149 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Indigofera zollingeriana
: A Promising Forage and Shrubby Legum
Crop for Indonesia
L. Abdullah*, A. Tarigan, Suharlina, D. Budhi, I. Jovintry, & T.A. Apdini
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, 16680 Darmaga Bogor.
*Email: lukiabdullah@gmail.com
Abstract
Indigofera zollingeriana is a shrubby legume that has been studied since 2009 at Department of Animal Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University. Observation of agronomical parameters was conducted to investigate forage regrowth patern, herbage production and cutting management. Some soil ecological parameters were also observed to recognize rhizo effect on chemical and biological soil properties. Evaluation of nutrinional parameters were conducted as well to investigate utilization of nutritional value of the legume. Agronomical study revealed I. zollingeriana is a branchy regrowing plant that showed appropriate harvesting time at 60 days, easy to grow with tea growing structure model, and produced about 6-10 ton DM ha-1 harvest-1. Cultivation of I. zollingeriana significantly increased 20% of soil organic carbon, P-solubilizing bacteria colony, stablized soil-P and -N consentration and soil pH. Meanwhile investigation of nutritional aspects revealed highly nutritional value indicated by high protein content and digestibility; good utilizable fiber, high dry matter digestibility, low tannin and saponin content. According to these results, I. zollingeriana is able to be developed as one of promising shrubby legume to improve livestock production in Indonesia due to nutritional, agronomical and ecological reasons.
Keywords: Indigofera zollingeriana, legume crop, nutrition value, forage production
Introducton
150 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
prce and uncertanty n qualty. Farmers have dffcultes n controllng feed qulty due to not only varaton of feed materal qualty but also ts low avalablty n the market. Ths, n turn leads to reducton of anmal producton, partcularly dary producton. Importaton of some feed materals lke soybean meal has n some cases solved the problem, however farmers are not able to access the materals as the con-sequence of prce and avalablty. Use of other agrondustral waste becomes more tradng ssue rather then techncal aspect. But stll farmer do not have bg chance to access hgh and stable qualty of raw feed materals.
Recommendaton to use more concentrate porton rumnant anmals more problem rase n controllng feed avalablty and qualty. Seekng local raw feed materals orgnatng from hgh qualty forages such as legumes become an alterna-tve to suplement even substtute concentrate feed raw materals. The recent suc-cess wth Leucaena as a new hgh qualty forage speces for northern Australa has prompted a search for other legume tree and shrub speces sutable for ntroducton to other grazng system (Blunt and Jones, 1977; Clem et al., 1993). It s a good ex-ample that may nspre farmer n Indonesa.
Use of legume partcularly tree or shrub legume speces may reduce feed cost and contrbutes to envronment. Legume s able to mprove sol fertlty through b-ologcal ntrogen fxaton (Danso et al., 1992) and other symbotc solublzng bac-tera. Many studes about legume-mchorrzal fung symboss revealed benefts for P efcency. One of promsng legume we have studed s I. zollingeriana. The sc-entfc name of ths legume crops has determned by our colleague at Indonesan In-sttute of Scence (LIPI). Ths shrub legume may be as one of promsng forage crop, whch confrms nutrtonally hgh qualty (Abdullah, 2010; Abdullah and Suharna, 2010; Targan et al., 2010) ) and farmers begn wdely establsh the legume crop n Indonesa to mprove goats mlk producton.
Ths paper ams to descrbe the role of I. zollingeriana as a source of hgh qualty forage, and ts role on sol ecology.
Materal and Methods
151 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
thrd perod of lactatng saanen and second perod of lactatng etawah crossbred (Apdn, 2011). Data are extracted and used for dscusson of the paper.
Results and Dscusson
Persistent Forage Production
Forage producton s an mportant parameter ndcatng the potental of dry matter avalable to rumnants. Observaton of I. zollingeriana forage bomass pro-ducton for 9 tmes of defolaton carred out wth nterval of 60 days showed that dry forage producton ranged between 6-10 tons /ha/crop. Varatons occur due to the season and ntensty of branchng formaton and ntensve leaf development. Ths leads to overlappng leaves, so that the effectveness of photosynthess s reduced. Although forage producton fluctuated, but t stll showed hgher average yelds than those of other legume speces such as Gliricidia and Calliandra. I. zollingeriana
forage productvty s affected by defolaton ntensty. As dscussed earler, defola-ton wth a heght of 1 m showed a more persstent producdefola-ton (Fgure 1.)
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Fgure 1. I. zollingeriana forage producton durng the perod of observaton wth defolaton for 9 tmes (defolaton ntensty 60 days).
High Quality Forage Source
152 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
fertlty and applcaton of folar fertlzer (Abdullah, 2010). Trals carred out at Lvestock Research Center n Medan showed mproved daly gan of local goat and local x Boer cross bred durng feedng program wth Indigofera (Targan, 2009).
