The Interference Of English Term Into Indonesian In The Ekonomic Term

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THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM

INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters

By: FARIDA NIM. 101026021492

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

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THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM

INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM

A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters

By:

FARIDA

NIM: 101026021492

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

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APPROVEMENT

THE INTERFERENCE OF ENGLISH TERM

INTO INDONESIAN IN THE ECONOMIC TERM

A Paper

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1) in English Letters

By:

FARIDA

NIM: 101026021492

Approved by advisor

Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd

NIP. 150 299 480

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

“SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

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LEGALIZATION

A Thesis entitled “The Interference of English Term into Indonesian In the Economic

Term” Has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee, “Syarif Hidayatullah” State Islamic University, Jakarta on March, 26, 2008. The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the

Degree of Strata 1 (SI) in English Letters.

Jakarta, March, 26, 2008

Examination Committee

Chair Person Secretary

Dr. H. Muhammad Farchan, M.Pd Drs.Saefuddin, M.Pd

NIP: 150 299 480 NIP: 150 261 902

Members

Examiner I Examiner II

Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd

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ABSTRACT

Farida. The Interference of English Term Into Indonesian In the Economic Term.

Thesis Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty ”Syarif Hidayatullah “ State Islamic University, March 2008

This paper used descriptive qualitative method to research about the process of the English word especially in the economic term that absorbed and then enrich the vocabulary of Indonesian language. After analyzing, the writer looks for the change of meaning in the absorbed word. The unit of analysis of this research is 50 economic words that found in

column of KOMPAS daily newspaper, column ‘Financial’. It is chosen because this

column often utilizes some absorbed words especially in the economic term.

This study becomes important because today there are many English words can be found in daily conversation or in media, but they are difficult to know whether the words have already become the vocabulary of Indonesian language or not.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In The Name of Allah the Most Gracious, The Most Merciful

All praises to Allah, The Lord of The Universe, who give His Guidance. Peace and

Salutation be upon our prophet Muhammad (be peace upon him), his family, companions

and adherents. The writer is greatly indebted spiritually, intellectually and emotionally.

Therefore, she would like to convince her heartfelt thanks to these amazing persons:

1. Her parents H. Tarwono and Hj. Suharsih, May they rest in peace for their life

“I love you papa & mama”

2. Dr. Abd. Chair, M.A., The Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty Syarif Hidayatullah

State Islamic University

3. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, for his generous assistance and time in making this

thesis possible amid his busy activities. He gave me “shock therapy” respectively and directed many questions that plagued him from meeting to meeting. His patience and

sober minded came up to assist her as a nice advisor to discuss to.

4. Dr.H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd., The Head of English Letters Department, who made

English Letters Department as her best education place to gain the knowledge and Drs.

Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd., The Secretary of English Letters Department for his best

assistance amid his busy activities.

5. All lecturers of English Letters Department

6. Her grandmother Hj. Bahroh, her little borther Andi and her sweet little sister Tia.

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7. The Directors of Pendidikan Islam MTs Mathlaul Anwar KH.Zein Ali, for his kindness

and trust in giving her an opportunity and time to finish this thesis. And her dear

colleagues, : Mba Iin, Om Joul, k Arif , Sobat BSI 2001, Hafas, Ipung, Daeng, Hanafi

for their patience and understanding.

8. The library staff of “Universitas Indonesia” and the library staff of Adab Faculty

9. Taufiqurahman, S.Ag, for his prayers and motivation, teaching and spiritual guidance

May Allah SWT give them the serenity, prosperity, and patience in this life. The writer

realizes this thesis still contains lack of completeness therefore, useful critics and comments

from the readers are greatly accepted.

Jakarta, January, 31 2008

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENS

ABSTRACT………i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... ii

TABLE OF CONTENS ... iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Focus of the Study ... 4

C. Research Question... 4

D. Objective of the Research... 4

E. Research Methodology... 4

1. The Method of Research ... 4

2. The Approach of Research ... 5

3. The instrument of Research ... 5

4. Unit Analysis ... 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAME WORK A. Interference ... 6

B. Language and Term... 8

C. Term Forming ... 10

D. Borrowing and its Motivation ... 13

E. Change of Meaning ... 16

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING A. The Data Description ... 19

B. Data Analysis... 22

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion ... 72

B. Suggestion ... 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 74

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Most people spend an immense of their life talking, listening, and in advance

societies, reading and writing. A normal conversation uses 4.000 or 5.000 words an hour. A

radio talk where there are fewer pause uses many as 8.000 or 9.000 words per hour. A

person reading at a normal speed covers 14.000 or 15.000 words per hour. So someone who

catches for an hour, Listening to radio talk for an hour, Read for an hour possible contact

with 25.000 words in that time, per day total could be as height as 1.000.000 words.1

Basically language is prime tool of communication. In the real life people with their

business needs language for communication to each other, it is to be easy to make

relationship for them. Human language can open their mind to the other people and by

language people know what they want.

Definition of language itself is a system of signal, such as voices sounds, gesture or

written symbols that encode or decode information.

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According to Djoko Kentjono, “Bahasa ialah system lambing bunyi yang arbitrer yang dipergunakanoleh para anggota kelompok social untuk bekerja sama, berkomunikasi

dan mengidentifikasi diri.”2

From the definition above it is also clear that human can transfer language to

various media: Written symbol, Braille, Sign language and soon. Human need a greater

degree of cooperation require and efficient communication. Consequently the primary

function of language is to impact factual information and to essential command.

