Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

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TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TERMS IN SONY ERICSSON W150i’S USER GUIDEBOOK

A THESIS

BY:

HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON

Reg. No. 080705044

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN TRANSLATING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

TERMS IN SONY ERICSSON W150i’S USER GUIDEBOOK

A THESIS BY

HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON REG. NO. 080705044

Supervisor Co-Supervisor

Dr.H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.

NIP. 195411171980031002 NIP. 196107031986011001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank the Almighty Jesus Christ who give Me all the blessings and

guides in everyday of My Life specially all days in achieving to finish this thesis.

I address my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Science and Culture , University of

Sumatera Utar

students in following their study. I am also grateful to the Head and the Secretary of English

Department for their concern , facilities and support given during My study and My thesis

research. I am really thankful to be one of English Department family.

I also would like to express my gratitude t

am grateful for their helps, guidance, understanding, patience, advices and contributions during

My thesis research. , I also thank mr

help in finishing my thesis.

I feel so blessed for the greatest support and prayers from my family, especially my father

M. Simbolon and my mother T. Silalahi.though They’ve gone so too soon but i know they smile

upon me and I owe Jesus for achieving one of their dreams. I also thank my brother and sisters,

Darwin E.C. Simbolon, Devi C.D Simbolon, and Lisda N.S. Simbolon for all the love, the

guidance, understanding, and trust specially during my struggle in accomplishing my thesis. I

can hardly find any proper words to express the greatest gratefulness I have to my lovely parents,

brother, and sisters for their bottomless love and support, I won’t be able to made it through

without them. I feel grateful as well to my beloved brothers in my life specially in Marakas

United 27 Sahat, Ari, Jonalsal, Guntur, David, Fernandus, Joel for all the support, laugh, cry, and

all moments we’ve been through both in my life and the process of my thesis.

My gratitude is also addressed to my special brothers and sister, Budi Parulian Purba,

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the beginning of daily campus life until the completion of this thesis.special gratitude goes to all

GASTERS and all my college friends wherever they are.

Medan, February 2015

Herman Aditya Simbolon

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I AM HERMAN ADITYA SIMBOLON DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : Herman Aditya Simbolon

Title of Thesis : Translation Procedures in translating Information Technology Terms in Sony

Ericsson W150i’s user guidebook

Qualifications : S-1/ Sarjana Ilmu Budaya

Department : English Literature

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE

UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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viii ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini berjudul Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony ericsson W150’s user guidebook. Skripsi ini menganalisis user guidebook berbahasa inggris dan menganalisis prosedur(Translation Procedures) terjadinya baik perubahan, pergeseran, maupun pergantian makna yang muncul pada user guidebook berbahasa Indonesia yang sudah diterjemahkan. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan prosedur dan pengklasifikasian pergeseran makna dalam user guidebook Sony Ericsson w150i tersebut. Teori yang digunakan untuk menentukan prosedur yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan tersebut adalah teori Jean Paul Vinay dan J. Darbelnet pada tahun 2000 yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat 7 prosedur untuk menerjemahkan dari bahasa asal ke bahasa target, 7 prosedur tersebut adalah literal translation, borrowing(mix loanwords), borrowing(loan blends), Calque, equivalence, modulation, dan deletion. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Proses penelitian terkait adalah mencari, mengumpulkan, mengklasifikasikan, menganalisa data yang tersedia dan mengambil keputusan final terkait data yang sudah diolah sebelumnya. Data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini adalah buku panduan pengguna sony ericsson W150i berbahasa inggris dan berbahasa Indonesia yang dirilis resmi oleh Sony Ericsson. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan 162 data yang dapat diklasifikasikan dengan 6 jenis prosedur, 70 data prosedur borrowing atau 43,12%, 10 data prosedur equivalence atau 6,17%, 67 data literal translation atau 41,35%, 5 data prosedur Transposition atau 3,08%. Dari analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa prosedur yang dominan dipakai adalah Borrowing baik mix loanwoards, loan blends, dan pure loanwords.

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ix ABSTRACT

This thesis titled Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony Ericsson W150's user Guidebook. This paper analyzes the user Guidebook in English and analyzing procedures (Translation Procedures) occurrence whether it’s a change, shift, or transfer of meaning that appear on the user Guidebook in Indonesian language which has been translated. This analysis aims to find procedures and classification of user Guidebook shift in meaning in the Sony Ericsson W150i. The theory is used to determine the procedure that occurred in the translation is the theory of Jean Paul Vinay and J. Darbelnet in 2000 which states that there are 7 procedures to translate from the original language to the target language, those 7 The procedures is the literal translation, borrowing (mix loanwords) , borrowing (loan blends), borrowing (pure loanwords), calque, equivalence, modulation, and deletion. The method used is descriptive qualitative method.Research process that occurred is to find, collect, classify, analyze the available data and make the final decision related to the data that has been previously processed. The data analyzed in this paper is a user guide for sony ericsson W150i in English and Indonesian language officially released by Sony Ericsson. From the analysis which has been done, 162 data found that can be classified with 6 types of procedures, 70 data collection borrowing procedures (mix loanwords,

loanblends, pureloanwords) or 43.12%, 10 data equivalence procedure or 6.17%, 67 Data literal translation procedure or 41.35%, 5 data transposition procedures or 3.08%. From the analysis it can be concluded that the dominant procedure used is Borrowing,whether it’s mix loanwords, loan blends and pure loanwords.