Forage qualty of Indgofera changed depended on defolaton management. Interval defolaton every 60 days showed a best quantty and qualty forage (Abdul-lah and Suharlna, 2010) than 90 days (Targan, 2009). The ntensty of defolaton was nvestgated as hgh as 1m to 1.5 m above ground, whch produced hghest herb-age producton and nutrtve value. In vivo experment usng pelleted Indgofera’s leaf for both two groups of lactatng Etawah crossbred and Saanen revealed hgh persstence of mlk producton pror a month of dry perods. Raton wth commer-cal concentrate produced lower mlk (379 ml/head) than raton contanng pelleted Indgofera’s leaf (762 ml/head) a month pror a month of dry perods (Apdn, 2011). Use of Indgofera leaf n lactatng does reduced feed cost for about US$ 0.39 dolar/L of mlk (Abdullah et al., 2012).
Ecologically Beneficial
Legumes produce most bologcally fxed ntrogen and are therefore crucal to mantanng the N-balance n nature. A very hgh yeldng legumnous crops can add up to 500 kg of ntrogen to the sol per hectare per year was estmated (NAS 1979). Study on the ecologcal functon of I. zollingeriana revealed the legume could be expected to mantan sol fertlty. Ths s evdent from prevous studes, that I.
Tabel 1. Nutrton value of Indgofera zollngerana recorded durng agronomc study fertlzer applcaton and nutrtonal (in vitro) study
Source: Abdullah, 2010; Jovntry, 2011, * Suharlna, 2010 usng supramn as N source.
Parameters Value
Wthout fertlzer Wth fertlzer
Crude proten (%) 27.68±0.75 31.31±1.04*
Tannn (%) 0.36±0.05 0.61±0.01
Saponn (%) 0.41±0.02 1.17±0.07
NDF (%) 38.30±1.72 51.05±1.55
ADF (%) 28.62±0.82 45.29±1.10
Ca (%) 1.16±0.02 1.78±0.06
P (%) 0.26±0.01 0.31±0.01
K (%) 1.31±0.11 1.42±0.08
Mg (%) 0.46±0.02 0.51±0.04
IVDMD (%) 75.44±2.02 85.50±4.24
153 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
zollingeriana plants can mantan the content of N and avalable P n sol, and m-proved sol organc C content and P-solublzng bactera populaton (Table 2).
Conclusons
I. zollingeriana s a shrubby legume speces that plays an mportant role n mprovng the qualty of feed and mantan sol qualty. The results provde nformaton that these plants can be recommended as a source of hgh qualty forage for rumnants.
References
Abdullah,L. D.A.Astut and T.AP.Apdn.2012.Use of I. zollingeriana as forage pro-ten source n dary goat raton. Proc. Asan Dary Goat Conference, Kuala Lumpur,10-11Aprl 2012.
Abdullah, L. 2010. Herbage producton and qualty of shrub Indgofera treated by dfferent concentraton of folar fertlzer. Med. Pet. 33(3): 169-175.
Abdullah, L and Suharlna. 2010. Herbage yeld and qualty of two vegetatve parts of Indgofera at dfferent tme of frst regrowth defolaton. Med.Pet. 33(1):44-49.
And Targan, L. Abdullah, S.P Gntng and I.G. Permana. 2010. Produks dan Kom-poss Nutrs Serta Kecernaan In Vitro Indigofera sp pada Interval dan Tngg Pemotongan Berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veterner, 15(2): 188-19.
And Targan. 2009. Produktvtas Dan Pemanfaatan Indigofera sp. Sebaga Pak-an Ternak Kambng Pada Interval DPak-an Intenstas PemotongPak-an YPak-ang Berbe-da. Master Thess. Insttut Pertanan Bogor. http://repostory.pb.ac.d/han-dle/123456789/74/browse?value=Targan%2C+And &type=author
Apdn, T.A.P. 2011. Pemanfaatan Pellet Indigofera sp. pada Kambng Perah Per-anakan Etawah dan Saanen d Peternakan Bangun Karso Farm. Skrps. Insttut Pertanan Bogor. http://repostory. pb.ac.d/handle/123456789/108/browse?v
Tabel 2. Effect of Indigofera zollingeriana on sol nutrent propertes and P-solublzng
bactera populaton
*Cell per collony/100g; data were extracted from Suharlna, 2010.
C-organc (%) N total (%) P avalable (%)
P-solublzng bactera*
Before Indgofera
cultvaton 0.97±0.17 0.16±0.01 1.48±0.18 8.66±2.81 After Indgofera
154 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
alue=Apdn%2C+Tts+Anugrahen+Putr&type=author.
Blunt, C.G. and Jones, R.J. (1977) Steer lveweght gan n relaton to the propor-ton of tme on Leucaena leucocephala pastures. Tropical Grasslands 11, 159-164.
Clem, R.L., Esdale, C.R., Conway, M.J. and Macntyre, D. (1993) Beef producton from commercal Leucaena leucocephala pastures n a dry subtropcal env-ronment. Proceedings of XVII International Grasslands Congress.
Danso, S.K.A., Bowen, G.D. and Sangnga N. (1992) Bologcal ntrogen fxaton n trees n agro-ecosystems. Plant and Soil 141, 177-196.
Jovntry, I. 2011. Fermentabltas dan kecernaan in vitro daun tanaman Indigofera sp. yang mendapat perlakuan pupuk car untuk daun. Skrps. Insttut Pertanan Bogor. http://repostory.pb.ac.d /handle/123456789/48107.
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