People can communicate with other by the language. So, the language becomes an

important thing in human life, It represents a basic need people. Without communication,

they cannot do anything. Person uses a language to express his idea feeling. It is the basic

function of language as a mean for communication and interaction with the other. The

language plays important role of each aspect in the life where as, that the people have many

activities in their life.

Proses terjadinya interferensi sejalan dengan proses terjadinya kebudayaan.

Interferensi dapat terjadi pada tingkat fonologi, tata bahasa atau leksikon. (Interference

happen by cultural diffusion, Interference happens toward phonology, grammatical, and

lexicon).3

The interference of foreign words influenced in the many field like: economic,

education, law field and so on.

2

Djoko Kenjono,dasar-dasar linguistic umum,( Jakarta,Fakultas FB UI,1997)p:2

3

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From the last century Indonesia has made contact with the other language such as

Dutch, Arabic, China, and Portuguese. It occurs because borrowing is easier than creating a

new language. That word has been popular in Indonesia, its taken Dutch acteur and in

English named actor.

Borrowing of word is a factor of language development, borrowing of word happen

in the phonology, grammatical and lexical. Indonesia as the developing country needs other

foreign language to enrich the vocabulary and also to create new term in every subject like

economic term.

In linguistics, Meaning is the words or sign exchanged by a people when

communicating through language. The communication of meaning is the purpose and

function of language. The meaning may take many forms, such as evoking certain idea, or

denoting a certain real word entity.

B. Focus of the Study

This paper focused on the borrowing technical terms of economic field adopted

from English into Indonesia. The writer would like to limit the discussion on English

lexical borrowing of economic field accepted as Indonesian word.

C. Research Question

The problems discussed in this study are formulated through following question:

1. How does the process of borrowing in the economic term in English?

2. How does the change of meaning in the borrowing of economic technical term of

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D. Objective of the research

The objectives of this study is to describe English borrowed by Indonesian language

in economic term, and to know more about the change of meaning in the economic term.

E. The Method of Research

1. The Research Methodology

This research is descriptive research to describe the corpus of English lexical in the

economic term borrowed by Indonesian language and change of meaning that

happened.

2. The Approach of Research

The writer takes semantics theory for data analysis through the following steps:

a. Collecting the English economic term by Indonesian

b. Analyzing the lexical meaning of economic term in Indonesia and English

language (The meaning is based on dictionary).

c. Deciding changes of meaning that happened then classify into variety

changes of meaning.

3. The Instrument of Research

The researcher herself as main instrument by reading and marking the economic

technical term used in KOMPAS newspaper. Then data are tabulated to make it easier

to analyze.

4. Unit Analysis

The unit analysis of this research is the corpus of economic term collected from

various articles of Indonesia newspaper such as KOMPAS, article on June until July

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

A. Interference

In the open society where the members accept the arrival of other society members,

there will occur what is called as a language contact. The language from those who accepts

the arrival and from those who comes later will influence each other. The uppermost thing

from this language contact is the presence of bilingualism and multilingualism with its

various cases such as interference, integration, code switch, and code mixing.

In the bilingual or multilingual society, the presence of language contact and culture

contact caused many cases of interference, integration, code switch, and code mixing

occurrence. These four elements indicate the same phenomena; it is the presence of other

language used. What is meant as interference is the appearance of other language unsure

into the language used, so that appears any rule deviance from the language used.

According to Uriel Weinrich, the definition if interference is :

… Those instances of deviation from the norms of either language shich occur in

the speech of bilinguals as a result of thir familiarity with more than one language. i.e. as a

result of language contact, will be referred to as interference phenomena.4

Weinreich sees that language influence as an effect of language contact in its

application by bilinguals causes grammatical rule deviation. This deviation identified then

4

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in the term of interference. Interference happen in the linguistics levels; phonology,

morphology, syntax, till lexicon level.

Interference occurs if a speaker while in studying some target language identifies

the phoneme in the target language with his native language phoneme. For example,

Javanese speakers speak some Indonesian words begin with /b/, /d/, /j/, and /g/ consonant,

so those consonant will be preceded by nasal sound. Those, the word ‘Bogor’ will be spoken ‘Mbogor’, the word ‘Depok’ will be spoken ‘Ndepok’. Interference also occurs in

grammatical and lexicon level. In lexicon will occur the used of some words of other

language into the language used either a local language of a foreign language.5

Interference phenomena can be viewed in three dimensions; those are dimension of

language performance, named as performance interference. This language performance

often happens during the people are still studying a foreign language the second dimension

is systemic interference; is usually called as borrowing, which linked tightly to the cultural

diffusion. For example, the word ‘pinsil’ in Indonesian can be traced back to the word

‘pencil’ in English. Another word, ‘huruf‘also can be traced back to Arabic ‘harfun’.

And the third dimension is the dimension of language learning; learning

interference.6 In language teaching, the most influencing language is the mother language

of the speaker, while the language influenced is the learned language (target language).

Interference according to Weinrich happens in two forms, both are:

5

Chair, Abdul,Lingistik Umum. (Jakarta : Rineka Cipta, 2003) p. 67

6

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1. Interference in the speech happens to bilinguals as the effect if their recognition of other

language.

2. Interference in language, often happen in a bilingual speech which have been a habit

and have been also constructed in his mind.7

B. Language and Term

Human being as a part of culture cannot be disassociated with others because they

are closely related to society. What they do or work is named as the culture. In

globalization era the developing of culture has been effected by the language development.

That happens to the terms of Indonesian language especially as a result of knowledge and

technology development.

