The translation procedures of culture-specific terms in on foreign shores.

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ABSTRACT

Kurnia, Paskalis Damar Aji. 2014. Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On Foreign Shores. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

In translation, cultural differences between the source and target language cause major difficulties. Often, cultural differences are characterized by the absence of the relevant source language situation in the culture of the target language. If this problem happens, a translator should employ translation procedures to overcome it in sentences or smaller units of language within the text. One example of texts in which such cultural problems may occur is On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry, an anthology of Indonesian poetry written in Bahasa Indonesia which is translated into English by John McGlynn. Thus, this research is conducted to find out procedures to translate culture-specific terms indicating cultural problems.

The research questions then were formulated as: 1) What are the culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores? and 2) What are the procedures adopted by McGlynn in translating the culture-specific terms found inOn Foreign Shores?

To answer both research questions, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using the content analysis. The research data are taken from On Foreign Shores. To answer the first research question, the researcher identified and classified culture-specific terms inOn Foreign Shoresaccording to Newmark’s categorisation (1988). To answer the second research question, the researcher analyzed the procedures to translate culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores from Bahasa Indonesia into English by employing procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) and Newmark (1988).

From the analyses, it can be concluded that: first, there are 23 culture-specific terms found inOn Foreign Shores.Second, there are 5 procedures used to translate culture-specific terms in this anthology. Those procedures are transference, cultural equivalence or adaptation, functional equivalence, descriptive equivalence, and reduction. In fact, functional equivalence is the most frequently procedure used by McGlynn. Therefore, the researcher then addressed several recommendations for: 1) translators to take culture-specific terms and translation procedures into account in cross-cultural translation, 2) ELESP to start developing cross-cultural translation topic in Translation course in order that students of ELESP are aware of cultural problems in translation, and 3) future researchers to analyze other translation procedures that are not found in this research in accordance to cross-cultural translation.

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ABSTRAK

Kurnia, Paskalis Damar Aji. 2014. Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On Foreign Shores. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Dalam penerjemahan, perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa sasaran dapat menyebabkan masalah serius. Seringkali, perbedaan budaya ditandai dengan ketiadaan situasi yang relevan menurut bahasa sumber di dalam budaya bahasa sasaran. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, seorang penerjemah harus menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan pada kalimat maupun unit bahasa yang lebih sederhana di dalam naskah. Salah satu contoh naskah di mana masalah ini terdapat adalah On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry, sebuah antologi puisi Indonesia yang ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Inggris oleh John H. McGlynn. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan prosedur untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik yang menandakan adanya masalah budaya.

Pertanyaaan-pertanyaan yang akan dijawab dalam skripsi ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores? dan 2) Prosedur apa saja yang digunakan olehMcGlynn untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores?

Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan penelitian kualitatif melalui analisis isi dengan On Foreign Shores sebagai sumber data. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah pertama, peneliti mengidentifikasi dan mengelompokkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores berdasarkan kategorisasi Newmark (1988). Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, peneliti menganalisa prosedur untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores dari Bahasa Indonesia menjadi Bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan prosedur yang dikemukakan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet(1958) danNewmark(1988).

Berdasarkan analisa data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: pertama, terdapat 23 istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores. Kedua, terdapat 5 prosedur yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam antologi ini. Prosedur-prosedur tersebut adalah transferensi, kepadanan budaya atau adaptasi, kepadanan fungsional, kepadanan deskriptif, dan reduksi. Kepadanan fungsional adalah prosedur yang paling sering digunakan oleh McGlynn. Pada akhirnya, peneliti mengusulkan beberapa rekomendasi yang ditujukan pada: 1) penerjemah untuk memperhitungkan istilah budaya spesifik dan prosedur penerjemahan dalam penerjemahan antar budaya, 2) Program Studi PBI untuk mengembangkan topik penerjemahan antar budaya dalam mata kuliah Translation, dan 3) calon peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa prosedur penerjemahan lain yang tidak ditemukan pada penelitian ini dalam kaitannya dengan penerjemahan antar budaya.

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THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF

CULTURE-SPECIFIC TERMS IN

ON FOREIGN SHORES

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Paskalis Damar Aji Kurnia 091214107

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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i

THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF

CULTURE-SPECIFIC TERMS IN

ON FOREIGN SHORES

ASARJANA PENDIDIKANTHESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Paskalis Damar Aji Kurnia 091214107

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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vi ABSTRACT

Kurnia, Paskalis Damar Aji. 2014. Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On Foreign Shores. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

In translation, cultural differences between the source and target language cause major difficulties. Often, cultural differences are characterized by the absence of the relevant source language situation in the culture of the target language. If this problem happens, a translator should employ translation procedures to overcome it in sentences or smaller units of language within the text. One example of texts in which such cultural problems may occur is On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry, an anthology of Indonesian poetry written in Bahasa Indonesia which is translated into English by John McGlynn. Thus, this research is conducted to find out procedures to translate culture-specific terms indicating cultural problems.

The research questions then were formulated as: 1) What are the culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores? and 2) What are the procedures adopted by McGlynn in translating the culture-specific terms found inOn Foreign Shores?

To answer both research questions, the researcher conducted a qualitative research by using the content analysis. The research data are taken from On Foreign Shores. To answer the first research question, the researcher identified and classified culture-specific terms inOn Foreign Shores according to Newmark’s categorisation (1988). To answer the second research question, the researcher analyzed the procedures to translate culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores from Bahasa Indonesia into English by employing procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) and Newmark (1988).

From the analyses, it can be concluded that: first, there are 23 culture-specific terms found inOn Foreign Shores.Second, there are 5 procedures used to translate culture-specific terms in this anthology. Those procedures are transference, cultural equivalence or adaptation, functional equivalence, descriptive equivalence, and reduction. In fact, functional equivalence is the most frequently procedure used by McGlynn. Therefore, the researcher then addressed several recommendations for: 1) translators to take culture-specific terms and translation procedures into account in cross-cultural translation, 2) ELESP to start developing cross-cultural translation topic in Translation course in order that students of ELESP are aware of cultural problems in translation, and 3) future researchers to analyze other translation procedures that are not found in this research in accordance to cross-cultural translation.