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Skripsi ini berjudul Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony ericsson W150’s user guidebook. Skripsi ini menganalisis user guidebook berbahasa inggris dan menganalisis prosedur(Translation Procedures) terjadinya baik perubahan, pergeseran, maupun pergantian makna yang muncul pada user guidebook berbahasa Indonesia yang sudah diterjemahkan. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk menemukan prosedur dan pengklasifikasian pergeseran makna dalam user guidebook Sony Ericsson w150i tersebut. Teori yang digunakan untuk menentukan prosedur yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan tersebut adalah teori Jean Paul Vinay dan J. Darbelnet pada tahun 2000 yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat 7 prosedur untuk menerjemahkan dari bahasa asal ke bahasa target, 7 prosedur tersebut adalah literal translation, borrowing(mix loanwords), borrowing(loan blends), Calque, equivalence, modulation, dan deletion. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Proses penelitian terkait adalah mencari, mengumpulkan, mengklasifikasikan, menganalisa data yang tersedia dan mengambil keputusan final terkait data yang sudah diolah sebelumnya. Data yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini adalah buku panduan pengguna sony ericsson W150i berbahasa inggris dan berbahasa Indonesia yang dirilis resmi oleh Sony Ericsson. Dari analisis yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan 162 data yang dapat diklasifikasikan dengan 6 jenis prosedur, 70 data prosedur borrowing atau 43,12%, 10 data prosedur equivalence atau 6,17%, 67 data literal translation atau 41,35%, 5 data prosedur Transposition atau 3,08%. Dari analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa prosedur yang dominan dipakai adalah Borrowing baik mix loanwoards, loan blends, dan pure loanwords.

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ix ABSTRACT

This thesis titled Translation Procedures in translating information technology terms in Sony Ericsson W150's user Guidebook. This paper analyzes the user Guidebook in English and analyzing procedures (Translation Procedures) occurrence whether it’s a change, shift, or transfer of meaning that appear on the user Guidebook in Indonesian language which has been translated. This analysis aims to find procedures and classification of user Guidebook shift in meaning in the Sony Ericsson W150i. The theory is used to determine the procedure that occurred in the translation is the theory of Jean Paul Vinay and J. Darbelnet in 2000 which states that there are 7 procedures to translate from the original language to the target language, those 7 The procedures is the literal translation, borrowing (mix loanwords) , borrowing (loan blends), borrowing (pure loanwords), calque, equivalence, modulation, and deletion. The method used is descriptive qualitative method.Research process that occurred is to find, collect, classify, analyze the available data and make the final decision related to the data that has been previously processed. The data analyzed in this paper is a user guide for sony ericsson W150i in English and Indonesian language officially released by Sony Ericsson. From the analysis which has been done, 162 data found that can be classified with 6 types of procedures, 70 data collection borrowing procedures (mix loanwords,

loanblends, pureloanwords) or 43.12%, 10 data equivalence procedure or 6.17%, 67 Data literal translation procedure or 41.35%, 5 data transposition procedures or 3.08%. From the analysis it can be concluded that the dominant procedure used is Borrowing,whether it’s mix loanwords, loan blends and pure loanwords.

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1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study.

"It will serve to demonstrate, that the art of translation is of more dignity and importance than

has generally been imagined." -Sir Alexander Fraser Tytler

Generally, translation is a process of rendering meaning, ideas, or messages of a text

from one language to other language. There are some considerations, which follow this process,

which mainly related to the accuracy, clarity and naturalness of the meaning, ideas, or messages

of the translation. It means that it is an important thing to consider whether the readers of the

target text accept equivalent information as the readers of the source text do. These

considerations are clarified in some definitions of translation stated by some qualified

figures in this field.

One of the most prominent definitions of translation is stated by Newmark (1988: 5) who

defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the

author intended the text”. This definition stresses on rendering meaning of the source language

text into the target language text as what is intended by the author.

Hatim and Munday (2004: 6) define translation as “the process of transferring a written

text from source language (SL) to target language (TL)”. In this definition, they do not explicitly

express that the object being transferred is meaning or message. Otherwise, Hatim and Munda

more emphasize to the exact form of both of languages which are going to be translated.

Nida and Taber (1982: 12), on the other hand, state, “Translating consists of some steps

in reproducing words to the receptor language with the closest natural equivalent of the source

language message”. This definition is more comprehensive than the previous ones. Nida and

Taber explicitly state that translation is closely related to the problems of languages, meaning,

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Newmark (1991: 27) sees the act of translating very briefly. It is the act of transferring

meaning of a stretch or a unit of language, the whole or a part, from one language to another.

From the definitions mentioned above, it is found that translation is a process which is

intended to find meaning equivalence in the target text. Machali (2001) and Baker (1992)

underline the term meaning equivalence because it is the meaning, which is transferred in the

target language. In this case, translators are faced with text as unit of meaning in the form of

sets of words or sentences.

In order to achieve the equivalence in translating slang words and phrases, the translators

face several matters that do not only deal with the equivalence of the form in text, but also with

some problems. There will be a lot of different words, phrases, and other linguistics units that do

not have a very similar meaning in target language because of varieties of language

communities. One of the varieties of language community is slang. In some films or novels, the

author use slang words which cannot be recognized in by the reader of target language (Baker,

1992)

The matters of equivalence at word level and above word level, such phrases often occur

in translation. The problem occurred at word level has no direct equivalent words or phrases in

target language. The common problems of non-equivalence at this level are stuck at culture –

specific concepts, the source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, the

complexity of source language at the level of word, phrase, and other units. The strategies that

commonly used in solving this problem are also given. One of simple example, for this matter

could be seen in lines below:

• Source Language (English): This hearing loss may be accompanied by tinnitus (ringing in

the ears).

• Target Language (Bahasa Indonesia): Pada kasus ini juga terjadi hilang pendengaran

yang disertai dengan tinnitus (dengung di telinga).