Definition of language it self is an arbitrary system of sound symbol used by society

to corporate, interact, and identify them self.8 Without language, all activity in the society

can be ascertained will not work. Moreover, language is a basic tool of communication. So,

the language becomes an important think in human life, it represents a basic need of people.

Without language, all activity in the society can be ascertained will not work the function of

language is the instrument of communication. In language literature, the linguists generally

have formulated four functions of language, they are:

1. As the media of communication

2. As the media of self expression

3. As the media of social integration and adaptation

7

Oppick. Weinrich P. 11

8

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4. As the media of social control.9

A person uses a language to express his idea and filling. It is the basic function of

language as a mean for communication and interaction with the others. The people have

many varieties like health, economic, law field, etc. Terms differs from word. Term has

exact and clear meaning and free of any context.10Term is used only in certain scientific or

discourse field. But the word is the smallest grammatical unit.11 In speaking there are many

technical terms that are used to communicate. A technical term is a word or comparison to

express a concept, process, situation or a special characteristic in certain field.

Term can be constructed from some sources:

1. Indonesian language

2. Local language

3. Foreign language.12

It is clear that term can be constructed from other language. Especially in

Indonesian, the borrowing of term comes from local language, or foreign language

especially from English. It has been estimated that English contains more than million

words, of which fewer than half are included in unabridged dictionary. The development of

English from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. It is some times described as the period

of full inflections, since during most of this period the endings of the noun, the adjective,

and the verb are preserved less unimpaired. The period from 1150 to 1500 is called Middle

English. During this period the inflection begun to break down to wards and the language

9

Laminudin Finoza.Komposisi Bahasa.(Jakarta : PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama 2001) p. 2

10

Depdiknas,Pedoman umum Pembentukan istilah,(Jakarta :Balai Pustaka, 2004), p : 1

11

Op. Cit Jean Atchicson P: 11

12

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the period from 1500 to this era is called Modern English. By the time a large part of

original inflectional system disappeared.

C. Term Forming

As an International language, English is always used as the source of the technical

term to get more suitable word and easy to understand. According to Baugh the technical

term can formulated as follows:

a. Source of the new words: borrowings.

This process is to be expected in the light of the English disposition to borrow word

from other languages in the past. The new words have been taken over ready from the

people whom the idea or thing designated has been obtained. For example: from the

French comes garage.

b. Self-Explaining Compound

A second source of new word is represented in the practice of making self explaining

compounds, one of the oldest methods of word formation in the language. For the

example fire extinguisher, fire means api and extinguisher taken from Extinguish + er.

It means memadamkan/ mematikan. –er is bound morpheme, its function in English

noun forming. So the meaning of fire extinguisher isalat pemadam api.

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The common word from proper names have been derived in the past, they are names of

person, places and brands such as sandwich. This word is from a noble on one occasion,

putting slice of meat between pieces of bread.

d. Coinages

A considerable number of new words must be attributed to deliberate invention or

coinage. There has probably never been a time when the creative impulse has not spent

it self occasionally in inventing new word. But their changes of general adoption now

are often creased by a campaign of advertising as deliberate as the effort which created

them such as Kodak seems to be pure invention : now days Kodak has all but displaced

the word camera in popular use, irrespective of the make of the instrument.

e. Old words with new meaning

Example the word Skyline the truth meaning is the line along that the sky seems to

touch earth, but nowadays has a new meaning is the outline, as of a city, seen against

the sky.

f. Blending

The blending is fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the

last part of another, as in branch, from breakfast and lunch. That mean is used

facetiously in speaking of those who get up too late for breakfast or nearly lunch.13

In Indonesian language the process of the technical term can be constructed with:

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1. Taking an usual word and giving it meaning

2. Absorbing term from local language

3. Absorbing term from foreign language in the way of adoption and adaptation of it

borrowing translation

Indonesian language vocabularies can be taken as term by fulfilling concitions

under:

1. The word must be the exact word and its meaning does not deviate

2. The word must be the shortest word if there are two words or more with the same

referred.

3. The word must be the word with good Connotation and euphonic

4. The word must be the usual word that given a new meaning.

According Pusat Penelitian Bahasa, using of these procedures can form a technical

term, they are:

1. Take a general word or phrase and give it meaning

2. Make a combination from general words

3. Form a derivate word from a general basic word

4. Form an analogy of technical term.

5. Loan Translation

6. Form a technical term by using an abbreviation.

7. Take over a foreign or traditional language.14

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4. Borrowing and its motivation

Alive language is a language that always in changes although the changes will not

be seen in short time but its user. In its development language has to add the number of

concept and sign to activate. Language contact has caused cultural contact that influences

each other to borrow. According to Hockett, there are two motivations why a language

borrows other language unsure. They are:

1. Requirement to satisfy needs (need feeling).

There is a need for human necessity to identify something. The other motive for

borrowing is to fill a gap among borrowing idiolects, example; American, English has

acquired only a spears scattering of need-filling loans from the various languages of the

immigrants: hamburger, pizza grinder (sandwich) from Italian. Those examples of

borrowing under the need filling motive have been of borrowing from one language, some

borrowings take place constantly among dialect of single language.