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vii ABSTRAK

Kurnia, Paskalis Damar Aji. 2014. Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On Foreign Shores. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University.

Dalam penerjemahan, perbedaan budaya antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa sasaran dapat menyebabkan masalah serius. Seringkali, perbedaan budaya ditandai dengan ketiadaan situasi yang relevan menurut bahasa sumber di dalam budaya bahasa sasaran. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, seorang penerjemah harus menggunakan prosedur penerjemahan pada kalimat maupun unit bahasa yang lebih sederhana di dalam naskah. Salah satu contoh naskah di mana masalah ini terdapat adalah On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry, sebuah antologi puisi Indonesia yang ditulis dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Inggris oleh John H. McGlynn. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan prosedur untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik yang menandakan adanya masalah budaya.

Pertanyaaan-pertanyaan yang akan dijawab dalam skripsi ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: 1) Apa saja istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores? dan 2) Prosedur apa saja yang digunakan oleh McGlynn untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores?

Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti melakukan penelitian kualitatif melalui analisis isi dengan On Foreign Shores sebagai sumber data. Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah pertama, peneliti mengidentifikasi dan mengelompokkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores berdasarkan kategorisasi Newmark (1988). Untuk menjawab rumusan masalah yang kedua, peneliti menganalisa prosedur untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores dari Bahasa Indonesia menjadi Bahasa Inggris dengan menggunakan prosedur yang dikemukakan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet(1958) danNewmark(1988).

Berdasarkan analisa data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa: pertama, terdapat 23 istilah budaya spesifik dalam On Foreign Shores. Kedua, terdapat 5 prosedur yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan istilah budaya spesifik dalam antologi ini. Prosedur-prosedur tersebut adalah transferensi, kepadanan budaya atau adaptasi, kepadanan fungsional, kepadanan deskriptif, dan reduksi. Kepadanan fungsional adalah prosedur yang paling sering digunakan oleh McGlynn. Pada akhirnya, peneliti mengusulkan beberapa rekomendasi yang ditujukan pada: 1) penerjemah untuk memperhitungkan istilah budaya spesifik dan prosedur penerjemahan dalam penerjemahan antar budaya, 2) Program Studi PBI untuk mengembangkan topik penerjemahan antar budaya dalam mata kuliah Translation, dan 3) calon peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa prosedur penerjemahan lain yang tidak ditemukan pada penelitian ini dalam kaitannya dengan penerjemahan antar budaya.

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viii

“FOR I CONSIDER THAT THE SUFFERINGS OF THIS

PRESENT TIME ARE NOT WORTH COMPARING WITH

THE GLORY THAT IS TO BE REVEALED TO US”

(ROMANS 8:18)

DEDICATED TO:

THE HOUSE OF JOYO MONAWI

THE HOUSE OF SUTARSOMO

AND

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ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to praiseJesus Christ—my life and my love. I

truly thank Him for always walking by my side through every single path I take.

No words in Earth nor in every realm can describe how grateful I am for having

Him in my life

The greatest gratitude of mine goes to the best sponsor I have ever had,

Drs. Barli Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D. Through the very hectic time of my thesis until

now, his patience and his favor to give me my independence in writing have been

the greatest power for me. Moreover, his advice, comments, suggestions, and

corrections were very valuable for me.

In completion of my thesis, I also thankall of lecturers and students of

ELESP Sanata Dharma University for everything. I would peculiarly thankIbu

Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M.Trans.St., for kindly being the proofreader of the

embryo of my thesis, and Ibu Yuseva Ariyani Iswandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., for

patiently teaching me to write in English from the basic. I would also like to thank

Ibu Caecilia Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd., for being the most caring and the best

chairperson of ELESP, andIbuChristina Kristiyani, S.Pd., M.Pd., for being the

best academic advisor of my class in ELESP.

For everything, I thankBapakHeribertus Menir Sunarno,IbuElisabet

Dwi Rahayu, and Agustina Ria Arini. As my family, they have done everything

to me—and now; I must become everything for them. I believe that their prayers

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x

Monawi and House of Sutarsomo for all supports and prayers—especially the

late Budhe Maria Magdalena Sri Ekorini, the late Simbah Antonius Dibya

Sanjaya, and the late Simbah Chatarina Darmo Suprobo for delivering my

prayers to Jesus Christ, who sits with the three of you in heaven.

For every support and companion, I thank the great family of Lembaga

Bahasa Universitas Sanata Dharma (all coordinators, all teachers, and all staff),

all best friends in Layung, all best friends in LVYWR, and all best friends in

Kelompok 11-Pusmalang Barat KKN XLV. For all inspirations, I thank The Devil Wears Prada,Underoath, andPark Chan-wook (even though they might

never know). For everything, I peculiarly thank Shela Novitasari, Adit, Mas

Ketchup, Budi, Nicko, Ayon, Tunggul, Bayu, Mas Amink, Mas Grandil,

Indra,Aldhy,Blacky,Ceper,Mas Sasongko,Liece,Yoga,Devi and Tari (for

their generosity), Nana, Tiara, Anggi, Adam, Kojek, Saka, and all comrades

whom I cannot mention one by one. I owe them a galaxy.

Finally, I thank everyone who knows me and cares about me—those

whom I cannot mention one by one. I would like to remind them that there are no

deeds left unrewarded. May all beings be happy.

