THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND QUALITIES OF CULTURAL WORDS IN GREEN’S THE FAULT IN OUR STARS INTO SALAHKAH BINTANG-BINTANG
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Humaniora
Written by:
Ullya Andjani Zulfah Martha Rani SRN: 183211043
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURES AND LANGUAGES
RADEN MAS SAID STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA 2022
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ADVISOR SHEET
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RATIFICATION
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DEDICATION
The thesis is dedicated to:
1. My beloved parent 2. My beloved family 3. My beloved Briareus
4. My beloved English Letters 2018 5. My proud Lecturers of English Letters
v MOTTO
“Indeed, with hardship (will be) ease”
(QS Al-Insyirah: 6)
"O ye who believe! Seek help with patient perseverance and prayer; for Allah is with those who patiently persevere."
(QS. Al-Baqarah: 153)
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PRONOUNCEMENT
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah, all praise be to Allah SWT who has given mercy, guidance, and health to me so that researcher can complete a thesis entitled The Translation Procedures and Qualities of Cultural Word in Green’s The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang. To several parties who have helped and provided support, motivation, and advice to researcher so they can complete this thesis.
On this occasion the researcher would like to thank:
1. Rector of UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta. Prof. Dr. H. Mudofir, S. Ag., M. Pd.
2. The dean of the Faculty of Cultures and Languages. Prof. Dr. Toto Suharto, S. Ag., M. Ag.
3. The head of Literature Department Dr. Nur Asiyah, S. S., M. A
4. The head coordinator of English Letters Department Dr. M. Zainal Muttaqien, S. S., M. Hum.
5. Dr. Hj. Lilik Untari S.Pd., M. Hum as the advisor for guidance, advice, correction, and help to correct mistakes during the process of writing this thesis.
6. Mr. Robith Khoiril Umam, S. S., M. Hum as the validator for his help validating all the data used in this.
7. Mr. Robith Khoiril Umam, S. S., M. Hum As the raters for giving his time to assessing the data.
8. The Examiners: Hidayatul Nurjanah, M. A, Dr. M. Zainal Muttaqien, S.S., M. Hum., Dr. Hj. Lilik Untari S. Pd., M. Hum.
9. The researcher’s beloved parent who continually provide support and prayers to the researcher in completing this thesis.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE TRANSLATION PROCEDURES AND QUALITIES OF CULTURAL WORDS IN GREEN’S THE FAULT IN OUR STARS INTO SALAHKAH
BINTANG-BINTANG ... i
ADVISOR SHEET ... ii
RATIFICATION ... iii
DEDICATION ... iv
MOTTO ... v
PRONOUNCEMENT ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... vii
ABSTRACT ... xi
LIST OF TABLES ... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ... xiii
CHAPTER I ... 1
INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Backround of the Study ... 1
B. Limitation of the Study ... 5
C. Formulation of the Problems ... 5
D. Objectives of the Study ... 5
E. Benefits of the Study ... 6
F. Definitions of Key Words... 7
CHAPTER II ... 8
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 8
A. Theoretical Background... 8
B. Previous Study ... 23
CHAPTER III ... 27
A. Research Design ... 27
B. Data and Data Source ... 27
C. Research Instrument ... 28
D. Data Collection Techniques ... 28
E. Data Validation Techniques ... 31
F. Data Analysis Techniques ... 32
CHAPTER VI ... 40
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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS... 40
A. Findings ... 40
B. Discussions ... 92
CHAPTER V ... 96
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 96
A. Conclusion ... 96
B. Implication ... 97
C. Suggestion... 98
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 99
Appendices ... 104
RATER ... 106
RATER ... 107
RATER ... 108
xi ABSTRACT
Ullya Andjani Zulfah Martha Rani. The Translation Procedures and Qualities of Cultural Word in Green’s The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang.
Thesis. English Letters. Faculty of Cultures and Language.
Advisor : Dr. Hj. Lilik Untari, S. Pd., M. Hum.
Keywords: Translation, Cultural Words, The Fault In Our Stars.