2. Desire to be locked stylish (prestige motive).

There is a wish for prestige looks. The people whom they admire are in speech pattern

as well as in other respect, and the prestige factor leads to extensive borrowing from the

dominant languages into non dominant one.15

As the International, English occupied this place, so English as the first foreign

language in Indonesia, and has been popular in educational environment. There are three

types of loans or borrowed elements into a number of classes depending on phonological

and semantics characteristics, as follows:

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1. Loan Word

The borrower may adopt the donor’s word a long withthe object or practice form in the

borrower’s speech. The acquisition of loan word constitutes in its self a lexical change,

and probably we should say that it constitutes or entails an involved at target. For the

example the wordhamburger, Indonesian people least in the sense that a shape there to

fore “uninhabited”hamburger is a food. There is no other word beside that word used by Indonesian any form may have been brought to use English acquisition

“Hamburger” involved no such change and Indonesian language adopted it become Indonesian Language. It meant Indonesian word adopted pronunciations which used by

original form.

2. Loan Blend

Loan Blend is combination of foreign and native forms. It has a similarity a lone blend

is a new idiom developed in the borrowing situation, in which loan pronunciation

whether it is foreign. For example the word Import in English are involved, the

borrower imports of the model becomes Import in Indonesian language, so the

pronunciations are same but and replaces part of it by something already in his own

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3. Loan Shift

Loan shift is the foreign concepts represented by native form. For example English

Church ,the word church taken From Latin Abbot, Altar, and Canon. And semantic

loans which is range expressed by a native form that is extended to include a new and

usually related concept.16

4. Change of Meaning

That talking about meaning relates to semantic. Semantic is a field do study in

linguistics which studies the meaning in language.17 Semantic is the branch of linguistics

having tight relation with other social sciences such as sociology, anthropology, even also

with philosophy and psychology.18 Therefore the meaning of word in one language has

different meaning from other language even the meaning of absorbed words will have

changed from the proto language.

According to Ferdinand de Sausure meaning relates tosignifier(Significant) that is

called as the word in the language andsignified(signifie) that is called as the object in the

world; it means “stand for”, “refers to” “denotes”. However, both signified and signifier is strictly a sound image and concept.19

It is different from Odgen and Richard illustrating a triangle of semantics (the

relation between that a triangle of semantics which has a meaning). That there are three

components of meaning; they are sign or symbol, reference and different. Symbol is the

linguist elements such as words, sentences, phrase etc. The referent is the object while,

16

Op. cit, Hockett, Charles F.p. 408-411

17

Op.cit.Chair,Abdul.P.11

18

ibid

19

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thought of reference is concept.20 Based on that theory there is no direct link between

symbol and referent or between language and object in the world without through

“Thought” or “reference”.

It is necessary to say something about the way in which words gradually change

their meaning. The branch of linguistic study which concerns it self with the meanings of

words and the way meaning develop is known as semasiology or semantics. It has been

observed that in their sense development words often pursue certain well-marked

tendencies. Among the meaning more common of these are extension of meaning,

narrowing of meaning, degeneration, and regeneration.

1. Extension of Meaning

It is meant the widening of a word’s signification until it covers much more than the

idea originally conveyed. The tendency is some times called generalization. The word

lovely, for example, means primarily worthy to be loved and great means large in size,

the opposite of small. But today the school girl’s lovely and the average man’s great

have no such meaning. A box of candy or a chair may be lovely and anything from a

ball game to the weather may be great.

2. Narrowing of meaning

The opposite of tendency is for a word gradually to acquire a more restricted sense, or

to be chiefly used in one special connection. For the example the word doctor (i.e.

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learned men) in technology, law, and many others field beside medicine, but now days

when we send the doctor mean a member of only one profession.21

3. Degeneration of meaning

It may take several forms. It may take the form of the gradual extension to many

particular meaning senses, that a word may have had is completely lost. This is one

form of generalization, such as in the words lovely and great. In other form, it is a word

that has retained very specific meaning but a less favorable one than it originally had.

For instance, the word smug was originally a good word. It means neat or trim. It

presents suggestion of objectionable self-satisfaction that seems to have grown up

during the nineteenth century,

4. Regeneration of meaning

This kind is the opposite of degeneration of meaning; it is a process of language shifts,

which a new word meaning felt better, or attained respectability from the last meaning

that considered disparagement. For example, the word smock, which was mentioned as

losing case in the eighteenth century, has now been rehabilitated as applied to and outer

garment. We used it for a certain type of woman’s dress and we speak of an Artist’s

smock. Another word in the nineteenth they attained respectability. So, the change of

meaning that words undergo is another evidence of the constant state of flux that

characterizes language as it lives on the lips of men.

21

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CHAFTER III

RESEARCH FINDING

This chapter describes about the data description and the analysis of data. The

writer finds 50 (fifty) economic terms that are collected from the determined source of the

data

A. The Data Description

From KOMPAS, the writer tabulates 50 (fifty) economic terms as follow:

No English Indonesian Economic

1 Accommodate Akomodasi Akomodasi _√ _√

- - - - French

2 Acquisition Akuisisi Akuisisi _√ _√

- - - - French

3 Accountancy Akutansi akutansi _√ _√ _- _- _- French

4 Amortization Amortisasi Amortisasi _√ _√

- - - - English

5 Asset Aset Aset _√ _√ _- _- _- _- Old French

6 Bank Bank Bank _√ _√

- - - - Middle English 7 Bill- Yet/ Billet Bilyet Bilyet _√ _√

- - - - French low 14 Commercial Komersial Komersial _√ _√

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16 Compensation Kompensasi Kompensasi √ √ - - - - Latin 17 Contribution Kontribusi Kontribusi √ √ - - - - English 18 Credit Kredit Kredit √ √ - - - - Latin 19 Corporation Korporasi Korporasi √ √ - - - - English 20 Corruption Korupsi korupsi √ √ - - - - Latin