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xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

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xv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Table of Culture-Specific Terms (Based on Newmark (1988))... 42

3.2 Table of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms (Based on Vinay & Darbelnet (1959), Newmark (1988))... 43

4.1 The Ecology Category of Culture-Specific Terms... 54

4.2 The Material Culture Category of Culture-Specific Terms... 57

4.3 The Social Culture Category of Culture-Specific Terms... 64

4.4 The Organisations, Ideas, and Customs Category... 66

4.5 The Gestures and Habits Category of Culture-Specific Terms... 68

4.6 The Distribution of Culture-Specific Terms inOn Foreign Shores... 69

4.7 The Use of Functional Equivalence Procedure... 96

4.8 The Use of Cultural Equivalence Procedure... 101

4.9 The Use of Descriptive Equivalence Procedure... 104

4.10 The Use of Transference Procedure... 105

4.11 The Use of Reduction Procedure... 107

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xvi

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

A. Table 3.1...……….. 118

B. Table 3.2...………... 121

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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the researcher discusses the background of the research. It

consists of six parts, namely research background, research problem, problem

limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. The

research background discusses the underlying reason why the researcher chose

this topic and an introduction of an analysis on the translation of Indonesian

poems written by Indonesian poets featured in On Foreign Shores: American

Images in Indonesian Poetrytranslated by John H. McGlynn.

A. Research Background

Language and culture cannot be separated from human life. Both of

them are integral parts of human life. Hymes (1964: 21) states that “speech is so

fundamental an activity of a man, language is so integral a part of his culture.”

Witherspoon (1980) believes that language and culture are highly interrelated and

proposes that cultures cannot be studied without attention to the native language

spoken within them, and language cannot be studied in isolation from the cultures

in which they are spoken. In addition, language and culture influence one another.

Language, in general, is a means of communication for people to interact with

other people. Specifically, language is also a means for the culture to share its

beliefs, values, and norms. Thus, cultural beliefs, values, and norms can also be

found in literary text as a product of language. Therefore, to study the literature as

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know the meaning and definition of certain cultural words or terms that exist in

literature of the target culture.

Translation plays an important role in studying the target culture. It

enables people to exchange information with others who speak in different

languages and come from some different culture. Nida and Taber (1982: 12) state

that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language (target language)

the closest natural equivalent of the source language message in term of meaning

and style. It can be concluded that translation should transfer the real meaning of

the source language message instead of transferring only the form. That idea

defines what an ideal translation is. However, fulfilling the criteria of the ideal

translation is not an easy thing. Based on Larson (1984: 163), cultural differences

between the source and target language pose major difficulties for translators.

Certain concepts in the source language may have no equivalence in the target

language because of differences in aspects, such as geography, customs, beliefs,

and various other factors. For example, some Javanese words likemacapat,which means old traditional Javanese verses,paklik,which means the younger brother of one’s parents, budhe, which means the older sister of one’s parents, and surjan, which means traditional Javanese clothes for men, may be difficult to be

translated into English because English, the target language does not have cultural

equivalences for those words.

The problem of non-equivalence in translation has become a serious

threat to translators. Based on Nida and Taber (1974), a translation reaches the

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to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language; it is

also called dynamic equivalence. Meanwhile, non-equivalence is rooted the

untranslatability. The untranslatability itself, based on Catford (1965: 94), occurs

when it is impossible to build features of the situation which are functionally

relevant to the contextual meaning of the target language. There are two types of

untranslatability, linguistic and cultural untranslatability. Linguistic

untranslatability is caused by the failure to find a target language equivalence due

to the differences in source language and target language, while cultural

untranslatability is caused by the absence of the relevant source language situation

in the culture of the target language. Baker (1992: 20) reveals the occurence of

non-equivalence in the word level which is defined by the absence of direct

equivalence concept in the target language.

To analyze how problems of untranslatability and non-equivalence

rooted from the absence of local Indonesian cultural concepts in English, this

research focuses on some Indonesian poetry which is translated into English.

Poetry is chosen as the means of this research because of its likeliness of being

untranslatable, which Jakobson claims as an impact of the form of words that

contributes to the construction of the meaning in text (1959: 238). Thus, the

researcher considers that translating poetry is not an easy quest. As El-shafey

(2012: 12) states that it “is considered the highest forms of translation” as it

involves more than simply translating text. Poetry is an extraordinary kind of

text; it is the most personal and concentrated of all literary forms, no redundancy,

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other type of text (Newmark, 1988: 163). Therefore, the research only focuses on

words which become the first unit of meaning—preceding the sentence.

In conducting this research, the researcher analyzed all poems featured

in On Foreign Shores:American Images in Indonesian Poetry (which is going to be referred only as On Foreign Shores later).On Foreign Shores is an anthology of Indonesian poems telling experience as a poetic record of travels by Indonesian

poets through The United States of America, which was published in conjunction

with the 1990-1991 Festival of Indonesia in the United States by the Lontar

Foundation. This book consists of 69 poems from 21 Indonesian most pioneering

poets from several generations. All of those poems are translated into English by

McGlynn who also becomes the editor of this book. Damono, in the introduction

of this anthology, said that this anthology gives a chance for Indonesian readers

through the eyes of fellow Indonesians, who are poets to view The United States

of America; while for American readers, this collection offers insight into

foreigner’s attitude toward American ways. For all readers, this book presents a

study of intercultural exchange between Indonesia and the United States of

America.

McGlynn, who translated all poems in On Foreign Shores, finds that

culture-bound expressions (e.g., culture-specific terms and onomatopoeic words)

become problematic for him because of the lack of cultural correspondences in

English. It can be inferred from his statement that “it is impossible to translate”

without explicitation, or “without paragraphs of explanation for each items”

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Foreign Shores. In his effort to accommodate studies of intercultural exchange

and its global publication for readers in the United States, McGlynn, who

concerns about culture, takes these translation problems into account by carefully

addressing questions on how those cultural expressions in the poems which are

originally written in Bahasa Indonesia and some Javanese are translated into

English. Furthermore, a careful study of applied translation procedures in

translating from different cultural background was conducted by the translator to

accommodate the reader.