This example pictures that translation is not only about the knowing two or more

languages but it is also about the ability of the translator to transfer the meaning precisely by still

preserving the naturality of grammatical structure toward Target Language. The matter of

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both sides of talking topic in the case. As previously displayed in that example, the current topic

which is being talked is about healthy. “Tinnitus” is a technical term in medical field and

translator should know what the word means before translating it into Bahasa Indonesia. In this

condition, the translator of those lines chose to preserve the exact form of “tinnitus” in Target

Language as written in Source Language since he knows that he could not find the equivalent

meaning of “tinnitus” in Bahasa Indonesia. He also deems that it would be better to keep the

form of that word since it is a very technical term hence the readers of that translation would

easily figure out the meaning.

One case above has proven that translation matter is not an easy issue. In producing a

good and precise translation result, a translator should be bicultural and bilingual. The ability of

the translator of understanding more than two cultures would ease him to find the nearest

meaning of a word. However bilingual and bicultural should also be completed adequate

knowledge of translation studies.

Translation studies provide any sides of knowledge that can be used in cracking all

problems related to translation matters. All the translators need to do is learning all procedures,

all methods, principles, procedures, and other things that are contained in the house of translation

and then using that special ability to transfer meanings of words precisely. As seen in that

example that has been discussed before, the translator used some common translation procedures

in transferring meaning in order to preserve the semantical and grammatical form of the words.

The explanation about vital roles of translation theories in solving all problems involved

meanings transferring matters has invited many people to do a scientific research about the way

of translators in solving the matter and finding the nearest meanings of transferred words. The

analysis about the translators’ ways in finding the nearest meanings could show the mind

mapping of the translator in understanding translation theories.

In this current study, the analysis would more focus on the procedures used by the

translator in transferring meanings from Source Language into Target Language. Procedures of

translations are seen as an interesting topic since every translator has a different mind in doing a

translation. The different ways of translating words among the translators caused by a different

mind mapping based on the theory on which the translator relies. The different procedures of

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commonly known that translating common texts are much different than translating a very

specific scientific field.

On this occasion the analysis of this thesis would focus on the translation matter found in

user’s guide of mobile phone named Sony Ericsson W150i. This topic is chosen based on the

consideration that user’s guide of mobile phone produced and packaged from other countries and

exported to Indonesia is also composed in English. To fulfill Indonesian people’s needs that

insist for the user’s guide written in Bahasa Indonesia then the company that produced that

mobile phone always attaches the English user’s guide with Bahasa Indonesia user’s guide. This

step is taken in order to help Indonesian buyers to completely understand all guidance contained

in user’s guidebooks. Based on this case, it would be interesting to analyze the procedures of

translation used by the mobile phone company in translating every word in that user’s guidebook

into good Bahasa Indonesia.

In addition, user’s guide has been chosen as the object of analysis since user’s guidebook

contains many technical words related to the Information Technology hence this user’s

guidebook is considered as the representation of technical terms commonly used in the field of

Information Technology. By knowing the technical terms commonly used in Information

Technology field, it hopefully enriches the knowledge of readers about the technical terms in that

very specific field and also adds a new knowledge about procedures in translating very specific

words in that field.

1.2 Problems of the Study.

The elaboration and explanation of the theory of procedures of translation would be

centered on the questions below:

1. What kind of translation procedures used in translating Information Technology (IT)

Terms in Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from English into Bahasa Indonesia?

2. What is the dominant technique in translating Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from

English into Bahasa Indonesia?

1.3 Objective of the Study.

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1. To find out kinds of translation procedures used in translating Information Technology (IT)

words in Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

2. To find out the dominant procedures in translating Sony Ericsson W150i user’s guidebook

from English into Bahasa Indonesia.

1.4 Scope of the Study.

In order to make this analysis become more scientific and more focused, this analysis is

conducted with some limitations that makes the elaboration straightly focus on the problems and

the prior solutions toward the problems.

There are two scopes that are appeared in this analysis. First, this analysis would focus on

the translation procedures that occur at the level of words and phrase of Information Technology

(IT) technical terms. It would be important to notice that the analysis only occurs at the level of

words and phrases and does not involve any linguistics units such as clause, syllables, and others

because the IT Terms found in the Sony Ericsson w150i’s User guidebook only accours in such

level. Second, this analysis is based on the theory of translation procedures from Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) to coordinate the data from SL to TL. Vinay proposes Seven procedures in doing a translation from Source Language and Target Language. Those are literal translation,

borrowing(mix loanwords), borrowing(loan blends), borrowing(pure loanwords), Calque,

equivalence, modulation, and deletion.

1.5 Significances of the Study.

This analysis hopefully could give worth significances where:

1. This analysis could enrich scientific research related to the analysis of translation matter.

2. This analysis could give some information about technical terms that could be found in

Information Technology field and the way to translate it from English to Bahasa Indonesia.

3. This analysis practically could be used by anyone interested in translation field and use it as

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6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Review of Related Literature

2.1.1 Translation as The Process of Transferring Meaning.

Translation is to translate from one language to another language or to translate

from Source Language to Target Language to get the meaning. Since there are many different

languages in the world, the study of translation plays a very important role to transfer the

meaning from one language into another one. The meaning can be translated in the oral or

written language.

Translation is becoming increasingly important as a medium of international

communication. The study of translation will help people to understand the characteristics

between two or more languages. Besides, translation is a modern means of communication. We

know that there are so many languages in this world where each language has its own distinctive

features than others. Therefore, in understanding those wide varieties of language people should

know and study about translation. The establishment of communication between people

belonging to different speech communities has long been an important form of linguistic

performance.

Translation is a field of various procedures. In addition to word for word and sense for

sense procedures the translator may use a variety of procedures that differ in importance

according to contextual factors of both Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL).

Newmark (1998:7) defines “translation is an instrument of education as well as of truth

precisely because it has to reach readers whose cultural an educational level is different from and

often lower or earlier than that of the readers of the original.