21 Debtor Debitur Debitur √ √ - - - - French &Latin 22 Deficit Defisit Defisit √ √ - - - - French &

Latin 23 Deposit Deposito Deposito √ √ - - - - Latin 24 Deviation Deviasi Deviasi √ √ - - - - Latin 25 Divestment Divestasi Divestasi √ √ - - - - English 26 Dividend Dividen Dividen √ √ - - - - French 27 Discount Diskon Diskon √ √ - - - - Old French 28 Economic Ekonomi Ekonomi √ √ - - - - English 29 Emission Emisi Emisi √ √ - - - - French ALatin 30 Export Ekspor Ekspor √ √ √ - - - English 31 Fluctuate Fluktuasi Fluktuasi √ √ - - - - Latin 32 Industry Industri Industri √ √ - - - - Latin 33 Inflation Inflasi Inflasi √ √ - - - - Latin 34 Invest Investasi Investasi √ √ - - - - Latin

35 Gyro Giro Giro √ √ - - - - English

36 Liquidation Likuidasi Likuidasi √ √ - - - - English 37 Management Manajemen Manajemen √ √ - - - - Low Latin 38 Margin Marjin Marjin √ √ - - - - Latin 39 Merger Merger Merjer √ √ - - - - French &

Latin 40 Monetary Moneter Moneter √ √ - √ - - Latin

41 Modal Modal Modal √ √ √ - - - English

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*

44 Premium Premi Premi √ √ - - - - Latin

45 Product Produksi Produksi √ √ - - - - Latin

46 Property Properti Properti √ √ - - - - English

47 Protection Proteksi Proteksi √ √ √ _- _- _- Latin

48 Recession Resesi Resesi √ √ - - - - Latin

49 Ratio Rasio Rasio √ √ _- _- _- _- Latin

50 Transverse Transfer Transfer √ √ - - - - Latin

Note:

Type of Loan Kinds of Meaning

LB : Loan Blend EX : Extension of meaning

LW : Loan Word NR : Narrowing of meaning

LS : Loan Shift Dg : Degeneration of meaning

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B. Data Analysis

From the tabulated data or corpus that are put on the table above, The writer tries to

classify and analyze them by categorizing into types of borrowings, lexical meanings,

etymology, and varieties of meaning changes, to get more illustration, the writer analyzes

them into groups as told above.

1. Indonesian economic registers from other languages with the technical terms that has the same meaning.

1. Akomodasi

This word is loan word type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word.

Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Sesuatu yang disediakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.22

b. Sesuatu yand disedikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan.23

c. Accommodate: Provide.24

22

Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002), p:21

23

Saharani, AlbertS.E, Wijaya Diana, SE,Kamus Ekonomi Uang dan Bank,(Jakarta, Restu Agung,2003 P:10

24

Hornby,The Advance Learner’s Dictionary current English, (Oxford University press, 2000, six Edition), p:6

Source of Type of loan

LW LB LS

Accommodate Akomodasi Akomodasi French &

Latin

(29)

Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French Latin;

accommodation (em)the meaning is lodging.25There is no meaning change in this word.

2. Akuisisi

As the word Accommodate the word acquisition is loan word type, because its

pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word. Here are their lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Cara memperbesar perusahaan/asetdengan cara memiliki perusahaan lain.26

b. Pemindahan Kepemilikan perusahaan dengan cara memiliki perusahaan lain.27

c. Acquisition: 1. Acquiring 2. Accomplishment.28

Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French Latin;

acquîsîtîônthe meaning is act or process acquiring.29There is no meaning change in this

word

25

Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)p:7

26

Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002), p24

27

28

29

Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)P: 10

LW LB LS

(30)

3.Akutansi

This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this

word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are their lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Teori dan praktik perakunan, termasuk tanggung jawab,prinsip, standar kelaziman

(kebiasaan) dan semua kegiatannya.30

b. Seseorang yang mempunyai keahlian dibidang akuntan.31

c. Accountancy: Profession of an account.32

Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French;accountant-ancy

the meaning is the profession, occupation of an account.33There is no meaning change in

this word

30

Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P:25

31

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 16

32

Hornby, OP.Cit, P: 7

33

Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge, LTD, six impression 1946)P: 8

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(31)

4. Amortisasi

The word amortisasi is adopted from English amortization, this word is loan word

type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word. So adopted whole of

pronunciation. Here are their lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Penghapusan / pernyataan tidak berlaku terhadap surat-surat berharga yang nilainya

telah dibayar kembali atau hilang.34

b. Utang yang dilunasi dengan angsuran berkala atau penuntasan atas aktiva berwujud

seprti, pantent, good will, copy right, dan biaya ditangguhkan.35

c. Amortization: Legal end debt by setting aside regularly for future payments.36

Historically, it can be called as loan shift type because this word is from English;

Amortization, the meaning is act of liquidating, paying off a debt.37 Thus according to the

writer, there is no meaning change in this word.

34

Pusat Bahasa, Depdikbud,Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,(Jakarta, Balai Pustaka,2002),p:39

35

36

37

Cecil,Wyld Henry,The Universal English dictionary, ( London, Goorge Routledge,LTD, six impression 1946)p:32

LW LB LS

(32)

5. Aset

This word is included into loan blend type, because the word asset in English becomes

‘Aset” in Indonesia, its pronunciation is the same but spelling is different. The lexical

meanings of this word are as follows:

a. Sesuatu yang bernilai tukar.38

b. Segala sesuatu yang bernilai komersial yang dimiliki oleh sebuah perusahaan atau

individu.39

c. Asset: Anything owned by a person, compete that has money value and that may be

sold to pay.40

Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from old French;asezthe

meaning is whole property of every kind, of an insolvent individual or corporation, liable to

be administrated for benefit of creditors.41There is no meaning change in this word.