By conducting this research, the researcher expects that the findings of

this research will be beneficial in the practical field, as well as in the academic

field; moreover, for ‘Translation’ course in English Language Education Study

Program (ELESP) of Sanata Dharma University, in which the researcher majors

English Education. This research, which deals with cross-cultural translation and

procedures to translate literary work, is expected to equip Translation lecturers

and students with some decent comprehension on how translation procedures are

used in general and cultural purpose. In addition, this research is going to provide

ELESP students a vivid view on how culture-specific terms become threats in

translating English text into Bahasa Indonesia. This research is also expected to be

a consideration in designing syllabus used in Translation course. Generally, this

research is going to provide real and authentic examples of how translation

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B. Research Problem

Based on the research background, the problems of this research are

formulated as follows:

1. What are the culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores: American

Images in Indonesian Poetry?

2. What are the procedures adopted by McGlynn in translating the

culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian

Poetry?

C. Problem Limitation

Some theories on translation are applicable in general translation. It

means that those theories can be applied as the basic or standard principles to

translate any text from a language to other language. This research also focuses on

translating texts from Bahasa Indonesia into English; specifically on procedures

adopted by the translator, John H. McGlynn, to translate culture-specific terms.

The researcher also limits the procedures to those models proposed by Vinay and

Darbelnet (1995) and Newmark (1998).

This research is limited by analyzing only poems which are featured in

the anthology of poems entitled On Foreign Shores: American Images in

Indonesian Poetryas translated and edited by McGlynn. Those poems are selected

because they feature particular numbers of culture-specific term uses in them;

those culture-specific terms are mostly Indonesian and Javanese specific terms.

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meaning and reproduction of the syntactic form in TL, yet, neglecting stylistic

form of SL in the TL, as seen in the fragment below:

Pada hari yang ketiga kau siuman dan terjaga

Pada hari yang kelima kau sudah berganti nama

Pada hari kesebelas kau cicip udara bebas

Pada hari keduapuluh putusan jatuh: kau sembuh

(Surachman R.M’sSajak-Sajak dari Solarium, p. 56)

The fragment of Sajak-Sajak dari Solariumdevices rhyme, as indicated

by bolded letters above, to enhance stylistic form of the poem. However, when the

poem is translated into English, the rhyme deviced to enhance the style is not

transferred. Therefore, only the original meaning and syntactical form remain, as

seen in the fragment of the translated version ofSajak-Sajak dari Solariumbelow.

On the third day

you regained consciousness, awoke

On the fifth day you changed your name

On the eleventh day you tasted open air

On the twentieth day

the prognosis came: a clean bill of health

(Poems from the Solariums, an English version of Surachman R.M’s

Sajak-Sajak dari Solarium,p. 57)

Considering the fact that poems inOn Foreign Shores are translated by

regarding the meaning and literal form only, the researcher also focuses on the

transferred meaning and literal form from the SL to the TL. To accommodate that

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which are going to be translated only into word-level and phrase-level terms only.

Therefore, the researcher analyzes only culture-specific words and phrases in the

SL and their forms in the TL based on their intended meaning.

D. Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

1. To identify the culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores: American

Images in Indonesian Poetrybased on Newmark’s categorisation.

2. To find out the procedures applied in translating culture-specific terms in

On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry, which are

translated by McGlynn based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s and Newmark’s

models.

E. Research Benefits

The researcher is expecting this research to have contribution to

academic and practical field, particularly for the development of English language

education, for the translators, and for the further research.

1. For the Development of English Education

a. English teachers, especially who teach translation, would know better

how translation procedures play roles in translating culture-specific terms

in literary work.

b. Students, who learn English, especially about translation, would be able

to learn about threats in translation and how translation procedures play

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c. The research finding would be a consideration in designing material to

put in the syllabus of “Translation” course in English Language

Education Study Program.

2. For Translators

a. The research findings will give translators precautious aids on what

might be problematic in translating culture-specific terms in literary

work.

b. The research findings will give translators, especially who work for

Bahasa Indonesia-English translation, more considerations to take in

choosing the most appropriate procedures to translate culture-specific

terms in literary work.

3. For Further Research

a. This research will contribute to linguistics study, particularly related to

the translation of literary work, the translation of culture-specific terms,

and translation procedures for general and specific purpose.

b. The research findings will enrich the theories of linguistics which are

related to the translation of literary work and the translation of

culture-specific terms.

c. The research can be used and referred for other researchers in the future

as academic references to conduct further studies dealing with the

translation of literary work, especially with the translation of

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F. Definition of Terms

In this part, the researcher is going to give some definitions of terms

used in this research. The terms which are going to be described are translation,

translation procedure, culture-specific terms, source language, target language,

source text and target text.

1. Translation

Translation is simply known as a process of transferring message from

one language to another language. It is in lines with Newmark’s definition stating

that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way

the author intended the text (1988: 5). In addition, Catford (1965: 20) states that

translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language

by equivalent textual material in the target language. Similarly, Nida and Taber

(1974: 12) defines translation as the reproduction in receptor language of the

closest natural equivalent of the source message, first in terms of meaning, and

secondly in terms of style. Therefore, based on the definitions given by some

experts above, it can be concluded that translation deals with finding a Target

Language equivalence of a Source Language text.

2. Translation Procedure

Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003: 67) define translation procedures as

the way to translate words, phrases, clauses, or even the whole sentence if the

translated part cannot be separated into smaller units to be translated. Besides,

Krings (1986: 18) states that translation procedure is "translator's potentially

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concrete translation task," and Loescher (1991: 8) defines translation procedure as

"a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a

text, or any segment of it." From those definitions and explanations above, it can

be concluded that translation procedures deals with conscious act that a translator

used to overcome problems in sentences or smaller units of language within the

text.

In addition, some experts propose several translation procedures to

translate texts with or without corresponding equivalence. However, in this

research, only translation procedures proposed by Newmark (1988) and Vinay &

Darbelnet (1995) will be used.