Catford also says that translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of

substituting a text in one language for a text in another. Clearly then, any theory of translation

must draw upon a theory of language, a general linguistic theory.

In addition Nida defines “translation consist in reproducing in the receptor language

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terms of style. Differences in translations can generally be accounted for by three basic factors in

translating: 1) the nature of the message, 2) the purpose or purposes of the author and 3) the type

of audience.

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) state that “translation procedures are the basic technique of translation. According to them the procedures can be divided into two methods covering seven

procedures, they are (i) direct translation; consists of borrowing, Calque and literal translation,

and (ii) oblique translation, consisting of transposition, equivalent, modulation and adaptation.

Larson (1998:3) gives the meaning of translation that translation is basically a change of

form. When we speak of the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases,

clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and other linguistics units, which are spoken or written. In

translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor language.

Translation also consists of studying of lexicon, grammatical structure, communication

situation, and cultural context of the source language text. Larson (1998:15) divides translation

into two types. The first one is form-based translation and the second one is meaning-based

translation.

Form-based translation could be defined as a type of translation which attempts to follow the

form of the source language and it is commonly known as literal translation. On the another

hand, meaning-based translation which is also known as idiomatic translation, is a type of

translation that attempts to make every effort to communicate the meaning of the source

language in the natural forms of the receptor language.

Nida (in Venuti 2000) argues there are three basic principles of translation. The basic

principles are the loss of information, the addition of information and the skewing of

information. Nida arranges these principles as a belief which sounds that there is no translation in

a target language can be exact equivalent of the model in source language. Three basic of

translation principles are:

1. Loss of Information.

The translation of items from the source language does not explain the whole information

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“Budi was ill when I met him in home” is translated into “Budi demam ketika saya

menemuinya”.

2. Gain of Information.

The translation of items from the source language into target language is with addition of

extra information. For example: “Ani gadis yang pintar” is translated into “Ani is a smart girl in

class”. When translating from Indonesian into English the translator put an addition of

information in psychology version, which is the verb to be and the feminine gender (she) as well

as an article (a) is added to make the sense more clearly in the target language.

3. Skewing of Information

The translation unit from the source language is not the exact equivalent with the target

language. In this case the translator is skewing some words originally contained in Source

Language to make a more natural translation result in Target Language.

2.1.2 Process of Translation

The process of translation consist of three types. First is anaysis source language text,

second is transfer the message and third is restructurisation. Every translation process is set up as

a transfer from an SL to a TL, the translation process can either go from native tongue to foreign

language or from foreign language to native tongue, either type of transfer will present specific

difficulties (Wills 1971).

In other words, translation as product instead of translating as process. Hence, in doing a

translation process, there are potentially two sets of motivations: those of the producer of the

source text and those of the translator. The goal of the translation process is the optimal

synchronization of SL and TL, a text oriented comparison of the syntactic and lexical potentials

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Larson (1998:4) simply presents the diagram of the translation process as follow:

Source Language Target Language

Discover the Meaning Re-express Meaning

Meaning

Process of translation begins with the discovering of meaning of each term in Source

Language and then it continues to the reconstruction meaning in target language. As stated

before that meaning is the core problem which is going to be transferred from source language to

target language as we can see in the diagram above. A detail understanding of meaning

semantically and culturally will much help the translator in re-expressing the accurate translation

result.

2.1.3 Types of Translation Procedures.

Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:99) arrange seven simple of translation procedures which can be easily used to analyze the translation procedures used by a translator in transferring

meanings from Source Language to Target Language. Those seven procedures could be

summarized as below. Text to be Translated

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10 2.1.3.1 Borrowing.

This procedure is the simplest translation procedure. It is used usually when there is a

metalinguistic gap in the target language, for example when a new technique or an unknown

concept is introduced. It can also be used to create a particular stylistic effect, for example to

introduce an element of local, source language color to the target language: tortilla, tequila, and

sauna. Many old loanwords have later become a fixed part of the lexis of the borrowing

language, for example word from English to French: alcool from alcohol, and redingote from

riding-coat. There are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with

no change in form and meaning ( pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form

but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term

is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends)

Examples:

a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords)

voucher → voucher

bonanza → bonanza

bank → bank

b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix loanwords)

dividend → dividen

accrual → akrual

credit → kredit

debit → debet

c. Loan blend

nominal account → perkiraan nominal

bussines transaction → transaksi usaha

temporary investment → investasi sementara

There are other general statements about the understanding of borrowing giving by

some linguists. Hockett (1958:402) defines borrowing as follow, “the feature which is

imitated is called the model; the language which is the model occurs, or the speaker of that

language, called donor, the language which acquires something new in the process is borrowing

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that loan word or borrowing word should not be return, which means that the donor makes no

sacrifice and does not have to ask for permission. So, there is nothing change because the donor

goes on speaking as before and only the borrower’s speech is altered. Lehman (1962:213) states,

“The process by which word are imported into a language is known as borrowing.” Then, he also

concludes that the influence of one language on another, the result of which have been termed

borrowing. Thus, based on those statements, the understanding of borrowing can be simplified as

a process whereby one language adopts a meaningful unit from another language, or a process in

which one language adopts elements of another.

Hockett (1958:408-416) says that borrowing can be classified into three; they are loans,

pronunciation borrowing, and grammatical borrowing.According to Bolinger (1975:421) that

both form and meaning in loanwords is borrowed, with whatever degree of adaptation to the

phonology of the borrowing languages. The borrower may adopt the donor’s word along with the

object of practice: the new form in the borrower’s speech is then called loanword. The term

loanword is used to denote words taken from foreign language and used it as though it were

native to the language into which it has been borrowed. Therefore, the acquisition of a loanword

constitutes in itself a lexical change and probably should say it constitutes or entails a semantic

change. Loanwords are almost always free form (words or phrases); bound forms are borrowed

as such only with extreme rarity. Then they also show some phonemic substitutions, which occur

mainly depends on how those direct word borrowing from source language, assimilate into

receptor’s language. Moreover, loanwords are direct borrowing from English whose overall

morphemic shape is recognizable English, and which do not show any fusion with receptor’s

language.

