs
such as begin, expect, hope, live, study, teach, wait, and work.
In addition, this use of the present perfect tense occurs with verbs not
normally used in the progressive tenses.
In general, a time expression is used to give this meaning and time frame to
the present perfect tense.
Uses Examples Time Expressions
A Period of Time from the Past to the Present
Joe has been studying here since May. Joe has studied here since May.
He has been living in Medan for three years. He has lived in Medan for three years. He has been working hard all day. He has worked hard all day.
4.2 The Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive Tenses with Different Meanings
In many cases, however, the present perfect and the present perfect progressive tenses have different meanings.
The present perfect progressive tense stresses actions or situations that began
in the past and continue to the present, while the present perfect tense usually describes actions or situations that began and ended at an unspecified time in the past.
The present perfect progressive tense stresses the continuous nature of an
event or situation, while the present perfect tense is normally used with expressions that indicate repeated action (one time, two times, and so on).
Uses Examples Meaning
A Period of Time from the Past to the Present
The sun has been setting for the last 5 minutes.
I have been learning Japanese.
The sun is still
I have learned Japanese.
The sun is down. I know Japanese
now.
Some more examples of the present perfect and the present perfect progressive tenses, as below:
A : When did he go? B : He went last month.
A : Have you had any letters from him?
B : I haven’t, but his wife has been hearing from him regularly. A : Does she intend to go out and join him?
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
From the description above, the writer can conclude that Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense have many usages and ways of forming both tenses. For example: the Present Perfect Tense can be used to show an action started in the past and still continues up to now, to explain an action which has happened, to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now and etc. Besides, the way of forming Present Perfect Tense involves verbal sentences and nominal sentences. And there are some time signals that we can use in Present Perfect Tense, they are: lately, recently, already, now, since, just, for, for several minutes, yet, up to now, until that time and many more.
In Present Perfect Progressive Tense, the writer has quoted some definitions. One of the definitions is that Present Perfect Progressive Tense is a sentence which explains that an action or event that occurred in the past and it still continues until the present time. It shows that the event is in progress and may be developed until a time in the future.
Present Progressive Tense has three parts. First, it has a part which has progressive form (middle), the -ing form is also used and have the same way of forming as explained before in Present Progressive and Past Progressive. Second, the Progressive Tense uses helping verb “BE”, so the Present Perfect Progressive also uses the helping verb that is “BEEN”. Furthermore, the Present Perfect also uses Have/Has as helping verb. Finally, from Present Perfect Progressive and Present Perfect Tenses, we can also find the similar and different meanings.
5.2 Suggestions
The writer will give some suggestions to the readers of this paper such as the following:
1. The writer expects that the readers and researchers will pay much attention to the Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense because they are commonly used in English.
2. The writer expects that the readers and researchers will do a further research on the Present Perfect Tense and Present Perfect Progressive Tense especially the meaning and differences.
fluent in English and we also can reach our goal and follow the flow of global era that forces us to have skill in speaking English well.
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