3. Source Language (SL)

The Source Language or SL is the language in which the text requiring

translation is couched (Hervey and Higgins, 1992: 15). In other words, it is the

original language upon which the translation process happens. In this research, the

Source Language is Bahasa Indonesia in which the poems from On Foreign

Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetrywere originally written.

4. Target Language (TL)

The Target Language or TL is the language into which the original text

is to be translated (Hervey & Higgins, 1992: 15). In other words, it is the language

in which the translation is addressed. TL in this research is the language in which

the results of the translation of all poems inOn Foreign Shores: American Images

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this research is English, in which John H. McGlynn wrote the translation of those

poems.

5. Source Text (ST)

Hervey and Higgins define Source Text or ST as the text that requires

the translation (1992: 15). It is the text presented in the Source Language that was

translated. In this research, the STs are all poems inOn Foreign Shores: American

Images in Indonesian Poetry.

6. Target Text (TT)

A Target Text or TT is defined as the text which is a translation of

Source Text or the result of translating Source Text (Hervey & Higgins, 1992:

15). It means that TT is a text in Target Language as a result of translating Source

Language text. In this study, the TTs are all English version of the poems in On

Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry..

7. Culture-specific Terms

Baker (1992: 21) defines culture-specific items as abstract and concrete

concepts in the ST which are totally unknown in target culture. Furthermore,

Newmark (1988: 95) mentions that culture-specific terms “are associated with a

particular language and cannot be literally translated.” Newmark, then,

categorizes culture-specific terms into five categories as follows: a) ecology, b)

material culture, c) social culture, d) organizations, customs, ideas, and e) gestures

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13

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The contents of this chapter are to explain the theories related to the

conduct of this research. This chapter consists of two parts, namely theoretical

description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents the

theories of translation, culture-specific terms, translation procedures, and poems

underlying this research. The theoretical framework provides theories to solve the

research problems.

A. Theoretical Description

In this part, the researcher discusses three major parts of theoretical

description, namely the language, culture, and cross-cultural communication

theories, the culture-specific term theories, and the translation procedure theories.

The language, culture, and cross-cultural communication theories contain theories

which embrace the scope of the translation itself, types of translation, process of

translation, translation shift, untranslatability, translation equivalence. Separately,

the culture-specific term theories embrace the definition of which and the

categorisation; while, the translation procedure theories encompass procedures

proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Newmark.

The theoretical description begins with the discussion of the theories of

language, culture, and cross-cultural communication, including the types of

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translation equivalence. The next part concerns with further theories related to the

terms that will be used in analyzing part of this research, namely culture-specific

terms, which include categories of cultural words, and translation procedure,

which are limited to Newmark’s and Vinay and Darbelnet’s models only.

Subsequently, the culture-specific terms are described, in which it encompassed

two sections, namely the definition of culture-specific terms and the categories of

culture-specific terms. Afterwards, translation procedures are also described in

two sections, namely the definition of translation procedures and the types of

translation procedures as proposed by Newmark and Vinay and Darbelnet.

1. Language, Translation, and Cross-cultural Communication

Translation, in this modern situation, is not merely about transferring

meaning between texts from one language to another language. Based on

Snell-Hornby (1990), translation studies have moved from translation as text to as

culture and politics. It is implied that translation has gone beyond the text itself –

there are several cultural and politic concerns to be taken into account in

translation. Munday (2001: 125) also clarifies that comparisons between original

texts and the translations do not consider the text in its cultural environment. He

adds that translation goes beyond language and focuses on the interaction between

translation and culture, on an account where culture impacts and constrains

translation, and on the issues of context, history and conventions. Therefore,

culture has a major role in translation.

In translation, understanding the culture is definitely a serious concern.

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Different places in the world may have different culture. Each culture has specific

differentiator to differentiate to other cultures. Furthermore, certain culture is

differentiated from another culture by language. As Katan (1999: 75) states that

the key to cultural reality was in the lexicon, it is implied that words of a language

are what differentiate cultures. Language itself could be understood with reference

to a context of culture (Malinowski, 1923). He also states that language is

essentially rooted in the reality of culture.

In the light of culture, language must be explained with constant

reference. A language could only be understood when these two contexts

implicitly or explicitly clear to the addressee or interlocutors. Therefore, the role

of translation is to make the source text (ST) comprehensible to the target text

(TT) readers by providing them context. According to Malmkjaer (2005: 10), the

relationship between the linguistic form and the referent shows that “language

does not put names on things, but on concepts.” It reflects that the meaning of

word is conceptual-based. In the light of culture, it represents some concepts that

exist in certain culture. The problem is some concepts may exist in one culture but

some may not exist in other cultures. Therefore, the meaning of certain words in

one culture cannot be transferred into other culture’s word directly. Jakobson

(2004: 139) explains that the problem of equivalence in meaning between words

in different language, as a differentiator of culture, happens because there is

ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units. For example, the wordgotong

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equivalence in English, and the wordjoglo, a traditional type of house in Javanese

tradition, has no equivalence in English as well.

a. Type of translation

There are several types of translation. Catford (1965:20-26)

differentiates them based on extent, level, and rank. He defines translation, as

follow:

1. Full vs. PartialTranslation.

This distinction relates to the extent of SL text which is submitted to the

translation process. In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the

translation process, which means all part of the SL text is replaced by the TL

material. In a partial translation, some part or parts of the SL text are left

untranslated. It is common to have this kind of treatment in most literary

translation.

