Civil Law is generally codified. Countries with civil law systems have comprehensive, conAnuously updated legal codes that specify all maJers capable of being brought before a court, the applicable procedure, and the appropriate punishment for each offense. Such codes disAnguish between different categories of law: substanAve law establishes which acts are subject to criminal or civil prosecuAon, procedural law establishes how to determine whether a parAcular acAon consAtutes a criminal act, and penal law establishes the appropriate penalty. In a civil law system, the judge’s role is to establish the facts of the case and to apply the provisions of the applicable code. Though the judge oOen brings the formal charges, invesAgates the maJer, and decides on the case, he or she works within a framework established by a comprehensive, codified set of laws. The judge’s decision is consequently less crucial in shaping civil law than the decisions of legislators and legal scholars who draO and interpret the codes.
Hukum Perdata umumnya dikodifikasi. Negara-negara dengan sistem hukum sipil memiliki luas, kode hukum terus diperbarui yang menentukan semua maJers mampu dibawa sebelum pengadilan, prosedur yang berlaku, dan hukuman yang sesuai untuk setiap pelanggaran. Kode tersebut
Passage
The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system. The law in Scotland was influenced by Roman law and is different from the law of England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The English legal system is centralized through a court structure which is common to the whole country. It is hierarchical, with the higher courts and judges having more authority than the lower ones. Some important characterisAc of English law are :
1. English law is based on the common law tradiAon. By this we mean a system of “judge made” law which has conAnuously developed over the years through the decisions of judges in the case brought before them. These judicial precedents are an important source of law in the English legal system. Common law systems are different from the civil law systems of western Europe and LaAn America. In these countries the law has been codified or systemaAcally collected to form a consistent body of legal rules.
2. English judges have an important role in developing case law and starAng the meaning of Acts of Parliament.
3. The Judges are independent of the government and the people appearing before them. This allows them to make imparAal decisions.
4. Court procedure is accusatorial. This means that judges do not invesAgate the cases before them but reach a decision based only on the evidence presented to them by the parAes to the dispute. This is called the adversarial system of jusAce. It can be compared to the inquisitorial procedure of some other European systems where it is the funcAon of the judges to invesAgate the case and to collect the evidence.
Bagian
Britania Raya tidak memiliki sistem hukum tunggal. Hukum di Skotlandia dipengaruhi oleh hukum Romawi dan berbeda dari hukum Inggris, Wales dan Irlandia Utara. Inggris sistem hukum
terpusat melalui struktur pengadilan yang umum untuk seluruh negeri. Ini adalah hirarkis, dengan pengadilan tinggi dan hakim memiliki kewenangan yang lebih daripada yang lebih rendah. Beberapa characterisAc penting dari hukum Inggris adalah:
1. hukum Inggris didasarkan pada umum tradiAon hukum. Dengan ini dimaksudkan sistem "hakim membuat" hukum yang telah terus dikembangkan selama bertahun-tahun melalui keputusan hakim dalam kasus tersebut dibawa ke hadapan mereka. Ini preseden yudisial merupakan sumber penting dari hukum dalam sistem hukum Inggris. Sistem hukum umum berbeda dari sistem hukum sipil dari Eropa Barat dan Amerika Laan. Di negara-negara hukum telah dikodifikasi atau sistematis dikumpulkan untuk membentuk tubuh yang konsisten aturan hukum.
prosedur pengadilan adalah penuduhan. Ini berarti bahwa hakim tidak invesAgate kasus sebelum mereka tetapi mencapai keputusan hanya didasarkan pada bukti yang diajukan kepada mereka oleh parAes yang bersengketa. Ini disebut sistem adversarial dari jusAce. Hal ini dapat
dibandingkan dengan prosedur inkuisitorial dari beberapa sistem Eropa lainnya di mana ia adalah funcAon hakim untuk invesAgate kasus ini dan mengumpulkan bukti.
True or False Statements
a. The law in Scotland is the same as the law in England. b. English law has evolved gradually.
c. The common law was developed by the judges. d. The judiciary is not independent of the government.
e. The court structure of the English legal system is the same throughout the country. f. All the courts in the system are of equal authority.
g. All the courts in the system are of equal authority. h. English judges collect evidence in the cases before them.
Laporan Benar atau Salah
A. Hukum di Skotlandia adalah sama dengan hukum di Inggris. b. Hukum Inggris telah berkembang secara bertahap.
c. Hukum umum dikembangkan oleh hakim. d. Peradilan tidak independen dari pemerintah.
e. Struktur pengadilan dari sistem hukum Inggris adalah sama di seluruh negeri. f. Semua pengadilan dalam sistem adalah otoritas yang sama.
Answer the QuesAons
1. Would a codified system of law make the law more certain or flexible? 2. Why is it important for judges to be independent?
3. What is the disadvantage of an adversarial system of jusAce?
Jawablah pertanyaan
1. Apakah sistem dikodifikasikan hukum membuat hukum yang lebih pasti atau fleksibel? 2. Mengapa penting bagi hakim untuk mandiri?
