UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
DEVELOPMENT OF BUS ARRIVAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM
USING RFID TECHNOLOGY
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering (Robotic and
Automation) with Honours
by
MOHD HUSNI MUBARAK BIN HAJI ABDUL JALIL
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
TAJUK: Bus Arrival Time Monitoring System using RFID Technology
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010 Semester 2
Saya MOHD HUSNI MUBARAK BIN HAJI ABDUL JALIL
mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan Penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Development of Bus Arrival Time Monitoring System
using RFID Technology” is the results of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature : ………
Author’s Name : MOHD HUSNI MUBARAK BIN ABD JALIL
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Robotic and Automation) with Honours. The member of the supervisory committee is as follow:
(Signature of Supervisor)
………
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRAK
Pengangkutan awam menyediakan kemudahan ke tempat kerja, masyarakat, pusat rawatan perubatan dan rekreasi kepada masyarakat seluruh bandar. Pengangkutan awam juga membantu megurangkan kesesakan jalan raya dan masa perjalanan, tenaga dan minyak. Pegankutan awam yang paling meluas penggunaanya adalah bus. Selaras dengan taraf hidup masa kini, bus mestilah beroperasi dengan cekap bagi memenuhi tuntutan penumpang. Oleh sebab itu, pengurusan masa penting untuk memastikan jadual bas lebih cekap. Dalam kertas kajian ini, pembangunan teknologi
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DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. First and foremost the praise is to Allah, the Almighty, on whom ultimately we depend for sustenance and guidance. Second, my sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor Mr. Lokman Bin Abdullah, whose have given such effort in guidance, stimulating suggestions, and constructive comments in all the time during to complete this project and thesis. His timely and efficient contribution helped me shape this into its final form and I express my sincerest appreciation for his assistance in any way that I may have asked.
Furthermore, I am also deeply indebted to all lecturers who gave a lot of knowledge and useful information and encouraged me to go ahead with my thesis. And not to forget the University Technical Malaysia Malacca (UTeM) especially Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering that had provide me with all the studies equipment for this project.
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2.1.1 Travel Time Prediction in Transportation 7
2.1.2 Variables of Travel Time 8
2.1.3 The Important of Time Monitoring in Public Transit 9
2.1.4 Related Technology 10
2.2 Radio Frequency Identification 14
2.2.1 Introduction and History 14
2.2.2 Chronology of RFID 15
2.2.3 ISO and RFID Standard 16
2.2.4 How RFID work 17
2.2.5 Component of RFID 18
2.2.5.1 RFID Tag Technology Description 18
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2.2.5.3 Antenna 23
2.2.5.4 Software components 25
2.2.6 Common problem with RFID 28
2.2.7 Frequency, Range and Coupling 31
2.2.8 Tag Data Capability 33
2.3.5 Database query language 39
2.3.6 Database Software 40
2.3.6.1 Microsoft Access 40
2.3.6.2 Visual Basic 41
2.3.6.3 MySQL 42
2.3.6.4 Conclusion of Database 43
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 General Research Planning 44
3.1.1 Planning Phase 46
3.1.2 Design and Development 46
3.1.3 Testing and Analysis 46
3.2 Project Planning 47
3.2.1 Process Flow 47
3.2.2 Project Concept 49
3.3 Component selection 50
3.3.1 RFID Devices Selection 50
3.3.2 Related Component 52
3.4 Programming Software 52
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3.5 Conclusion 55
4. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Design and Development of Database 56
4.1.1 Establish a Connection by using the Data Configuration Wizard 57 4.1.2 Design and Development of an Access Database 60 4.2 Design and Development of User Interface for Database 62
4.2.1 Creating the User Interface for Database 63
4.3 Design and Development of Display Screen 67
4.4 Writing the Code 68
5. ANALYSIS, RESULT, AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Result and testing the prototype 79
5.2 Result and testing the software interface 81 5.3 Analysis and Discussion of the Reader Performance 83
5.4 Finding 87
viii D RFID: Read and Display
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Gantt chart for PSM 1 4
1.2 Gantt chart for PSM 2 5
2.1 AVL Deployments by Fixed Route Bus Transit Agencies 11
2.2 ITS user services 13
2.3 The decades of RFID technology 15
2.4 Types of frequencies 32
2.5 Overview of definitions in database 36
4.1 Travel time scheduling 60
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LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Illustration of an AVL 10
2.2 Illustration of an AVP system and components 12
2.3 Milestones during the early days of RFID 16 2.12 RFID Software Components and Their Interdependencies 25 2.13 Bulk identification and multi tags handling 30 2.14 Anti collision protocol for bulk identification 30