2. Total vs. RestrictedTranslation

This distinction relates to the language involved in the translation. Total

translation is best defined as the replacement of SL grammar and lexis by

equivalent TL grammar and lexis, which may result in replacement of SL sounds

or spellings by non-equivalent TL sounds or spellings. On the other hand,

restricted translation is defined as the replacement of SL textual material by

equivalent TL textual material at only one level. It implies that translation is

performed only at the phonology (the sounds) or the spellings, or only at one level

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3. Rank of Translation

The third type of differentiation in translation relates to the rank in a

grammatical (or phonological) hierarchy at which translation equivalence is

established. In normal total translation, the grammatical units between which

translation equivalences can be at any rank, while in a long text, the ranks where

translation equivalences occur are constantly changing. It can be

sentence-to-sentence, group-to-group, word-to-word, etc.

The popular termsfree,literal, andword-for-wordtranslation also partly

correlate with this distinction. A free translation is always unbounded between

larger units than the sentence. Aword-for-word translation generally means what

it says; it is essentially at word-rank. Aliteral translation may start from a

word-for-wordtranslation, but it makes changes in TL grammar. An example adopting

Catford (1965: 26) can be seen below:

SL text Siapa nama Anda?

TL text 1 Who name of yours? (Word-for-word)

2 Who is your name? (Literal)

3 What is your name? (Free)

The relation between free, literal, and word-for-word translation can be seen as

written above. Word-for-word translation performed in word rank, literal

translation performed in a higher level of word-for-word translation by the change

in grammar; whilefreetranslation seeks further than any rank beforehand.

On the other hand, based on the purpose of translation, Brislin (1976:

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1. PragmaticTranslation

It refers to the translation of a message with an interest in accuracy of

the information that was meant to be conveyed in the SL form. It is not concerned

with other aspects of the SL. The example of pragmatic translation is the

translation of procedure to do something, such as safety flight procedure on an

airlines and procedures of usage in electronic devices.

2. Aesthetic-PoeticTranslation

This refers to translation in which the translator takes into account the

affect, emotion, and feeling of an original agnate version, the aesthetic form used

by the original author in SL, as well as any information in the message. The

example ofaesthetic-poetic translation is the translation of sonnet, rhyme, heroic

couplet, dramatic dialogues, and novel.

3. EthnographicTranslation

It refers to translation whose purpose is to explicate the SL and TL

culture. Translators have to be sensitive to the way words are used. Accordingly,

translators must know how the words fit into cultures.

4. LinguisticTranslation

It concerns with equivalent meanings of the constituent morphemes of

the SL. It also deals with the SL grammatical form. The example of which is the

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In addition, Brislin (as cited in Choliludin, 2005: 26-29) also states that

based on the kinds of text to being translated, there are two types of translation,

namely factual translation and literary translation. Factual translation refers to

translating to convey information with precision, without emotion or feeling of the

translators but only based on real facts, i.e. translating scientific fields, reports,

newspaper, etc.Literary translation refers to the translation of art works in which

the translators involve his or her emotion or feeling and the translators have a perk

of being subjective. The example of which is translating poems, drama, novel, etc.

Larson (1984: 15) proposes that translation is classified into two main

types, namelyform-based translation andmeaning-based translation.Form-based

translation mostly follows the SL form; it is commonly known as literal

translation. Meaning-based translation attempts to make every effort to

communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural form of TL. It is also

known as idiomatic translation.

b. Process of translation

Based on Larson (1984: 3), the goal of a translator is “an idiomatic

translation which makes every effort to communicate their meaning of the SL text

into the natural forms of the receptor language.” Furthermore, he adds that

translation is concerned with a study of the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the SL, which is analyzed in

order to determine its meaning. The discovered meaning is later re-expressed

and/or re-constructed using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are

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process of translation is not merely transferring the SL style directly to the TL

form, but it is transferring the SL meaning into TL meaning and reconstructing it

in the closest form of the TL. The following diagram is representing Larson’s

process of translation.

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

[image:39.595.98.506.195.545.2]

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Figure 2.1.Larson’s Translation Process (1984: 4)

On the other hand, Nida and Taber (1982: 33) categorize translation

process into three stages. The first stage is “analysis”, in which the surface

structure is analyzed in terms of (1) the grammatical relationship, and (2) the

meaning of the words and the combinations of words. The second stage is

“transfer”, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of of ther

translator from SL to TL. The third stage is “restructuring”, in which the

transferred is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in

the TL. The following diagram illustrates the process of translation based on Nida

and Taber (1988: 33).

Text to be translated

Translation

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A (Source) B (Receptor)

(Analysis) (Restructuring)

[image:40.595.97.516.93.565.2]

X Transfer Y

Figure 2.2.Nida and Taber’s Translation Process (1988: 33)

c. Form and meaning in translation

Larson (1984: 3) states that translation is basically a change of form,

which are referred to as the surface structure of a language. It concerns with the

structural part of a language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech, or

in other words, it is the language of daily formal communication. In addition,

Baker (1992: 24) says that “the form of the source language in translation is

replaced by the equivalent lexical item of the receptor language.” The problem is

not every particular form in the SL has lexical equivalence in the TL.

Based on Larson (1984: 3), translation goes from thr SL form into the

TL form by the way of semantic structure. In making a translation, a translator

transfers the meaning of the SL text. Therefore, changes of form in the TL should

not change the meaning of the SL text; the meaning of the SL text is to keep

constantly. It refers to the characteristic of a language in which the same emaning

component occurs in several surface structure of lexical items.

The initial thing to do in translation process is to understand the

complete meaning of the SL text. There are several kinds of meaning. Nida and

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connotativemeaning. Referential meaning refers to words as symbols of objects,

event, abstracts and relations. Connotative meaning refers to how language users

react to the words and their combinations. By knowing the meaning of the SL

text, the translators are able to produce particular meaning to the TL and transfer

the meaning effectively into the TL environment. Therefore, well-transferred

meanings are easier to be understood by the target readers.

d. Untranslatability

There is a problem where some texts cannot be translated from ST into

TT found in the selected poems which are going to be analyzed; a problem which

mostly exists because of cultural absence of some cultural concept in American

culture and most English speaking countries (e.g.: gayam, a local food whose

concept only exists in Indonesian culture and is impossible to translate directly

into English). This problem is called as untranslatability. According to Catford

(1965), there are two kinds of untranslatability. The first is called Linguistic

Untranslatability, which happens when there is no lexical or syntactical substitute

in TL, and the second is called Cultural Untranslatability, which happens when

there is an absence in the TL culture of a relevant situational feature.

