Analysis of The Proposition to+v-ing Structure Usage

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I want to express my appreciation for the finishing of this job training report to the following: 1. Mr.Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjudin, MA., The Dean of Faculty of Letters.

2. Dr. Juanda, the Head of Departement of English Letters.

3. My beloved family, especially my lovely mother, thank you for your love, care, and support. You’re the great mother that I’ve ever had.

3. Mrs. Asih Prihandini, S.S., M. Hum., my tutor in the making of the job training report, thanks a lot for helping me to accomplish this report and for your patience and also your advice.

4. All staff of LPPM ITB, thank you for giving me a chance to do the job training, for suppporting and giving advices to me.

5. All of my bestfriends 2010 thank you for everything. Ica, who is always there to be a victim of bullying. Teh Lisna, thank you for being a partner of ‘forever single’ with me.

Vivi, for always making a joke and it makes me laugh to cry. Pian for always making a funny to everything. Daliman, thank you for being a spy to me. And also to Lena, Vini, Wildan, Fandry, Indra, ka Aldo. All you guys, i love you.

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REFERENCES

http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/

Learn English Network, Gerund and Infinitives,

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/gerundinftext.html

Prieur, C.N. & Speyer, E.C., 1988, The Writer’s Guide to Prepositions: The One and Only Prepositionary, Charles N. Prieur & Elizabeth Speyer, 2000.

Stack Exchange, 2013, English Language & Usage,

http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/38964/how-to-use-to-v-ing

Walden University Writing Center, Prepositions and Verbals: Dictionary of Common Expressions,

http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/Documents/Scholarly-Writing/Prepositionals_Verbals.pdf

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents general descriptions of background, objectives, method, place and time of the job training.

1.1 Background

Since using the appropriate grammar is necessary for delivering message, so it is needed to use the correct structure. The use of the correct structure in written language is so important so that the message of the writer can be accepted by the reader without confusing them.

In English, we have ‘preposition’. Preposition acts as a link between

words, of course, in order to make a clause, phrase, or sentence. Preposition has several roles, such as preposition to indicate time, preposition to indicate place, direction, or even purpose. Each roles of the preposition has each types. Look at the example here, i cried to get some help, the preposition to in the text is used to indicate a purpose to mean ‘in oder to’. In addition, the to here is also followed by

simple presentget. So, from the short analysis of the text, can we directly conclude that the preposition to must be followed only by simple present?

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The writer’s reasons in choosing this title are to review and explain how to

use the appropriate structure according to the terms in the English structure language.

The reason to choose LPPM-ITB as the place to do job training is because LPPM-ITB provides document or journal made by ITB’s students which should be reviewed, and it gives the writer some cases relating to the topic.

1.2 Scope

The scope for this job training report will be on the use of the appropriate grammar structure of the preposition to + v-ing in English.

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of job training are as follows:

1. To get work experience resulting from the learning in the college.

2. To know the understanding of using the appropriate grammar structure of the preposition to + v-ing in English.

3. To improve the ability of writing in Indonesian into English or otherwise. 4. To produce appropriate, clear and acceptablesystem of language.

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1.4 Significance to knowledge

This report is expected to give explanation about how is the use of the appropriate grammar structure of to+v-ing in English.

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1.5 The Framework of the Theory

The theory that the writer uses in making this report is Hunter College Reading/Writing Center (1998) which states thatapreposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation of a noun or a noun substitute to some other words in thesentence. According to what has been said above also, each types of preposition has different role. That is why Dr. Wheeler (2002) also remarks that preposition is abstract word that has no concrete meaning. It means that it is important to be aware that the use of preposition is depend on the words around it, since its function to connect words. That is why it is should be considered to decide what kind of word that can precede or follow a prepositionto + v-ing.

1.6Research Method

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1.7 Place and Time

The writer took the job training activity in LPPM-ITB (The Institute for Research and Community Services of Institut Teknologi Bandung) located at Tamansari Street No. 64 Bandung. The schedules of this job training were at 08.00 am to 17.00 pm, from Mondayuntil Friday. It was started on July 16th to September6th, 2013.

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CHAPTER II

THE GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LPPM-ITB

This chapter explains in general explanation about LPPM-ITB (The Institute for Research and Community Services of Institut Teknologi Bandung) such as, history, vision, mission, activities, and structure organization itself, those will be mentioned as follow:

2.1 History of the LPPM-ITB

LPPM-ITB has been elaborated in the 2011-2015 strategic plan of ITB toward World Class University, which is in line with the mission of the institute to be the leading pioneer in innovation and development of sciences, technology and arts which gives contribution to the nation development.

ITB Research, Community Services and Innovation Center is published to promote and socialize ITB’s research and community services activities.

LPPM-ITB presents the book of the overview of several research results and community services indicating the importance of the products, benefits for industrial and societal relevance.

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Technology, 4) Food, Health, and Medicine, 5) Cultural Products and Environment, 6) Nano and Quantum Technology, 7) Biotechnology.

2.2 LPPM-ITB Vision

Becoming a Higher Education that is excellent, dignified, independent, and recognized in the world and guiding changes that will improve the welfare of the nation of Indonesia and the world.