If a speaker imitates someone else’s pronunciation of a word, which is already familiar to

the borrower, we may speak of pronunciation borrowing. Usually the donor and borrowing

idiolects are mutually intelligible, and the motive is prestige. A style of pronunciation can also

be imitated, usually for prestige reason, without specific reference to a particular word.

Besides, pronunciation borrowing can operated across language boundaries.

Grammatical change can be brought about indirectly by borrowing-via sets of related

loanwords. Grammatical change is the change in the grammatical core, which includes forms,

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language should be borrowed into another as a loanword, retaining its functional status, the

immediate consequence to be a grammatical change in the borrowing language might be

naturally expected.

2.1.3.2 Borrowing (Loan Blends)

Borrowing (Loan Blends) is another form of loan translation: a complete syntagma

(syntactic unit) is borrowed, but its individual elements are translated literally. The result can be

a Borrowing (Loan Blends) of expression, which preserves the syntsctic structure of the source

language while introducing a new mode of expression to the target language. It consists of

phrases in direct (literal) translations of fixed expression in target language. The result can also

be a structural Borrowing (Loan Blends), which introduces a whole new construction into the

target language, for example science- fiction, used as such in French. Borrowing (Loan Blends)

is loan translation (linear substitution) of morphologically analyzable source language syntagms

which after a time, are often accepted, or at least tolerated by the target language community.

2.1.3.3 Literal Translation

This procedure is a word for word translation, replacement of source language syntactic

structures, normally on the clause or sentence scale, by syntactic which are isomorphic (or near

isomorphic) concerning number and type of speech parts and synonymous in term of content,

where the resulting target language is grammatically correct and idiomatic. The translation has

not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical

concord or inflectional endings, This procedure is most commonly found in translations between

closely related language. These are some examples of literal translation.

Examples:

Deferral → penangguhan

revenue expenditure → pengeluaran pendapatan

capital element → unsur modal

capital increase → modal bertambah

(26)

13 2.1.3.4 Procedure 4: Transposition

Transposition means the replacing of one word-class by another without changing the

meaning of the message. It can also be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase, for

example ‘He announced that he would return’ to ‘He announced his return’ (the subordinate verb

becomes a noun). In translation, there are two types of transposition: obligatory and optimal. It is

also a change in the grammar from source language to target language (singular to plural;

position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). There are more examples of

transposition

Modulation means a variation in the message due to a change in the point of view: seeing

something in different light. Using modulation is justified when a literal or transposed translation

results in a form which is not quite natural and going against the felling of the target language.

There are two types of modulation: fixed and free. Fixed or obligatory modulation must be used

when for example translating a phrase ‘the time when’ to French as ‘le moment ou’. In this

example, the time become moment, and when becomes where. In this case of fixed modulation, a

competent bilingual will not hesitate to have recourse to this procedure if it supported by

frequency or total acceptance of usage, or a status establish by the dictionary or grammar.

Free or optimal modulation takes place for example, when a negative expression in the

source language positive in the target language because of language- specific stylistic features:

‘it is not difficult to show’ becomes ‘il est facile de demontrer’ (‘it is easy to show’). With the

free modulation the process must be undergone anew in this case, and no fixation has taken

place.

However, free modulation is not really optimal in the strict sense, for when it is correctly

done, it must result in the ideal target language solution corresponding to the source language

(27)

14

“Yes, that just how it would be said.” A free modulation may at any moment become fixed

as soon as it becomes frequent, or is felt to be a unique solution.

2.1.3.6 Procedure 6: Equivalence

Two texts in different language will account for the same situation by means of very

different stylistic and structural devices. The change which happened in the message with this

procedure is usually syntagmatic, and it affects the whole message. Most examples of this

procedure belong to the phraseological repertoire of idiom, clichés, and proverbs, nominal or

adjectival collocation. For example the proverbs ‘too many cooks spoil the broth’ becomes ‘deux

patrons font chavirer la barque’ (two skippers will capsize the boat”) in French. It must be

remembered, that idioms, for example as like as two peas must not be translated as Borrowing

(Loan Blends)s or any account, for the responsibility of introducing Borrowing (Loan Blends)s

(of idiom) into a language that is already perfectly organized should be the author’s choice,

not the translators. There are other examples of equivalence in accounting term:

Examples:

account payable → hutang dagang

account receivable → piutang dagang

marketable security → surat berharga

2.1.3.7 Procedure 7: Adaptation

This procedure is used in cases where the situation to which the message refers does not

exist at all in the target language and must thus be created by reference to a new situation, which

is judged to be equivalent. For example, it is culturally normal for an English father to kiss his

daughter on the mouth, but a similar action would be culturally unacceptable in a French

text, and must be translated as something like ‘il serra tendrement sa fille dans ses bras’ (‘he

tenderly embraced his daughter in his arms’).

A refusal to make use of adaptations which are not only structural but also pertain to the

presentation of idea or their arrangement in the paragraph, leads to a text that is perfectly correct

but nevertheless invariably betray its status as translation by something indefinable in its tone,

(28)

15 2.2 Information Technology Terms

Stands for "Information Technology," and is pronounced "I.T." It refers to anything

related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the

people that work with these technologies. Many companies now have IT departments for

managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include

computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development,

technical support, and many other related occupations. Since we live in the "information age,"

information technology has become a part of our everyday lives. That means the term "IT,"

already highly overused, is here to stay.

