PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT
KUNAK
BOGOR
INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
STATEMENT ABOUT UNDERGRADUATE THESIS AND INFORMATION SOURCES AND COPY RIGHT
I hereby state that this undergraduate thesis entitled “Productivity, Body Condition Score, and Glucose Semi-quantitative Urinalysis study on Dairy Cow at KUNAK Bogor Indonesia ” is my own work with the assistance of my supervisor and has not been submitted in any form to other institutes. Sources of information used in this undergraduate thesis are included quoted from other sources both publicized and unpublicized and are written at the end of this thesis.
I hereby present the copy right of my undergraduate thesis to the Bogor Agricultural University.
Bogor, February 2015 Sabrina Thevy Arumugam
ABSTRACT
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Productivity, Body Condition Score and Glucose Semi Quantitative Urinalysis Study on Dairy Cow at KUNAK Bogor Indonesia. Supervised by RP. AGUS LELANA
This study was conducted to understand the existing situation of milk production of dairy cattle that has not been sufficient to meet domestic consumption and tend to experience negative growth. For this purpose, the study of productivity, body condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis were done on dairy cattle at KUNAK, Bogor Indonesia. By counting the pregnant (two cows), post parturition (six cows) and non-pregnant (22 cows) of 30 dairy cows, we noted that the productivity of dairy farm was considered low. By measuring the body condition score (BCS), we noted that pregnant cows were considered in low value (BCS= 2.5, n=1) compared to the value of standart BCS (2.75- 3.50). Post parturition also were considered low value (BCS= 2, n= 1; BCS = 2.2, n= 1, BCS= 2.5, n= 4) compared to the standard. However the value of non-pregnant cows were considered in the normal range of standard BCS (3.00- 3.25). The semi quantitative urinalysis reagent strip test was done to check the profile of abnormality on leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton, bilirubin and glucose. Glucosuria was noted directly 1% of urine sample and considered as an asymptomatic disorder.
Keyword: dairy cow, productivity, body condition score, semi-quantitative urinalysis strip test
ABSTRAK
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM. Produktivitas, Skor Kondisi Tubuh, dan Urinalisis Glukosa Semi Kuantitatif pada Sapi Perah di Kawasan Usaha Peternakan KUNAK Bogor, Indonesia. Dibimbing oleh RP. AGUS LELANA
glukosa. Diketahui 1% glukosaria dari sampel urin dan diketahui sebagai kelainan yang sifatnya asimptomatik. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa semi kuantitatif urinalisis reagen strip tes dapat digunakan sebagai basis dalam manajemen harian pada peternakan sapi perah.
Undergraduate thesis
as partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia
PRODUCTIVITY, BODY CONDITION SCORE AND
GLUCOSE SEMI QUANTITATIVE URINALYSIS STUDY ON
DAIRY COW AT
KUNAK
BOGOR
INDONESIA
SABRINA THEVY ARUMUGAM
DEPARTMENT OF CLINIC, REPRODUCTION AND PATHOLOGY
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
PREFACE
This undergraduate thesis is submitted as part of the requirements for a Bachelor’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine from the Veterinary Faculty of Bogor Agricultural University. It contains work and research carried out from January 2014 till March 2014. My supervisor on the project is Dr. Drh. H. RP Agus Lelana, Sp.MP.MSi, who has been the one who motivated me and encouraged me to move on even though this year I was emotionally drained as I had to cope with untimely loss of my only brother the late Dr. Daniel Raj a final year medical student of Brawijaya University. This research was carried out by four group research mates with a different health index regarding the urinalysis of dairy cow, I have discovered few parameters in my research which is the productivity, body condition score and glucose semi-quantitative urinalysis on dairy cow.
This research would not have been possible without the encouragement and support from the following family members especially my late mother madam Vasugi Ponniah who was instrumental in seeing me as a Veterinary Doctor, my father Arumugam Kandasamy who wants to see his children as Doctors, my sister Dr.Pameila Reena for the guidance and encouragement, my loved ones for their valuable time and advices. my cousins for their support and last but not least the professional guidance and support of my undergraduate thesis adviser Dr. Drh. Agus Lelana Sp.MP.MSi for being a very understanding lecturer. Not to forget a special appreciation to my academic superviser Prof. Drh. Srihadi Agungpriyono Ph.D.PAVet(K) for his unconditional support and also my Vice Dean of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bogor Agricultural University Drh. Agus Setiyono, MS PhD APVet for his legalizational support. Thanks to my seniors for their invaluable guidance in helping me to complete my thesis.