2.3 LPPM-ITB Mission

Creating, Sharing, and Applying science, technology, arts and humanities as well as producing leading human resources to make better Indonesia and world.

2.4 LPPM-ITB Objectives

1. To fasten societal development by improving the capacity and self-reliance of the community

2. To improve the quality of human resource through education and learning 3. To apply the results for improving the quality of education, research and

community services of ITB

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5. To promote ITB to be the center of excellence within the community

2.5 LPPM-ITB Role

1. Connecting demand and supply, problem and solution, academic community of ITB and public

2. Conducting basic science development as well as applied research 3. Developing and applying the result of research to the community

2.6 Field Categories

1. Field of Community Service

a) Increasing the utiliation of ITB science and technology products to increase competitiveness and prosperity of the nation;

b) Development of coaching centers for the empowerment of the community potential based on the R & D products in the ITB field of science;

c) Increasing the funds from the utilization of ITB science and technology products by the industry;

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2. Field of Innovation and Entrepreneurship

a) Increasing the ability of innovation and entrepreneurship of ITB academic comunity;

b) Groth of new enterprises (start-up company) from the spin-off of research and development activites in ITB;

c) Increasing the power of research and development benefits of ITB in the society.

2.7 Job Position and Coordination

The job position and responsibilities of the writer will be discussed in this section. It also describes about the coordination that the writer did during the job training.

2.7.1 Job Position

In LPPM ITB, the writer was placed at Facilities and Infrastructure Division and at Information System Division. At Facilities and Infrastructure Division, the writer worked as an editor. The data that have to be edited is research journals regarding the correct using of English structure in the writing.

2.7.2 Coordination

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1. Mrs. Rika Sudrajat, S.Sos as Chief Division in Public Administration. She is the head of Public Administration Division.

2. Mrs. Lani Marlani, A.Md as Sub-Division Chief in Facilities and Infrastructure. She gave me job to input the document data.

3. Mr. Dian Sumardiana, A.Md.Kom as a Staff in Information System Division. He gave me job to upload research journals to the web and editted some journals regardingtheir writings and structures.

2.8 Responsibilities

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CHAPTER III

THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC

3.1 Preposition

The word „preposition‟ comes from the Latin and Greek words which

mean “to put before”. The name „preposition‟ (pre + position) means “place

before”. Preposition usually comes before another words, it means that

preposition cannot and will not ever stand alone. If we put the preposition alone in a sentence, the sentence will not show any message. Preposition cannot be part of a sentence by itself (Zugun,2003: 45). It means that preposition always contained within a phrase or a group of word.

From the classification point of view, preposition is a member of the word classes or part of speech. From the function point of view, preposition is a word that shows the relationship between two words in a clause, phrase, or sentence.

Jim Miller (2002: 40) states:

“All nouns meet the criteria of occurring to the left of a verb in an active declarative clause, of occurring immediately to the right of a verb in an active declarative clause or of occurring to the right of a verb but preceded by a preposition.”

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Most often, preposition shows relationships of direction, location, and time, but it shows other relationships also (but, except, without show a relationship of exclusion). These are most commonly used prepositions:

above behind for since

about below from to

across beneath in toward

after beside inside through

against between into under

along beyond like until

among by near up

around down of upon

at during off with

before except on within

Let us take a look in the application of the use of preposition in a sentence.

 Lucy likes to play at the park.

“At the park” is the prepositional phrase since it modifies where Lucy

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Other examples of prepositional phrase:

1. Jane is falling to the floor. (direction)

2. He bought a new house after his marriage (time) 3. Adam is sitting beside his girlfriend. (location) 4. They arrived at the restaurant within an hour. (time)

According to The Cambridge Grammar for English Language Teachers (Parrott, 2000), preposition is a “major problem” for learners, and it is confirmed

by the analysis of Calico Journal has created in which prepositions account for 12% of the errors. The Journal tells that the most common preposition errrors are in, of, and to. Since this report has to do with preposition to, so to will be the focus

on this subject.

3.2 To as Preposition

To as preposition can be defined as expressing motion in the direction of a

particular location. In other words, we use to when expressing movement toward a place. For examples:

1. She is going to the station.

2. John and Lucy are driving to the baseball game.

to the station and to the baseball game are a prepositional phrase preceded

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Besides expressing movement, to as preposition also identifying the person or thing affected. It is used when two objects are necessary by the verb of the sentence. For examples:

1. I give the book to John.

to John is identifying the person affected by the verb and it is called as the

indirect object in the grammatical function. The verb give in the (1) needs the second argument, explaining to whom the book is given. If the indirect object is not written, the sentence will be left hanging. If the sentence only written I give the book, then to whom the book is given? Thus, it is necessary so that the message can be received clearly.

To as preposition also used in time expression. It indicates time and also

has the same sense as the time expression 'till' or 'until'. For examples:

2. The time is fifteen to five. [04:45]

3. The dentist is open from Monday to Friday.

In the (2) to is referred to say time, while the (3) referred to say the day when the dentist will be opened. It still has the same sense if we change it to „until‟:

The dentist is open from Monday until Friday.