And below provided some examples related to IT terms found in the Sony Ericsson W150i’s user

guidebook and being categorized in 6 categories :

Term Category

Hardware

Software

File Formats

Software

Internet

Technical

Bits and Bytes

Internet

(29)

16 CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

In order to make this research systematically and scientifically, there would be a method

which is going to be applied as the way to guarantee the validity of the data and the findings as

well. Due to the fact the research method which is genuinely designed in writing this study is

library research method. Library research method is defined as a method which is ultimately

aimed to collect related data and theories from books, digital media, or other manuscripts.

After collecting the data which is necessary to do this research, the elaboration is

commenced by utilizing the method called descriptive qualitative method. Through this method

this research would be able to seek, collect, classify, analyze, and draw an ultimate conclusion.

3.1 Source of Data

The data presented in this analysis are the texts from Sony Ericsson W150i Yendo

Edition’s userguide. As the purpose of this analysis to find the translation procedures in this

userguide book, then this research would present texts in both languages, English as the original

or source language and then Bahasa Indonesia as the target language.

3.2 Data Collecting Procedure

In doing the data collecting procedure this research investigates both of the English and

Bahasa Indonesia version of the user guide and the user guide e-book has been available as a

hard copy directly from the Sony Ericsson online User guide site and then the writer collected

them as the research data. The process of collecting all necessary data could be summarized as

below:

1. Reading the complete transcript of Sony Ericsson W150i’s user guide in English (SL) and

Bahasa Indonesia (TL).

2. Dividing the text into a set of clauses.

3. Identifying words and phrases which are indicated as information technology terms.

(30)

17

5. Listing those words and phrases which are indicated as information technology terms as the

data findings and categorize the IT terms according to the procedures used to translate them

from SL to TL.

3.3 Data Analysis Method

As stated previously that in analyzing the data findings, this research sets a method

named qualitative descriptive which can be defined as a method aimed to describe a research

subject based on some data which are derived from the researched objects and this is not aimed

as the examination of a particular hypothesis. Regarding that case, there are some steps which

are done to complete this analysis. They are:

1. Identifying the equivalence translation of information technology terms between Source

Language and Target Language in Sony Ericsson’s userguide.

2. Explaining the procedures of translation in translating information technology terms from SL

to TL in Sony Ericsson’s userguide.

3. Contrasting the words and phrases of information technology terms in SL and its translation

result in TL in order to figure out the procedures of translation used in it.

4. Identifying the procedures of translation used to translate information technology terms from

(31)

18 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS, DESCRIPTION AND FINDING 4.1 Data Analysis

There are a hundred and sixty two (162) information technology terms found in the Sony

Ericsson W1501 guidebook. The objectives of this analysis are to figure out the procedures

found in the translation of information technology term in this guidebook which is available in

English and its instances translation in Bahasa Indonesia and to figure out the most dominant

one.

According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, there are seven procedures of translation;

they are borrowing, Calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, and adaptation. The

following table shows the data of economic terms taken from the selected chapters and the types

of procedure which are used to translate them.

Table 1: Data Identification

No. Source Language Target Language Procedure

1 mobile phone telepon seluler Literal Translation

2 services layanan Literal Translation

3 features fitur Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

4 service providers penyedia layanan Literal Translation

5 international emergency

number

nomor darurat internasional Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

6 contact hubungi Literal Translation

7 network operator operator jaringan Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

8 service layanan Literal Translation

9 access akses Borrowing (Mix

(32)

19

10 fees biaya Literal Translation

11 phone telepon Literal Translation

12 sim card kartu sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

13 battery cover tutup baterai Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

14 memory card kartu memori Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

15 battery baterai Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

16 connectors konektor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

17 screen layar Literal Translation

18 setup wizard panduan konfigurasi Equivalence

19 sim contacts kontak sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

20 menu menu Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

21 phone language bahasa telepon Literal Translation

22 scroll menggulir Literal Translation

23 import mengimpor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

24 tap ketuk Literal Translation

25 save simpan Literal Translation

26 display formats format tampilan Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

27 phone overview ikhtisar telepon Literal Translation

28 audio Video audio video Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(33)

20

30 screen lock kunci layar Literal Translation

31 ear speaker speaker telinga Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

32 strap hole lubang tali Literal Translation

33 connector for charger konektor untuk pengisi daya

baterai

Literal Translation

34 usb cable kabel usb Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

35 touch screen layar sentuh Literal Translation

36 home key tombol utama Equivalence

37 microphone mikrofon Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

38 volume key tombol volume Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

39 camera lens lensa kamera Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

40 speaker speaker Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

41 charged terisi Literal Translation

42 phone changer pengisi baterai telepon Literal Translation

43 power adapter adaptor listrik Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

44 power outlet stopkontak listrik Literal Translation

45 home key tombol rumah Literal Translation

46 home screen layar awal Literal Translation

47 customise menyesuaikan Literal Translation

48 application icons ikon aplikasi Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

49 shortcuts shortcuts Borrowing (Pure

(34)

21

50 wallpaper wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

51 background latar Literal Translation

52 applications panes panel aplikasi Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

53 quick access mengakses aplikasi telepon

dengan cepat

Transposition

54 flick menggeser Literal Translation

55 drag seret Literal Translation

56 browse meramban Literal Translation

57 highlight menyorot Literal Translation

58 switch sakelar Literal Translation

59 web pages halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

60 internet internet Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

61 messaging settings setelan pesan Literal Translation

62 preinstalled sudah diinstal sebelumnya Transposition

63 downloaded diunduh Literal Translation

64 inserted dimasukkan Literal Translation

65 turn on diaktifkan Transposition

66 subscription settings setelan berlangganan Literal Translation

67 menu texts teks menu Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

68 flight mode mode terbang Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

69 text input memasukkan teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

70 multitap Ketukan ganda Equivalence

(35)

22

Blends)