However, untranslatabilities can be translated indirectly by transferring

the source item and explaining it if no parallel item can be found in TL and no

compensatory effect to produce within the same paragraph (Newmark, 1981).

Each variety of meaning in a SL can be translated both directly and indirectly into

a TL. Therefore, every single item is translatable using that principle. Jakobson

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there is no one-to-one correspondence between signs across language, full

semantic meaning of the words can still be expressed by that principle.

Untranslatabilities can be a source of information streams in translation.

Nida (1959) states that non-correspondence of grammatical and lexical categories,

as the main cause of untranslatabilities, is the main source of information loss and

gain in translation when SL category lacks information which is obligatory

expressed in the corresponding TL category. Furthermore, untranslatabilities can

also be a source of information streams in translating between different cultures

since language is an integral part of culture. Based on that situation, Snell-Hornby

(1988: 42) suggests that a translator needs not only proficiency in two languages,

but also be at home in those two cultures.

e. Translation Equivalence

Equivalence is not the same with correspondence, although those terms

have slight similarities. Correspondence happens in comparing two language

systems and describing differences and similarities contrastively. While

equivalence happens when there are equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and

contexts (Koller, 1979, in Munday, 2008: 47). Popovic (1976) explains further

about equivalence as he defines four types of equivalence (in Bardenstein, 2005):

1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of

both SL and TL texts, i.e. word for word translation.

2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of ‘the elements of

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3) Stylistic (syntacmatic) equivalence, where there is ‘functional equivalence of

elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with

an invariant of identical meaning’.

4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the

syntagmatic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.

Nida (1964:162-165) distinguishes two types of equivalences, formal

and dynamic.Formal equivalence‘focuses attention on the message itself, in both

form and content’. The concern of this type is such correspondences as poetry to

poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept.Dynamic equivalence,on the

other hand, is based on the principle of equivalence effect, where the relationship

between the receiver and message should be the same as that between the original

receivers and the SL message.

2. Culture-specific Terms

Newmark (1988: 94) defines culture as “the way of life and its

manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as

its means of expression.” Furthermore, he distinguishes languages into ‘cultural’,

‘universal’, and ‘personal’ language. However, the more specific a language

becomes for natural phenomena (e.g., flora and fauna) the more it becomes

embedded in cultural features, and therefore creates translation problems. Those

‘cultural’ words is later mentioned as culture-specific terms. On the other hand,

Baker (1992: 21) defines culture-specific items as abstract and concrete concepts

in the ST which are totally unknown in target culture. Due to its unknown state in

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procedures in translating culture-specific term to avoid mistranslation or

information loss.

In translating culture-specific term, a translator must recognize those

cultural words initially. Newmark (1988: 95) states that “most 'cultural' words are

easy to detect” because they are particular-language-associated and cannot be

literally translated, however, “many cultural customs are described in ordinary

language where literal translation would distort the meaning and a translation may

include an appropriate descriptive-functional equivalent.” Furthermore, he

categorizes cultural words into five categories, namely, (1) ecology, (2) material

culture, (3)social culture,(4)organizations, ideas, customs, and also (5)gestures

and habits(1988: 95-102).

a. Ecology

Newmark (1988: 96-97) states that geographical features can be

normally distinguished from other cultural terms in that they are usually

value-free, politically and commercially. Newmark’s examples of this category are the

local words for plains in many countries (i.e., ‘prairies’, ‘steppes’, ‘tundras’,

‘pampas’, ‘savannahs’, ‘llampos’, ‘campos’, ‘paramos’, ‘bush’, ‘veld’) with

strong elements of their local colours. Their familiarity is a function of the

importance and geographical or political proximity of their countries. These

words is normally transferred, with the addition of a brief culture-free third term

or explanation where necessary in the text. Mostly the examples of this category

are flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills. In On Foreign Shores, the example of

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Atlantik, as found in the word gayam, a local edible fruit found mostly in Java;

and daun ketapang, leaves from almond trees which grow near the seashore in

most area in Indonesia, as found in Subagio Sastrowardoyo’s Dan Kematian

Makin Akrab.

b. Material culture

Newmark (1988: 97-98) makes four sub-categories of material culture

category, namely, food, clothes, houses, and transports. Food is considered the

most sensitive and important expression of national culture; food terms cause the

widest variety of translation procedures, e.g., ‘zabaglione’, ‘sake’,

‘kaiserschmarren.’ Traditionally, national costumes when distinctive are not

translated, 2.g., sari, kimono, yukata, sarong. Clothes as cultural terms can be

explained in TL if the generic noun of classifier is added to indicate the part of

body that is covered. Furthermore, in many language communities, there are

typical houses which remain untranslated, e.g., ‘palazzo’, ‘hotel’, ‘bungalow’,

‘hacienda’, or ‘joglo.’ In addition, names of various carriages and transportation

are often used to provide local colours for prestige. However, an accurate

description is needed to precede or follow the transferred word. The examples of

‘transport’ sub-category are rickshaw, Mouton, Chalice, etc. In Linus Suryadi

AG’s Central Park and Darmanto Yatman’s Melintasi Atlantik, culture-specific

terms which are categorized into material culture are found, i.e., kopiah, a

ceremonial hat worn by Indonesian Muslim men, which belongs to terms for

clothes sub-category, and getek, a traditional raft made from bamboos, which

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c. Social culture

Newmark (1988: 98-99) also proposes that social culture category refers

to words that indicate particular work and leisure activity or product of cultures,

e.g., ‘ajaki amah’, ‘condotttere’, ‘biwa’, ‘sithar’, ‘raga’, ‘reggae’, ‘rock.’