38

Pusat Bahasa, depdikbud, Op.Cit P: 70

39

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P: 30

40

41

CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P:58

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(33)

6. Bank

Based on types of borrowing, this word is loan word type. The reason to explain this

word is same as the wordamortization,Because of that Indonesian language has not

equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. These are lexical meanings

based on dictionary:

a. Badan Usaha dibidang keuangan, yang menarik dan mengeluarkan uang di

masyarakat.42

b. Badan usahadibidang keuangan, dengan memberikan keuangan kredit dan jasa-jasa

dalam lalu lintas pembayaran dan peredaran uang, Bank menarik uang dari dan

mengeluarkannya kedalam masyarakat.43

c. Bank: Establishment for keeping money and valuables safely, the money being paid

out the costumer’s order (by means of cheque).44

Etymologically, its one of loan word type, This word is taken from Middle

EnglishBanke, originally the word bank taken frombench,its mean the table or counter of

money changer;45so, based on those meaning , there is no change of meaning happening in

this word.

42

43

iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:46

44

Hornby, OP.Cit, P:62

45

English

LW LB LS

(34)

7. Bilyet

This word is included into loan blend type, because the word bill-yet in English become

‘bilyet” inIndonesia, its pronunciation is the same but spelling is different. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:

a. Kertas berharga yang dikeluarkan oleh bank.46

b. Dokumen bank yang berisikan permintaan keterangan atau permintaan bayar

membayar.47

c. Bill-yet/Billet: Bank note.48

Originally its loan shift, the history of this word is taken from French low Latin;

billathe meaning is name given to document or negotiable instrument used in commerce as

a means payment.49There is no meaning change in this word.

46

47

iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Op.Cit P:64

48

49

English

LW LB LS

Bill-yet/Billet Bilyet Bilyet French low

Latin

(35)

8. Bisnis

word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Usaha komersial didunia perdagangan, bidang uaha: usaha dagang.50

b. Industri, perdagangan pengangkutan dan lain sebagainya adalah termasuk kegiatan

bisnis yaitu kegiatan yang mempergunakan modal tertentu.51

c. Business.Buying and selling: commerce, trade.52

Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from Middle

English busy-ness, originally the meaning is regular, habitual occupation, trade,

profession.53 So, based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this

word.

50

51

iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P: 65

52

53

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(36)

9. Bursa

This word is included into loan word type, because the wordboursein English

becomesBursain Indonesia, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word,

so adopted whole of pronunciation. The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:

a. Tempat memperjual belikan saham, obligasi, dsb.54

b. Tempat dimana di perjual belikan sekuritas valuta asing, atau barang yang

dilakukan secara teratur.55

c. Bourse: Foreign stock exchange.56

Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from French,

Bourse originally the meaning is name given to place, in foreign countries, corresponding

to our stock exchange, where merchants and financiers meet to transact business.57 So,

based on those meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this word.

54

55

iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P:79

56

57

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(37)

10. Debitor

Based on types of borrowing this word is loan word type, the reason to explain this

word same as the word bourse, the word debtor has same pronunciation with Indonesian

worddebitur.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Orang atau lembaga yang berhutang kepada orang atau lembaga lain.58

b. Orang atau badan yang berhutang kepada orang/badan lain.59

c. Debtor: person who is a debt to another.60

Etymologically, it can be called as loan shift type. This word is taken from French and

Latindêbîtum,originally the meaning is one who is under material or moral obligations to

another; Specific, one who owes money contrasted with creditor.61So, based on those

meaning, there is no change of meaning happening in this word.

58

59

iSaharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP.Cit P143

60

61

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(38)

11. Defisit

This word is loan blend type, its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian word,

because this word has been integrated, the word deficit in English, Is commonly used as

deficitin Indonesian language. The lexical of this word are as follows:

a. Kekurangan modal (dianggaran belanja).62

b. Jumlah uang yang ada tersedia kuran dari jumlah uang yang dibutuhkan.63

c. Deficit: amount by which payment exceed recipient.64

Historically, it can be called loan shift type, which is from French and LatinDêfisit.

The meaning is short age, amount by which credit side an account falls short balancing

accounts.65 So, it can be concluded that based on those meanings there is no meaning

change of this word.

62

63

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:147

64

65

CC Wyld, Henry. Op.Cit P: 286

English

LW LB LS

Deficit Defisit Defisit French and

Latin

(39)

12. Deposit

This word is loan word type, because the worddepositin English becomesdeposito

in Indonesia. Because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word to explain it, So

Indonesian people adopted whole pronunciation of this word. Here are its lexical meanings

(based on dictionaries):

a. Uang yang disimpan direkening, tindakan menyimpan uang di bank.66

b. Simpanan pihak ketiga pada bank, yang menurut perjanjian antara penyimpan

dengan bank, bahwa penarikannya hanya dapat dilakukan sesudah jangka waktu

tertentu.67

c. Deposit: money has deposited.68

Originally, this is one of loan shift type whose history or etymology is taken from

Latin Dêposit-um, the meaning is a money paid into, entrusted to a bank.69 From the

definition above, it is concluded that there is no change of meaning of this word.