72 display menampilkan Literal Translation

73 keypad papan tombol Transposition

74 text field kolom teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

75 upper-case huruf kapital Equivalence

76 lower-case huruf kecil Equivalence

77 caps lock caps lock Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

78 character key tombol karakter Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

79 phone numbers nomor telepon Literal Translation

80 email addresses alamat email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

81 call log catatan panggilan Literal Translation

82 back up cadangan Equivalence

Blends)

84 restore menyimpan kembali Transposition

85 language icon ikon bahasa Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

86 emergency call panggilan darurat Literal Translation

87 Player Pemutar Literal Translation

88 audio books buku audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

89 podcasts podcast Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

90 playlists daftar main Transposition

91 install instal Borrowing (Pure

(36)

23

92 audio content konten audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

93 pause menjeda Literal Translation

94 track trek Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

95 player widget widget pemutar Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

96 mini-player pemutar mini Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

97 playback pemutaran ulang Transposition

98 copyright-protected

material

materi yang dilindungi hak

cipta

Literal Translation

99 folder map Literal Translation

100 mass storage penyimpanan massal Literal Translation

101 external disks disk eksternal Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

102 file explorer file explorer Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

103 desktop desktop Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

104 double-click klik dua kali Literal Translation

105 unplug dicabut Literal Translation

106 files berkas Literal Translation

107 operating system sistem operasi komputer Literal Translation

108 fast forward memajukan Transposition

109 rewind memundurkan Literal Translation

110 photos gambar Literal Translation

111 record videos merekam video Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

(37)

24

Loanwords)

113 camera kamera Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

114 review mode memperbesar Equivalence

115 viewfinder layar bidikan Equivalence

116 zoom memperbesar Literal Translation

117 record merekam Literal Translation

118 video camera kamera video Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

119 ringtones nada dering Transposition

120 themes tema Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

121 wallpapers wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

122 multimedia multimedia Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

123 text messaging pesan teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

124 received message pesan yang diterima Literal Translation

125 message thread utas pesan Literal Translation

126 emails email Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

127 account account Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

128 password sandi Literal Translation

129 recipient's address alamat penerima Literal Translation

130 email subject subjek email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

131 attach lampirkan Literal Translation

(38)

25

133 bluetooth bluetooth Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

134 wireless nirkabel Literal Translation

135 handsfree handsfree Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

136 pair memasang Literal Translation

137 visible terlihat Literal Translation

138 status bar baris menu Equivalence

139 passcode kode akses Transposition

140 web browser peramban web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

141 navigate menavigasi Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

Blends)

143 bookmark menandai Equivalence

144 shortcuts pintasan Literal Translation

145 windows jendela Literal Translation

146 web address halaman web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

147 alarms alarm Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

148 tone nada Literal Translation

149 recurrence perulangan Literal Translation

150 alarm text teks alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

151 silence menonaktifkan Literal Translation

152 snooze tunda Literal Translation

153 voicemail voicemail Borrowing (Pure

(39)

26

154 callers penelepon Literal Translation

155 voice messages pesan suara Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

156 voicemail number nomor voicemail Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

157 alarm signal sinyal alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

158 imei number Nomor imei Borrowing (Loan

Blends

159 restart hidupkan ulang Transposition

160 software perangkat lunak Transposition

161 update perbarui Literal Translation

162 reset setel ulang Transposition

4.2 Data Description

This section will mainly concern on analyzing the data of each procedure which has been

classified. The description of each procedure is followed by example and explanation.

4.2.1 Literal Translation

Literal Translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and

idiomatically appropriate TL text.

Table 2 : Literal Translation

1 mobile phone telepon seluler Literal Translation

2 services layanan Literal Translation

3 service providers penyedia layanan Literal Translation

4 contact hubungi Literal Translation

(40)

27

6 fees biaya Literal Translation

7 phone telepon Literal Translation

8 screen layar Literal Translation

9 phone language bahasa telepon Literal Translation

10 scroll menggulir Literal Translation

11 tap ketuk Literal Translation

12 save simpan Literal Translation

13 phone overview ikhtisar telepon Literal Translation

14 power key tombol daya Literal Translation

15 screen lock kunci layar Literal Translation

16 strap hole lubang tali Literal Translation

17 connector for charger konektor untuk pengisi daya

baterai

Literal Translation

18 touch screen layar sentuh Literal Translation

19 charged terisi Literal Translation

20 phone changer pengisi baterai telepon Literal Translation

21 power outlet stopkontak listrik Literal Translation

22 home key tombol rumah Literal Translation

23 Home screen layar awal Literal Translation

24 customise menyesuaikan Literal Translation

25 background latar Literal Translation

26 flick menggeser Literal Translation

27 drag seret Literal Translation

28 browse meramban Literal Translation

29 highlight menyorot Literal Translation

30 switch sakelar Literal Translation

31 messaging settings setelan pesan Literal Translation

32 downloaded diunduh Literal Translation

(41)

28

34 subscription settings setelan berlangganan Literal Translation

35 display menampilkan Literal Translation

36 phone numbers nomor telepon Literal Translation

37 call log catatan panggilan Literal Translation

38 emergency call panggilan darurat Literal Translation

39 player pemutar Literal Translation

40 pause menjeda Literal Translation

41 copyright-protected

material

materi yang dilindungi hak

cipta

Literal Translation

42 folder map Literal Translation

43 mass storage penyimpanan massal Literal Translation

44 double-click klik dua kali Literal Translation

45 unplug dicabut Literal Translation

46 files berkas Literal Translation

47 operating system sistem operasi komputer Literal Translation

48 rewind memundurkan Literal Translation

49 photos gambar Literal Translation

50 zoom memperbesar Literal Translation

51 record merekam Literal Translation

52 received message pesan yang diterima Literal Translation

53 message thread utas pesan Literal Translation

54 password sandi Literal Translation

55 recipient's address alamat penerima Literal Translation

56 attach lampirkan Literal Translation

57 wireless nirkabel Literal Translation

58 pair memasang Literal Translation

59 visible terlihat Literal Translation

60 shortcuts pintasan Literal Translation

(42)

29

62 tone nada Literal Translation

63 recurrence perulangan Literal Translation

64 silence menonaktifkan Literal Translation

65 snooze tunda Literal Translation

66 callers penelepon Literal Translation

67 update perbarui Literal Translation

1) Callers → Penelepon

Callers literally means penelepon.