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LIST OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE vi
LIST OF FIGURE vi
INTRODUCTION 1
Background 1
Objective 1
Benefit 2
LITERATURE 2
Friesien Holstein 2
Productivity 2
Body Condition Score 3
Urinalysis 3
Semi-quantitative strip test 4
Glucosuria 5
METHODOLOGY 6
Time and Place 6
Materials 6
Methode 6
Data Analysis 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7
Results 7
Discussion 7
Profile of Productivity 7
Body condition score 8
Urinalysis 9
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 10
Conclusion 10
Suggestion 10
REFERENCES 11
LIST OF TABLE
1
The profile of Productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test of
glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor. 7
2
Data of the Body Condition Score between pregnant, post parturition,
and non pregnant. 9
LIST OF FIGURE
1
This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/
Reagent_strips_for_Urinalysis.html 4
2
The number of cows in comparison on the composition of productivity on pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf
INTRODUCTION
Background
Friesian Holstein cows is Indonesian adapted dairy cows with a low fat content milk that is high demand because it fits with the market demand. The factors of milk production and it influence has became a serious discussion in Indonesia, mainly because of the existing milk production has not been sufficient to meet domestic consumption and tend to experience negative growth (Apriyanto 2007). Therefore many people or farm organiser have rarely taken caution on disease that is present in the animals, including asymptomatic and subclinic disease.
Dairy cattle productivity is one of the answer to understand the existing in state of productivity. Indirect method to understand this phenomena can be applied by observing the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant cows on concerning of calf productivity in their population. Other method to understand this phenomena also can be done by measuring the body condition score toward the pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non pregnant cows by this approach we can arrive at a conclusion at the future of dairy cattle health management.
In order to concern toward the dairy cattle health management, examining the current state of the body (present status) can be done by measuring urinalysis. Urinalysis can support the search of the causes of an illness or irregularities that occur in animals through urine, so the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis can be taken appropriately. Based on the above concept, the author tries to provide health index and semi-qualtitative urinalysis studies of dairy cows at the dairy cow farm at (KUNAK), Cibungbulang Bogor. Special concern on glucosuria has been taken, to describe a deeper understanding of the role of semi-quantitative urinalysis purposes.
The main objective of this study was to find out a quick assessment on the productivity, body condition score, and the implementation of semi-quantitative urinalysis focusing on glucosuria in dairy cows at Kawasan Usaha Peternakan Sapi Perah, (KUNAK), Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia. The main purpose of this research is to give a clear field of understanding the way to profile the productivity of dairy cattle population, the clinical approach to diagnose energy requirement, and also the efficient and accurate way to detect internal disease speedily and economically.
Objective
2
Benefit
The benefits that can be provided from this thesis are information about (1) the way to profile the productivity of dairy cattle population by comparing the status profile towards the pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant towards calf productivity, (2) the clinical approach to diagnose energy requirement by looking at the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant, and (3) the efficient and accurate way to detect internal disease in a very cheap and fast way which is analysing the urinalysis by the semi-quantitative reagent strip test. In indonesia not every people are able to spare more money and time to examine thousands of dairy cow just one day but to make it possible in a faster accurate and economically cheap way is by using the semi quantitative strip test.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Friensien Holstein Cow
Frisien Holstein cows, known for high milk production (± 6350 kg / yr), with milk fat percentage ranging between 3-7%. According Nurhayati (2007), dairy cows is able to produce milk ranged from 20-30 liters / day. Cow milk production in Indonesia is still less than 20 liters / day. Maximum production can be achieved when cows are in a supportive environment. Application of good management and appropriate feeding livestock needs will increase milk production (Atabany et al, 2008). FH cows can be identified easily from its color which is white streaks and black or red. Forehead cows are white triangular.It has small horns, leading to the front by forming a 45 ° angle to the line of the face. Newborn calf weight can reach 45 kg. Mature cow weight can reached up to 750 kg with a height of 58 inches. Distribution of cattle in Indonesian FH partially are located in the highlands (± 700 m above sea level) with temperature ranged between - C and humidity ranged between 65-75% (Nugroho 2008).