This research contains about the translation procedures and quality of cultural words that found in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang. Cultural word is a specific word for special kinds of thing, event or custom, which exist in one language and cannot be translated literally because it will spoil the meaning. According to Newmark (1988) he defines that a particular language that uses expressions and means used by a particular community that shows the distinctive culture of that community. This research contains about the translation of cultural words that found in novel The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang. There are some objectives in this research such as cultural types and classification in Green's The Fault in Our Stars, the translation procedures are employed to translate the cultural words as seen from the novel The Fault in Our Stars, the quality of the cultural word translation of The Fault in Our Stars.
The research uses theory of Newmark (1988) in categorizing and classifying the types of cultural words in novel The Fault in Our Stars. For analyzing translation procedure, the researcher uses the theory of Newmark (1988) and the translation quality assessment uses theory of Larson (1998), the translation quality consists of accuracy, naturalness and clarity.
This research uses the qualitative descriptive method (Saldanha and O’Brien 2009). The data collection uses the documentation so the researcher makes the notes taking of data collection (Creswell. 2009). The data finding should be validated by the validator. And the quality of translation is rated by rater. The data analysis technique uses Spradley (1979), this techniques has four steps: domain, taxonomy, componential and cultural theme.
The result of this research is finding 5 types of cultural word ecology, social culture, material culture, administrative, social and gesture with details: 18 data of ecology, 63 data of material cultures, 7 data of social cultures, 3 data of administrative 14 data of religious, and 6 data of gesture and habits. And the dominant are material culture 63 data found. The dominant data of translation procedures is transference as translation procedure. There are 36 data of transference. And for the translation quality the dominant result are 106 data as accurate translation, 90 data as natural translation and 92 data as clear translation.
It’s shown that the translation of The Fault in Our Stars is good translation.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2. 1: Parameter Table of Translation Quality Assessment of Accuracy...19
Table 2. 2 : Parameter Table of Translation Quality Assessment of Naturalness.20 Table 2. 3: Parameter Table of Translation Quality Assessment of Clarity...21
Table 3. 1: Table of Domain Analysis...33
Table 3. 2: Table of Taxonomy Analysis...35
Table 3. 3: Componential Table...36
Table 3. 4: Componential Table...37
Table 3. 5: Componential Table...38
Table 4. 1: Table of Cultural Words Types...41
Table 4. 2: Table of Translation Procedures...61
Table 4. 3: Table of Translation Quality Assessment...72
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SL = Source Language TL =Target Language ECO =Ecology
MC =Material Culture SC =Social Culture SO =Social Organization POL =Politics
ADM = Administrative REL = Religious ART =Artistic HAB =Habits GES =Gesture TRA =Transference NAT =Naturalization CE =Cultural Equivalent FE =Functional Equivalent DE =Descriptive Equivalent SYN =Synonymy
TT =Trough Translation SOR =Shifts or Transposition MOD =Modulation
RT =Recognized Translation LT =Literal Translation TL = Translation Label COM =Compensation
xiv CA =Componential Analysis COU =Couplet
RAE =Reduction and Expansion PAR =Paraphrase
OT =Other Translation
NAG =Notes, Addition, Glossary
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Cultural word is a specific word for special kinds of thing, event or custom, which exist in one language and cannot be translated literally because it will spoil the meaning. According to Newmark (1988) he defines thata particular language that uses expressions and means used by a particular community that shows the distinctive culture of that community. And the statement of Newmark (1988) supported by Baker (1992) cultural words is a word that only exists in particular language. The statement of Newmark (1988) and Baker (1992) has the similar statement that the cultural words are only occur in particular language. For the conclusion of Newmark (1988) and supported by Baker (1992) that cultural word is a specific word for special kinds of thing, event or custom, which exist in one language and cannot be translated literally because it will spoil the meaning.
In translating cultural terms, the translator needs to pay attention to the cultural terms from the Source Language (TL), because each community or region has cultural characteristics. This is a challenge for the translators in translating cultural terms. The translators have difficulties in translating cultural terms because of the differences in these cultural terms. In producing the translations which are accurate, acceptable and readable by the reader, the translator need have the competence to
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translate well by following the translation rules so that the message in the Source Language (SL) is conveyed into the Target Language (TL). The translators need apply proper translation procedures and translation quality assessment so that the translation results have good quality.