Examples given by Newmark (1988: 95) show that local music terms, music

instruments, and music genre (e.g., sithar and biwa—Indian traditional string

instrument, raga—Indian melodic mode, reggae—Jamaican music genre) also

belong to this category. In Darmanto Yatman’sMelintasi Atlantik, there are some

examples of culture-specific term which belong to social culture category; i.e.,

megatruh,bapak pocung,anddandanggula,which are Javanese traditional songs.

d. Organisations, ideas, and customs

Based on Newmark (1988: 99-102), organisations, ideas, and customs

terms come from political, social, legal, historical, religious, and artistic terms.

Names of several parliaments are not readily translatable, e.g.,Storting(Norway),

Sejm (Poland), Riksdag (Sweden), Eduskunta (Finland). Organisations’ names

also need a study to translate, whether they need appropriate functional or

descriptive terms to explain. Those also include historical institute terms and

international terms, e.g., FAO, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Religious terms, mostly

Christianity, provide words which needs translation, e.g., Pharisees. Name of

buildings, museums, theatres, opera houses, are likely to be translated, since they

form part of street plans and addresses. Words likeSekolah Rakyat as a historical

institute term in Indonesia is an example of it, which is found in Taufiq Ismail’s

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e. Gestures and habits

Based on Newmark (1988: 102), “for ‘gestures and habits’ there is a

distinction between description and function which can be made where necessary

in ambiguous case.” Some gestures and habits exist and are practiced among

people in particular culture, however, the same gestures and habits do not exist in

other cultures, e.g., ‘cock a snook’, ‘spitting.’ Ongkang-ongkang is a local

Javanese gesture which belongs to this category, which can be found in

Surachman R.M.’sHari Tua Mister Gilbert.

3. Translation Procedures

Translation procedures are important matters for translators.

Suryawinata and Haryanto (2003: 67) define it as the way to translate words,

phrases, clauses, or even the whole sentence if the translated part cannot be

separated into smaller units to be translated. Furthermore, Krings (1986: 18)

defines it as "translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete

translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task,"

and Loescher (1991: 8) defines translation procedure as "a potentially conscious

procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it."

Translation procedures employ consciousness to help translating problematic text;

translator’s consciousness makes it difference from any non-strategic procedures

of translation. Newmark (1988: 81) differentiates translation procedures to

translation methods. He states that “translation methods relate to whole texts,”

while translation procedures “are used for sentences and the smaller units of

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conscious act that a translator used to overcome problems in sentences or smaller

units of language within the text.

Furthermore, Benjamin (1923) explains that translation can never be

completely adequate to foreign text (in Venuti, 2000: 20). Translation allowed the

translator to choose between adomesticating method, an ethnocentric reduction of

the foreign text to TL cultural value, “bringing the author back home,” and a

foreignising method, an ethno-deviant pressure on those values to register

linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, “sending the reader abroad.”

Venuti later adds some explanations to define foreignisation and domestication.

Foreignisation aims to preserve the differences of the source culture, while

domestication focuses on replacing the source culture with the target culture

(Venuti, 2000: 468). Translators should also consider their tendency and

possibility whether to foreignise or domesticate their translation.

There are many models of procedures proposed by experts to help

translating problematic SL text into the TL. However, Vinay and Darbelnet’s

models proposed in “A Methodology for Translation” and Newmark’s models

proposed in “A Textbook of Translation” are the most familiar procedures in

modern translation. Therefore, in this research, the researcher is going to use

Vinay and Darbelnet’s and Newmark’s models.

Vinay and Darbelnet’s model is the most familiar procedure in modern

translation. In their journal “A Methodology of Translation” which is originally

written in French, Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) elaborate two procedures to

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which are SL-oriented, and procedures which are TL-oriented, oblique

translation, which are elaborated again into seven procedures, in which the first

three are direct translation, and the others are oblique translation: borrowing,

calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence,andadaptation

(in Venuti, 2000: 84-93). That model is basically designed for translating from

French to English; to translate distant languages, such as Indonesian to English, or

Javanese to English, more procedures are needed.

Therefore, the researcher takes Newmark’s models into account to

provide more procedures. Newmark (1988) also develops some procedures to

translate foreign texts, only he focuses at level of sentence and smaller units of

language. Newmark adds some additional terms such as, transference, which are

actually the same with Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing with focus on meaning

rather than style, and naturalisation, which is similar to calque but the

pronunciation and morphology of SL are adapted to TL. Newmark (1998: 81-91)

also expands Vinay and Darbelnet’s model by combining two, three, or four

procedures to generate Newmark’s model which consists of: cultural equivalent,

functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation

(calque In Vinay and Darbelnet’s model), transposition, modulations,

equivalence,andadaptation (the last four procedures are the same with Vinay and

Darbelnet’s). He adds thatnotes, additions, andglosses are acceptable procedures

when differences between SL and TL cultures are obvious and none of the other

procedure can transfer the expressions satisfactorily, or when there is ambiguity in

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Vinay and Darbelnet’s and Newmark’s model of translation procedures

are described as follows:

The translation procedures of culture-specific terms in on foreign shores.

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana Pendidikan Degree

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana Pendidikan Degree

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

“FOR I CONSIDER THAT THE SUFFERINGS OF THIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION... 1

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 39

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 110

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDICES

A. Research Background

B. Research Problem

C. Problem Limitation

D. Research Objectives

E. Research Benefits

F. Definition of Terms

CHAPTER II

A. Theoretical Description

1. Language, Translation, and Cross-cultural Communication

a. Type of translation

b. Process of translation

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning

Text to be translated

d. Untranslatability

e. Translation Equivalence

2. Culture-specific Terms

a. Ecology

b. Material culture

c. Social culture

d. Organisations, ideas, and customs

e. Gestures and habits

3. Translation Procedures