Productivity of dairy cow
In dairy cattle farming, it includes both production and health data recording as well as recording of feed intake and welfare indicators (Wendel, 1998). In the 12-month relation between the production and reproduction cycle, cows which yield 20–30 and more kg of milk daily can be dried off. The dry (“productiveless”) period is necessary for the regeneration of the udder glandular tissue (Capuco et al. 1997). Two months were accepted as a sufficient dry period for high-productive cows (Gullay et al. 2003). This period is called the dry period, and it includes the time between halting of milk removal (milk stasis) and the subsequent calving.
3 feed led to an increase in the size of rumen papillae, reduce the level of energy balance (energy balance) is negative, maintain normocalcemia, and reduce the level of immunosuppression during childbirth (Dirksen et al. 1985).
Body Condition Score
Body condition score is a subjective assessment method through visual techniques inspection and palpation to estimate body fat reserves, especially for dairy cows in lactation and dry period (Edmonson et al. 1989). BCS is also used as a tool to explain the nutritional status of the animal through the evaluation of the fat reserves of the metabolism, growth, lactation, and activity (Wright et al. 1987).
Dairy farmers should regularly evaluate the body condition score of their cows and heifers so they can fine-tune feeding and management practices. Adequate body reserves are nessesary to maintain health, production, reproductive efficiency. Underconditioned cows are prone to reduce milk production and poor persistency of lactation. Over conditioned cows are predisposed to calving difficulties. Fatty liver syndrome, impared reproduction, and metabolic disorder.
Body condition score value for the early lactation which ideal value is BCS 3.00, peak milk production is BCS 2.75 and this is because of high production is not matched with adequate feed to support milk production and mobilization or metabolism of fat reserves are deposited in the body in order to meet the energy shortage of feed. In the middle and end of lactation is in the value of BCS 3.00 that exist in the body. The development of clinical pathology enlarge the meaning of an analysis. With proper analysis of unknown substances can be normal in the number of aberrant or a change in shape of the substances contained in the urine (Rotoro1992). Urinalysis is an examination of the urine that covered the macroscopic examination, microscopic, and urine chemistry. In the chemical examination of the urine is commonly done is the examination of protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and blood.
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Semi-Quantitative Strip Test
Quantitative tests determine accurately the amount of the substances to be tested. However, since they are time consuming, they are not included in routine urinalysis. Most common quantitative tests performed in urinalysis laboratory are those for sugar and for protein. The results of a quantitative test are usually reported in milligrams per deciliter, gram per deciliter, and per liter. For quantitative test, a complete 24-hour urine specimen is needed. An appropriate preservative should be added to the container or the specimen should be stored in refrigerator. According to their degree of accuracy urine tests are grouped into three broad categories which are screening tests, qualitative tests, quantitative test.
Figure 1. This figure gives the label of analysing the semi-quantitative strip test
Source:http://safecare.en.alibaba.com/product/1554917232220332839/Reagent_st rips_for_Urinalysis.html
5 Glucosuria
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of glucose may be excreted by the kidney. These amounts are usually below the sensitivity of this test but on occasion may produce a color between the negative and the 1/10 g/dL color blocks. Glucose which were present in the dairy cow urine was of 250(15)+ mg/dL(mmol/L) and it only detects glucose as low as 50-100 mg/dL (2.5-5 mmol/L) as we know glucose are the major fuel supply in ruminants. Glucose is freely filtered at the glomerulus but is almost completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The appearance of glucose in the urine may reflect high plasma glucose, resulting in a glucose load in the filtrate that exceeds
the proximal tubule’s ability to reabsorb glucose. Alternatively, glycosuria may
reflect a defect in the proximal tubule cells’ ability to reabsorb a normal filtered
glucose load. Ruminants normally have a renal threshold from between 160 -180 mg/dL.
6
METHODOLOGY
Time and Place
The time period used in this research started from January untill May 2014 at the Peternakan Rakyat Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK) Cibungbulang Kabupaten Bogor, Indonesia. towards calf productivity. The composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs.non pregnant was measured by farm interview.
Body condition score was measured by using the scoring scale from 1.0 till 5.0 which were recommended for Friesien Holstein cows. Two score areas were involved namely the loin area and the tailhead area subjectively, by feeling with the hand the amount of fat cover over the transverse processes (horizontal projections) of the lumbar vertebrae, and around the tailhead. You should stand directly behind the cow to score both areas and always handle the animal quietly and carefully using the same hand. The tailhead is scored by feeling for the amount of fat around the tailhead and the prominence of the pelvic bones. The loin is scored by feeling the horizontal and vertical projections of the vertebrae and the amount of fat in-between.