For another function, we also can use to in showing purpose of the subject. For examples:

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It shows that I has a particular purpose for spending much money, that is to make her happy. It also can be said:

I spent so much money (in order) to make her happy.

3.3 Gerund

First of all, let us discuss about gerund. Gerund is a basic types of verbals along with participles and infinitives. Gerund is a verbal that functions as noun and have an –ing ending, then it is formed as V+ing. Since gerund are derived from verb and ended with –ing, it does express an action, but still gerund is always used as a noun. In a sentence, gerund may functions as the subject, direct object, and object of preposition. For examples:

Gerund as subject

 Swimming is my favorite sport

Gerund as direct object.  I like swimming.

Gerund as object of preposition  I will pass the test by studying.

Still, not all the v-ing is a gerund. From the example below:  I am running now.

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used to create a variant word‟s form to signal grammatical function. In short, -ing

in that sentence signal that the verb is present participle, shows that the action running is being done by I, and now is the indication of time when the subject

does that thing.

(Lester: 177) said:

“To determine whether a word in a sentence is a gerund, look at the word(s) ending in –ing in the sentence. If this word can be replaced by the pronoun it, then the word is a gerund. If the word it replaces other words in addition to the gerund, then these make up the gerund phrase.”

 My sister loves walking together to the mall.

 My sister loves it.

3.4 The case of To + V-ing

Before this report is made, the writer did not even know that the to can be followed by v-ing. What has been learned is that to must be followed by simple present. So in this report, the writer will explain that there are few situations where we use to + v-ing.

There are 5 data used by the writer to make the analysis: 1. The dedication to increasing the nation competitiveness.

2. The researcher is looking forward to searching the valid reason. 3. The institution is commited to supporting our research.

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5. The researcher is opposed to using the nuclear power.

The writer started to wonder whether the preposition, as seen, can be followed by the v-ing. At first, the writer thought that it was the writer of the book fault. So the writer started to analyze this case.

3.4.1 Preposition as a part of Phrasal Verb

First of all, to + V-ing is applicable if the to is a part of phrasal verb that followed by preposition combination:

 The researcher is looking forward to searching the valid reason.

 The institution commited to supporting our research.

As Radford (1988:257) remarks: ...”to the extent that i envisage any rule

relating the two, it's one in which the P originates as part of the PP, but it is incorporated into the V by reanalysis.” It makes a conclusion that to in the looking

forward toand to in the commited to are the part of the words before, which called

phrasal verb. Phrasal verb itself is a verb consists of verb and one more particles, which may be a preposition.

3.4.2 Preposition as a part of Adjective

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 The new compound is accustomed to having its own material.  The researcher is opposed to using the nuclear power.

Those also indicate that the to is the part of the adjective words that precedes. Here is some another list of the adjective + preposition combination followed by gerund:

addicted to Anna is addicted to reading books.

dedicated to The government is dedicated to ending poverty.

devoted to The money will be devoted to protecting the environment.

opposed to They are opposed to building a new road in the park.

3.4.3 Preposition as a part of Noun

Here are some cases of the noun + preposition combination followed by gerund:

 His addiction to reading makes him smart.

 The dedication to increasing the nation competitiveness.

to in this case is a part of the noun addiction and dedication. As the

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

The conclusion and suggestion are also included in the clarification below.

4.1 Conclusion

This report explains about the writer activities in the job training. The writer did the job training at LPPM-ITB and placed in Facilities and Infrastructure Division and at Information System Division, as an editor of research journals. The journals are in English so that it makes the writer easier to do the analysis for the job training report.

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4.2 Suggestion

For Faculty of Letters, it is better to make cooperation and relation with companies or give a suggestion of companies that can be used by the student to apply the job training

For students, they need to find as much information they can get from every resource such as internet, books, magazine to help them during the job training.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Student’s Profile

a. Name : Dhania Ayu Nugraha

b. Address : Jl. Pekalongan no. 25 Antapani\ c. Place and date of birth : Bandung, 25 December 1992

d. Sex : Female

e. Religion : Moeslem

f. Phone : 089630042320

g. E-mail : dniiahartzler@yahoo.com

2. Educational Background

2.1 Formal Education

No. Year Institution

1. 1998 - 2004 SD Muhammadiyah 7 Bandung 2. 2004 - 2007 SMPN 4 Bandung

3. 2007 - 2010 SMA Pasundan 2 Bandung 4. 2010 - Now English Department

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2.2 Seminar & Achievement

No. Year Seminar/Achievement

1 2013 as a performer of Hari Sastra 2013 2 2013 Global Peace Volunteer Seminar

3 2013 as the Committee and Participant of Workshop Translation “Building The Translation Skill and

Confidence”

4 2013 as a participant in TBI English Challenge

5 2013 as the Committee and Participant of Copywriting Seminar “Go Viral”

2.3 Competency

There are some competencies that the writer has. They are as follows: 1. Good at English both oral and written.

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3. Organization

No. Year Organization

1. 2012 - 2013 HIMA