2) Emergency call → panggilan darurat

Emergence literally means darurat while call is linear with “panggilan”.

3). Zoom → Memperbesar

Zoom literally means memperbesar.

4.2.2 Borrowing (Mix Loanwords) Table 3 : Mix Loanwords

1 features fitur Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

2 access akses Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

3 battery baterai Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

4 connectors konektor Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

(43)

30

Loanwords)

6 microphone mikrofon Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

10 navigate menavigasi Borrowing (Mix

Loanwords)

1) Microphone → Mikrofon

‘Mikrofon’ is borrowed from source language ‘Microphone’ with some changes in

writing system (form). The word “phone” is culturally respelled to be “-fon” in accordance to

Bahasa Indonesia.

2) Camera → Kamera

‘Camera’ is a noun which is translated into ‘kamera’ by replacing the letter “c” become

“k” in Target Language since Bahasa Indonesia will always be read as how it is written.

3) Navigate → Navigasi

The word ‘-te’ in ‘navigate’ is naturalized to the target language ‘-si’ in “navigasi”.

(44)

31

2 network operator operator jaringan Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

3 battery cover tutup baterai Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

5 display formats format tampilan Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

6 ear speaker speaker telinga Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

7 volume key tombol volume Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

8 power adapter adaptor listrik Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

10 flight mode mode terbang Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

11 text input memasukkan teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

12 quick text teks cepat Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

13 text field kolom teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

14 character key tombol karakter Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

15 email addresses alamat email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

(45)

32

17 language icon ikon bahasa Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

18 audio books buku audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

19 player widget widget pemutar Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

20 mini-player pemutar mini Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

21 record videos merekam video Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

22 text messaging pesan teks Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

23 web browser peramban web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

24 web pages halaman Web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

25 web address alamat web Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

26 voice messages pesan suara Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

27 voicemail number nomor voicemail Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

28 imei number Nomor imei Borrowing (Loan

Blends

29 sim card kartu sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

30 sim contacts kontak sim Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

31 usb cable kabel usb Borrowing (Loan

(46)

33

32 camera lens lensa kamera Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

33 application icons ikon aplikasi Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

34 applications panes panel aplikasi Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

36 menu texts teks menu Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

37 audio content konten audio Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

38 external disks disk eksternal Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

39 video camera kamera video Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

40 email subject subjek email Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

41 alarm text teks alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

42 alarm signal sinyal alarm Borrowing (Loan

Blends)

1) Web pages → halaman web

‘Halaman’ is native while ‘web’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘web’.

2) Player widget → Pemutar widget

(47)

34 3) Audio Books → Buku Audio

‘Buku’ is native while ‘audio’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘audio’.

4.2.5 Equivalence

It is the procedure used in the case where the same situation can be described by texts

using different stylistic and structural methods.

Table 6 : Equivalence

1 setup wizard panduan konfigurasi Equivalence

2 home key tombol utama Equivalence

3 multitap Ketukan ganda Equivalence

4 upper-case huruf kapital Equivalence

5 lower-case huruf kecil Equivalence

6 back up cadangan Equivalence

7 review mode memperbesar Equivalence

8 viewfinder layar bidikan Equivalence

9 status bar baris menu Equivalence

10 bookmark menandai Equivalence

4.2.6 Borrowing

It is the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and transferred to

the TL, but in a ‘naturalized form’, which is made to conform to the rules of grammar or

pronunciation of the TL. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the

second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and

the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning

is fully borrowed (loan blends).

Table 7 : Borrowing

1 Menu Menu Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(48)

35

Loanwords)

3 speaker speaker Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

4 shortcuts shortcuts Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

5 wallpaper wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

6 internet internet Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

7 caps lock caps lock Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

8 podcasts podcast Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

9 install instal Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

10 file explorer file explorer Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

11 desktop desktop Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

12 albums album Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

13 wallpapers wallpaper Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

14 multimedia multimedia Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

15 emails email Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

16 bluetooth bluetooth Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

(49)

36

Loanwords)

18 alarms alarm Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

19 voicemail voicemail Borrowing (Pure

Loanwords)

1) Emails → Email

‘Email’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Emails” without any change in target

language writing system.

2) Bluetooth → Bluetooth

‘Bluetooth’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Bluetooth” without any change in

target language writing system.

3) Alarm → Alarm

‘Alarm’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Alarm” without any change in target

language writing system.

4.3 Data Finding

Based on the analysis, only five of seven procedures of translation delivered by Vinay

and Darbelnet are used to translate the information technology terms in Sony Ericsson W150i

guidebook into Bahasa Indonesia. The table below figures out the percentage of procedures used

(50)

37 Table 8 : Types of Procedure

No Types of Procedure Number of Data %

1 Borrowing 70 43.12%

2 Equivalence 10 6.17%

3 Literal Translation 67 41.35%

4 Transposition 5 3.08%

The table shows that literal translation is the most dominant procedure used in translating

these information technology terms . Seventy of a hundred sixty two IT terms (43.12%) are

translated with literal borrowing procedure .Sixty seven of a hundred sixty two IT terms

(41.35%) are translated with this procedure. Then, equivalence and transposition procedures are

used in a small number. Equivalence procedure takes 6.17% while transposition procedure takes

Translation Procedures In Translating Information Technology Terms In Sony Ericsson W150i’s User Guidebook

TABLE OF CONTENTS