In fact the previous research related to cultural words usually discuss about the translation strategies are studied by Rizky Gunawan (2011) the strategy of translation applied Venuty’s theory (1995) foreignization and domestication, Liem Galih Natalia (2014) the strategy of translation is applied Nababan’s theory (2008), and Ahmad Jum’a Khatib Nur Ali (2021) applied the strategy of translation by Baker (1992).
There are previous research also discuss about techniques translation studied by Rienata Andriyanie et al (2017) and Deny Kuswahono (2020) both of previous researcher uses techniques of Molina & Albir (2002). In Molina & Albir there are eighteen translation techniques. There is the previous research analyzed the categories of cultural words studied by Febriani Veby (2015). The theory of categorize the cultural words applied Vinay & Dalbarnet (1955) supported by Newmark (1988). In this previous research found five types of cultural words: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization and gestures and habits.
However from the previous research translation quality have not been analyzed. The present research analyze the types of cultural words, the translation procedures and the translation quality assessment.
Newmark (1988) defined the translation strategy as translation procedures.
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Cultural words occur in one of many literary works translation, it exist in the novel entitle Twilight, The Glass Castle, Laskar Pelangi etc.
Cultural words also exist in human daily live in every country because every country and community has particular things that another country and community does not has. This phenomenon supported by this one example of cultural words from novel The Fault in Our Stars:
SL: He was holding a bouquet of bright orange tulips
TL: Dia memegang buket bunga tulip oranye
The translator uses that procedure because “tulip” occur in Dutch and the translator will not destroy the meaning. As a good translator they need convey the main massage in the SL. The researcher uses the translation procedures of Newmark (1988) for translating the cultural words. Newmark (1988) classified the procedures of the translation, there are: transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, trough translation, shifts or transposition, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, couplet, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, literal translation, other procedure and notes, addition, gloss.
Tulip is kind of flower, this flower identically exist in Dutch and tulip is kind of flora. Flora is classified into ecology. According to Newmark (1988), He classified cultural word into five types: Ecology, Material Culture, Social Culture, Social Organization, Political and Administration, Religious, Artistic and Gesture and Habits. The translator does not
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translate “tulip” into Indonesian Language and uses transference translation procedure.
The quality of the translation cannot be separated from the translation techniques applied by translator in translating text. The more suit the technique applied in translating, the quality of the translation will be better. The assessment of translation quality can be carried out based on assessment parameters according to Larson (1998), there are: 1. Accuracy (accurate, less accurate, not accurate), 2. Clarity (clear, less clear, not clear), 3. Naturalness (natural, less natural and not natural).
Orange tulip have the meaning of warmth and happiness and have a symbol of optimism if they will get an unexpected thing. Augustus gives the bouquet of orange tulips to Hazel because Augustus will make Hazel happy even they have cancer. This novel tell about the romance between Augustus and Hazel, they meet in support group for people with cancer.
This purpose of support group is to give the spirit to the teenager with cancer.
The researcher analyze the cultural words translation that found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green and translated by Inggrid Dwijani Nempoeno. This novel written by John Green one of great and best writer and the novel The Fault in Our Stars reach the nomination as The New York Times Bestseller at that time. The researcher analyzes the classification of cultural words, procedures of translation and the translation quality assessment in the novel The Fault in Our Stars. This
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thesis entitled “The Translation Procedures and Qualities of Cultural Words in Green’s The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang”.
B. Limitation of the Study
The researcher focuses on analyzing the translation of cultural word that found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars and for Indonesian version The Fault in Our Stars (Salahkah Bintang-Bintang). This research only focuses on the classification of cultural word into their categories, the translation procedure and the quality of translation.
C. Formulation of the Problems
The researcher tries to investigate the following questions:
1. What are types of the cultural words in Green's novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang classified into?
2. What are translation procedures employed to translate the cultural words as seen from the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang?
3. How is the translation quality of the cultural words translation of novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang?
D. Objectives of the Study
The present research was conducted by the following objectives:
1. To describe the cultural words classification in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars (Salahkah Bintang-Bintang) into its types.