66

67

68

69

English

LW LB LS

(40)

13. Deviasi

This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language pronunciation is the

same as English deviation becomes deviasi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Penyimpangan (dari peraturan).70

b. Suatu ukuran mengenai tingkat pencaran selisih nilai dari masing-masing

anggotanya dalam sekelompok nilai dengan rata-rata hitungnya.71

c. Deviation: Turning a side or a way; difference.72

Originally, this is one of loan shift type whose history or etymology is taken from

Latin Dêvîus, the meaning is the act of deviating.73 From the definition above, It is

concluded that there is no change of meaning of this word.

70

71

72

Hornby, OP.Cit, P:

73

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(41)

14. Divestasi

Based on the types of borrowing, this word is loan word type. The reason to explain

this word is the same as the worddeposit and deviation, because Indonesian language has

not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are the lexical

meanings based on dictionaries:

a. Pengurangan modal74

b. Penjualan atau pelepasan saham oleh pemegang saham.75

c. Divestment: take away from.76

Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, which is from English; the act of

divesting.77 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning

74

75

76

77

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(42)

15. Dividen

This word is loan blend type, because its pronunciation is the same as Indonesian

word;dividend but the spelling is different, This word is taken from Franchdividende, but

Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word dividen. Here are its lexical meanings

a. Bagian laba atau pendapatan yang besarnya ditetapkan oleh reaksi serta disahkan

oleh rapat pemegang saham.78

b. Bagian laba yang dibayarkan kepada pemegang saham.79

c. Dividend: payment of share profit, to shave holders in Business Company, or assets

to creditors or to policyholder in Mutual Insurance Company.80

It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from French; dividende and Latin

dividendum. The meaning is about interest payable on money invested.81 So, it be

concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.

78

79

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P:159

80

Hornby, Ibid, P: 253

81

CC Wyld, Henry. Ibid P:324

English

LW LB LS

(43)

16. Diskon

word;discountbut the spelling is different, Indonesian people usually useddiskonHere are

its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Potongan harga.82

b. Potongan, korting.83

c. Discount: amount of money which may be taken off the full price.84

It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Old French; disconter. The

meaning is to depreciate lessen value of, put a lower value on.85 So, it be concluded that

based on those meaning there is no meaning change of this word.

82

83

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P 185

84

Hornby, Ibid, P:245

85

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(44)

17. Emisi

This word is loan word type, because its pronunciation same as Indonesian

language. Emission in English becomes emisi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Pengeluaran surat berharga seperti saham atau obligasi oleh perusahaan tersebut

memerlukan tambahan modal.86

b. Perusahaan yang mengeluarkan saham /obligasinya untuk dijual kepada umum.87

c. Emission: sending out or giving off.88

It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from French Latin; êmissiôn. The

meaning is to giving or sending out.89 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning

there is no meaning change of this word.

86

87

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E Ibid P 172

88

89

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(45)

]

18. Ekonomi

word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. This word is taken from Englisheconomic, but

Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word ekonomi. Here are its lexical meanings

a. Ilmu mengenai asas asas produksi, distribusi dan pemakaian barang-barang serta

kekayaan.90

b. Serangkaian kegiatan produksi dan konsumsi yang saling berkaitan.91

c. Economic: science control and managing of the money.92

Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, because this word is from English;

Pertaining to the satisfaction of man’s material needs, And to the practical application of science to this end.93 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning

90

91

92

93

English

LW LB LS

(46)

19. Fluktuatif

The word fluktuatif is taken from English fluctuate this word called loan word

type, because adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Gejala yang menunjukan turun naiknya harga.94

b. Perubahaan dalam harga atau suku bunga, baik naik/turun.95

c. Fluctuate: Move up and down.96

It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Latin.fluctuâtîôn, The meaning

is irregular variation in quantity97 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is

no meaning change of this word.

94

95

96

97

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(47)

20. Giro

word, gyro but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English gyro , but

Indonesian people commonly uses it by the wordgiro.Here are its lexical meanings (based

on dictionaries):

a. Simpanan pada bank yang penarikannya dapat dilakukan setiap saat dengan

menggunakan cek/surat perintah pembayaran lain dengan cara pemindah bukuan.98

b. Simpanan pada bank yang penarikannya dapat dilakukan setiap saat dengan

menggunakan cek/surat perintah pembayaran lain dengan cara pemindah bukuan.99

c. Gyro: System of credit transfer between banks.100

Historically, it can be called as loan word type, because this word is from English;

system of credit transfer between banks.101So, it be concluded that based on those meaning

98

99

100

Hornby, Ibid, P:

101

English

LW LB LS

(48)

21. Industri

word, industrybut the spelling is different, but Indonesian people commonly uses it by the

wordindustri.Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

This word is loan blend type, The lexical meanings of this word are as follows:

a. Kegiatan memproses atau mengolah barang dengan menggunakan sarana dan

peralatan mesin.102

b. Kegiatan ekonomi yang menghasilkan barang atau jasa, kecuali agrarian dan

distribusi.103

c. Industry: quality of being hard working, being always employed usefully.104

It can be called as loan shift type; this word is from Latin;industria.The meaning is

the quality or state of being industrious.105So, it be concluded that based on those meaning

102

103

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P: 227

104

105

English

LW LB LS

(49)

22. Inflasi

The wordinflation has integrated into Indonesian language as inflasi.This word is

loan word type, because Indonesian language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted

whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Kemerosotan nilai uang kertas karena banyaknya dan cepatnya uang kertas beredar

sehingga menyebabkan naiknya harga bunga.106

b. Jumlah uang yang relative lebih besar dari jumlah barang dan jasa yang tersedia.

Keadaan menunjukan bahwa daya beli uang berkurang dalam masa tertentu.107

c. Inflation: act of inflating state being crises in price brought money, credit, etc.108

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Inflătiŏn-(em).