Urinalysis was measured by using a semi-quantitative strip test to check glucose present in the urine by collecting all the 30 fresh cow urine, the fresh urine was collected using a urine collecter and directly inserting the reagent strip test in the urine collecter to check the results. The strip test is consist of parameters that show results on normal or abnormality on these stated parameters: leucocyte, nitrogen, urobilinogen, protein, pH, blood rate, keton, bilirubin and glucose.
Farmers interview were taken for collecting informations about the state of productivity and present condition of the cow. Physical examination has been taken as well in terms of body condition score (BCS).
Data Analysis
7
Table 1. The profile of productivity, body condition score, and urinalysis test on glucose of dairy cattle at Kunak Bogor.
Explanation: A=cow no, B= status, C=Body condition score, D= Glucosuria
Discussion
Profile of Productivity
The profile of 30 dairy cattle as an object of research at the Kawasan Peternakan Sapi Perah KUNAK Kabupaten Bogor consists of 6 post deliveries animals (6/30 or 20 percent), 2 pregnant animals (2/30 or 6,7 percent), 22 non-pregnant animals (22/30 or 73.3 percent) (see Table 1). Generally in a year a dairy cow should give birth to atleast one calf but if there a delay in productivity the farm profit tend to go through negative growth. The profitability of dairy farms depends greatly on the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows (Britt, 1985).
Data collected shows 73.3% of cows were not pregnant and 20% of them were in the stage of post delivery, this indicated that in this farm many cows were not pregnant this may cause because it might be abnormality in BCS, nutrition management, reproduction problem such as cystic ovary, corpus luteum persistance and incorrect insemination methode (Oktaviani, 2010).
8
metabolic disease early post parturition, poor BCS at first insemination are prone to infertility of dairy cattle. Early lactation dairy cow that is unable to consume enough energy-yielding nutrients to meet the needs of production and maintainance, will sustain high yield of milk at the expense of body tissue, this posses a problem to reproduction as a delayed ovulation has been linked repeatly with the energy status (Butler et al. 2003). Energy deprivation reduces the frequency of pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH), thereby impairing follicle maturation and ovulation.
n=22 n=2 n=6
Figure 2: The number of cows in comparison of the status composition on pregnant, post parturition, and non pregnant towards the calf productivity.
Body Condition Score
9 Dairy cow evaluation of the body condition score can be a practice for fine-tune feeding and management practices. Adequate body reserves are nessesary to maintain health, production, reproductive efficiency. Underconditioned cows are prone to reduce milk production and poor persistency of lactation. Over conditioned cows are predisposed to calving difficulties, impared reproduction, and metabolic disorder.
Table 2. Data of the body condition score between pregnant, post parturition and non pregnant. should be in the range of 2.75-3.5, post parturition should be in the range of 3.00-3.25 and non pregnant cows should be in the range of 2.25-2.75.
Urinalysis
The present status carried out at KUNAK Bogor dairy farm with 30 fresh dairy cow urine only 1 sample showed a positive glucose by using the semi quantitative urine strip test. Using the semi quantitative strip test is more economic, fast and efficient to use. Glucose are needed by the mammary gland for lactose respectively (Herdt, 2000), when glucosuria is present it might be many reasons behind it example proximal tubule failure, hyperglycemia, lower threshold renal for glucose, emotional stress, hiperalimentation or maybe diabetes mellitus. The presents and absents of glucose depends on the reabsorbtion strength of the tubules.
Glucose should not be detected in normal urine. Small amounts of glucose may be excreted by the kidney. The colour that appeared in the strip test showed green colour on the strip test scale. If urine with no glucose presents shows blue in colour, which were present in the other 29 sample of dairy cows urine. According to Girindra (1988) The total glucose will be absorbed normally and healthy by the animal. It is freely filtered at the glomerulus and will actively absorbed by the proximal tubules. In normal urine glucose is not present and also not every situation where glucose is present in the urine is pathologic. In addition to heavy exercise, pain/emotional disorder shock, stimulate efinefrin and glucocorticoid can cause hyperglycemia. So the research that have been carried out indicates cow that suffer from glucosuria is approximately 1%. This way of finding out asymptomatic disease very efficient.