2.15 Main component in DBMS 38
2.16 Microsoft Access 2007 41
2.17 Visual Basic.NET. 42
2.18 MySQL interface. 43
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4.11 Main Bus Terminal as user interface for database management system 65
4.12 Properties windows 66
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APC - Automatic Passenger Counting
APTS - Advance Public Transportation System AVL - Automatic Vehicle Location
DBMS - Database Management System DMS - Dynamic Message Sign GPS - Global Positioning Satellites ITS - Intelligent Transportation System PDA - Personal Digital Assistants
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter begins with the background of the project. Next, the problem statements of this project are described. With the problem statement, the objective of studies is summarized as a guide to complete this project.
1.1 Background
Public transport is shared passenger transportation service which is available for use by the general public. The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Public transit must expand service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the transit industry.
The purposes of this paper are to review and improve the time monitoring system in public transit which focusing in improve the bus time monitoring system. The goal of the research is to develop a monitoring system that function to display the bus arrival time at next station.
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term that is used to describe a system that transmits the identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves. It is grouped under the broad category of automatic identification technologies.
1.2 Problem Statement
Public transport networks involving buses are inherently unreliable due to traffic. The only way to make them predictable would be to give the buses dedicated roads with no traffic on them. This unreliability makes using public transport frustrating. If passengers knew exactly where the next bus was at all times, waiting at a bus stop would not be frustrating. The thesis will be demonstrated the research and development of the RFID technology in the bus time monitoring system. This system will provide better services by displaying the valuable time information to the passenger.
1.3 Objectives
In this project, the objectives that have been defined are:
a) To develop a prototype of the bus arrival time monitoring system base Radio Frequency Identification technology.
b) To create a database for the monitoring system.
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1.4 Scope
This project is aimed to develop a prototype of the bus arrival time monitoring system by using the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. The arrival time monitoring will show the information about arrival time on the next station after RFID tags was detect by reader at previous station. The development of this project will focus in the database and user interface development.
1.5 Project Planning
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Table 1.1: Gantt chart for PSM 1
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Table 1.2: Gantt chart for PSM 2
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will review and critically analyze previous research related with the thesis. The literature review will satisfy the proposed of the project, which is to studies about an Information Technology in Public Transit, Radio Frequency Identification and Database. On the topic of an Information Technology in Public Transit, the literature reviews are mention about the application of Information Technology in Public Transit, benefit of Information Technology, Travel Time and other related criteria with Travel Time. Then, it move to the discussion about Radio Frequency Tecnology such as history, component, frequency, range, coupling, and other related issues about Radio Frequency Technology. Lastly, the fundamental concepts of database will be explored, as these section are the core of the research.
2.1 Information Technology in Public Transit
Information technology (IT) is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and electronic hardware. IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information data. This includes the field of electronic communication (ICT).
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better services. What are the fields of IT application in public transportation and benefit of IT in public transport are listed below:
a) What are the fields of IT application in public transportation
Electronic Ticketing
Fleet and Traffic Management
Administration and Back Offices
Computer Aided Design and Simulation
b) What are the benefits of IT in public transportation
Integrated systems for intermodal transport
Improved safety
Reduced travel times
Optimised passenger throughput
Lower maintenance costs
Proven reduction in error, theft and fraud
Technologies to reduce cash handling, transferring and securing
2.1.1 Travel Time Prediction in Transportation