The meaning is act or process of inflating.109 So, it be concluded that based on those

meaning there is no meaning change of this word.

106

107

108

109

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(50)

23. Investasi

The word invest is one of the loan word type, the reason is, there is same

pronunciation between Indonesian language and English.Invest becomes investasi. Here

are its lexical meanings (based on dictionaries):

a. Penanaman uang modal dalam suatu perusahaan atau proyek untuk tujuan

memperoleh keuntungan.110

b. Penanaman modal dengan maksud memperoleh keuntungan yang biasanya dalam

jangka panjang untuk menggandakan aktiva tetap atau pembelian saham-saham dan

surat-aurat berharga lainnya.111

c. Invest: Put money in.112

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Invest-ĺre. The

meaning is to use, lay out, money, in such a way as to obtain a return upon it.113 So, it be

110

111

112

113

English

LW LB LS

(51)

24. kliring

word; Clearing but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, clearing

Indonesian people commonly uses it by the word kliring. Here are its lexical meanings

a. Penyelesaian pembukuan dan pembayaran antar bank dan memindahkan saldo

kepada pihak yang berhak.114

b. Penghitungan utang piutang dengan cara saling menyediakan surat-surat berharga

dan surat dagang yang telah ditetapkan untuk dapat diperhitungkan antara para

peserta secra terpusat di satu tempat.115

c. Clearing: Settle accounts, the balance being paid in cash.116

commercial method of exchanging cheques settling account between different banks and

business firms.117 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no meaning

change of this word

114

115

116

117

English

LW LB LS

(52)

25. kolusi

dictionaries):

a. Kerjasama rahasia untuk maksud tidak terpuji, persengkokolan.118

b. Persetujuan rahasia antara dua pihak atau lebih untuk mendapatkan keuntungan

atas kerugian pihak lain.119

c. Collusion: secret agreement or understanding for deceitful or fraudulent purpose.120

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Collũsion-(em),

the meaning is Secret understanding.121 So, it be concluded that based on those meaning

118

119

120

121

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(53)

26. Komersial

word, but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, collusion Indonesian

people commonly uses it by the word kolusi. Here are its lexical meanings (based on

dictionaries):

a. Bernilai niaga tinggi.122

b. Iklan.123

c. Commercial: Adj. of commerce.124

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from French and Latin

Commercîum, The meaning is adj. connected with having of commerce125 So,It be

122

123

124

125

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(54)

27. Komoditas

dictionaries):

a. Bahan mentah yang dapat digolongkan menurut mutunya sesuai dengan standar

perdagangan internasional, masalah gandunm, karet atau kopi.126

b. Barang kosumsi atupun barang produksi yang lazim di perdagangkan untuk

memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.127

c. Commodity: Useful thing128

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin Commodite, The

meaning is anything that is for sale.129 So, It be concluded that based on those meaning

126

127

128

129

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(55)

28. Kontribusi

This word is taken from English,contribution. Indonesian people commonly use it

by the wordkontribusi.This word is loan word type, because Indonesian language has not

equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. Here are its lexical meanings

a. 1. Sumbangan 2.Uang iuran.130

b. Sumbangan.131

c. Contribution: Compulsory payment.132

Compulsory payment 133 so, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no

meaning change of this word

130

131

132

133

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS

(56)

29. Korporasi

Like the word contribution, this word is loan word type, because Indonesian

language has not equivalent of this word, so adopted whole of pronunciation. The word has

same pronunciation. Corporation in English and Indonesian language use it by the word

korporasi.Here are its lexical meanings:

a. Perusahaan atau badan usaha yang sangat besar atau beberapa perusahaan yang

dikelola dan dijalankan sebagai satu perusahaan besar.134

b. Perusahaan atau badan usaha yang sangat besar atau beberapa perusahaan yang

dikelola dan dijalankan sebagai satu perusahaan besar.135

c. Corporation: Shared by members of a group of person.136

Historically, it can be called as loan shift type, this word is from English; group of

person elected to govern a town.137 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning

there is no meaning change of this word

134

135

136

137

English

LW LB LS

(57)

30. Kas

word; Cash but the spelling is different, This word is taken from English, clearing

Indonesian people commonly uses it by the wordkas. Here are its lexical meanings (based

on dictionaries):

a. Keluarmasuknya uang; buku catatan.138

b. 1 Alat pembayaran sah berupa uang kartal yang tersedia bagi suatu usaha terdiri dari

uang kertas bank, cek, wesel dan surat berharga lainnya dapat segera dijadikan uang

diperhitungkan juga sebagai kas. 2. Buku catatan.139

c. Cash: Money in coin or notes.140

Money in coin or notes.141 So, it can be concluded that based on those meaning there is no

meaning change of this word

138

139

Saharani Albert S.E, Wijaya Diana S.E OP Cit P:

140

141

English

LW LB LS

(58)

31. kompensasi

This word is loan word type, because the word has same pronunciation with Indonesian

language. In EnglishCompensation becomes kompensasiin Indonesian language. Here

are it’s the lexical meaning based on dictionary:

a. Ganti rugi.142

b. Suatu cara untuk menghapuskan utang antara dua pihak yang saling berhutang

dengan memperhitungkan utang masing-masing.143

c. Compensation: make suitable payment.144

It can be called as loan shift type because this word is from Latin compensâtiôn,the

meaning is act of compensating.145So, it be concluded that based on those meaning there is

no meaning change of this

142

143

144

145

English Term

Indonesian Term

Economic Term

LW LB LS