10
quantitative reagent strip test for a very accurate and efficient way to determine whats the internal abnormality occurance.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Conclusion
Based on the composition of pregnant vs. post parturition vs. non-pregnant cows in this farm was considered in low productivity. Based on the measurement of body condition score the value of pregnant and post parturition cows were considered under standard value. Regarding urinalysis using a semi quantitative reagent strip test we noted that there was evidence of glucosuria of the cow urine sample.
Suggestion
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REFERENCES
Apriyantono, A. 2007. Politik pangan pemerintahan SBY-Kalla. Media Inovasi. Tahun ke-16 Nomor 2: 6 – 15.
Atabany A, Fitriyani Y, Anggraeni A, Komala I. 2008. Milk Production and Reproduction Performance of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle at Cikole Dairy Breeding Station Lembang. www. http://peternakan.Litbang/ deptan.go.id/eng [22 Oktober 2010].
Britt JH. 1985. Enhanced reproduction and its economic implications. J. Dairy Sci. 68:1585–1592.
Capuco AV, Awers RM, Smith JJ, 1997 – Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: qualification of nucleic acids and histology. Journal of Diary Science, 80, 477-487.
Dirksen GU, Liebich HG, Mayer E. 1985, Adaptive changes of the ruminal mucosa and their functional and clinical significance. Bovine Pract. 20:116-120.
Drackley JK, Overton TR, and Douglas GN. 2001, Adaptations of glucose and longchain fatty acid metabolism in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J.Dairy Sci. 84(E. Suppl) :E100-E112.
Edmonson AJ, Lean IJ, Weaver LD, Loid JW, Farver T, Webster G. 1989. A Body Condition Scoring Chart for Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 72: 68-70.
Girindra A. 1988. Biokimia Patologi: Petunjuk Praktikum. Bogor : PAU- Institut Pertanian Bogor. 1-53
Grummer RR. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2820-2833.
Gullay MS, Haydn MJ, Bachman KC, Belloso T, Liboni M, Head HH, 2003 – Milk production and feed intake of Holstein cows given short (30-d) or normal (60-d) dry periods. Journal of Diary Science, 86: 2030-2038.
Herdt TH. 2000. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 16:215- 230.
Nugroho CP. 2008. Agribisnis Ternak Ruminansia. Jakarta: Direktorat
Nurhayati. 2007. Kenaikan Harga Susu.www.http://suarakarya.online.com/news html. [22 Oktober 2010]
Oktaviani TT. 2010. Kinerja Reproduksi Sapi Perah Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) Di Kecamatan Musuk Boyolali. Skripsi. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret. Surakarta.
Pennstate. 004. Begginer’s guide to Body Conditions Scoring. A Tool For Dairy Herd management. Web presentation.
Schaeffer LR, and Henderson CR. 1972. Effects of days dry and days open on
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Rotoro SR. 1992. Tinjauan Beberapa Manfaat Klinik Dari Analisa Urin Anjing Melalui Pemahaman Proses Pembentukan Urin Dan Penetapan Nilai Urin Sehat. [Skripsi]. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan IPB. Bogor.
Wendel G, 1998, Elektronikeinsatz in der Rinderhaltung – von der Identifizierung bis zur Automatisierung. Elektronik in der Landtechnik, FAT – Schriftenreihe, 59, 101-112.
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CURRICULUM VITAE
The author, Sabrina Thevy Arumugam was born on the 30th of January 1992 at Klang Selangor, Malaysia to father, Arumugam and mother, Vasugi Ponniah. Author is the youngest among 3 siblings. Author brother passed away when author was 22 years old at University of Brawijaya as a medical Officer Graduate.
The author graduated from primary school at sekolah kebangsaan Methodist girls school at Klang Selangor Malaysia in the year 1998, and sekolah menengah Methodist girls school in the year of 2004. Author continued premedical studies at President college Kuala Lumpur Malaysia in the year of 2010, then author was selected in Bogor Agricultural University of Indonesia in the year of 2010. Author was in the Malaysian society association, International Veterinary Student Association, International student forum as an active member. Author was in charge of monitoring Pengelolaan kesehatan hewan dan lingkungan (PKHL) for juniors in batch 48 and 49 in the year of 2014.