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2. To explain the translation procedures in translating the cultural words in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang.
3. To explain the translation quality of the cultural words translation in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars into Salahkah Bintang-Bintang.
E. Benefits of the Study
The researcher hopes to give the benefits, both theoretical and practical in this research:
1. Theoretical the researcher hopes this research:
Giving more information about translation cultural words.
Become a supporting reference for other researchers or the
readers on analyzing the translation of cultural words that used Newmark (1988) theory. It’s used to identify the cultural word and to classify the cultural word.
2. And practical, the researcher hopes:
The researcher hopes the result of research can be useful for the students of English Letters Department
The researcher hopes this research can be a reference for readers in cultural words translation.
This research hopefully can contribute more knowledge about the translation and culture and the readers will recognize more the translation of culture.
7 F. Definitions of Key Words
There are some key words in this research, than for make it easier to understand the key words of research the researcher explains the explanation of it, namely:
1. Translation: Translation is changing the text of the source language to produce an equivalent text in the target language that communicates a similar message. According to Newmark (1988) is an activity to rendering the meaning from the Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL).
2. Cultural Word: Correlates cultural word with a particular language and cannot be literally translated. It means the cultural word is a word that only exists in a particular language. (Newmark, 1988)
3. The Fault in Our Stars: a novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars by John Green and was published by Dutton's Book 2012. The Indonesian version of The Fault in Our Stars by John Green and translated by Inggrid Dwijani Nimpoeno, was published by Qanita in 2012 (first edition).
8 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Theoretical Background
1. Cultural Words
a. Definition of Cultural Words
There are many components in translation works, one of them is the cultural word. This cultural word often appears in literary works and in daily lives. This cultural word must not be arbitrary in translating it because not every language has this word. Therefore the translator adjusts the meaning of the word culture to their language. If the word is not owned by the language then the translator uses the original word as a result of translation. The translator does it because will not destroy the meaning of word.
Cultural word is a specific word for special kinds of thing, events or custom which exist in one language and cannot be translated literally because it will destroy the word's meaning. There is some cultural word that defined cultural words experts. According to Newmark (1988) he defines a cultural word with a particular language and cannot be literally translated. It means that cultural word is a word that only exists in a particular language. So its definition supported by Baker (1992) who said that “Source
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Language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the Target Language culture”. It may be abstract or concrete and relates to religious, belief, social custom, or even type of foods. Therefore, cultural word means a word that involves culture in which culture itself.
And then Hornby (1995) defined it's as “art, literature, music, or other intellectual expression of a particular society or time”. To conclude, cultural word is a specific word for special kinds of “things”, “events” or “customs”, which only exist in one language that cannot be translated literally, because it will destroy its meaning.
The difference between the cultural word and other words is that the cultural word focuses on particular words that are only owned by certain languages. If other words can be directly translated according to their meaning, then the cultural word cannot translated directly, because it can change or destroy the meaning. The translator of cultural words can be adapted to the results of the translation if their language owns that word. For example in English "Apple"
and Indonesia also have that word and we call it "Apel".
10 b. Cultural Words Types
According to Newmark (1988), he classified cultural words into five categories namely: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, political, administrative and gestures and habits.
a. Ecology
Newmark (1988) explained that ecology consists of geographical features and these geographical features depend on the specifics of the country of origin. This type of ecology is closely related to the geographical features of a particular country. The geographical conditions include fauna, flora, wind, seasons, mountains, plants, ice etc.
Example: savannahs, tundra, avocado, passion fruit etc.
b. Material Culture
Material culture consists of subs cultural element, namely foods, clothes, housing and town, transport and communication.
Example: Kimono, Spaghetti, Hotel, Bungalow etc.
c. Social Culture
In considering social culture consists of connotative and denotative problem. The connotative consists of work and leisure. Then such as national games it’s belong to denotative.
Example: a tailor, tennis, snooker etc.
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d. Social Organization, Political, Administrative
This type consist of social, international and national organization, religious and artistic.
Example: WHO, UNESCO, Christian, Jesus etc.
e. Habit and Gesture
It expresses human gesture and habits in daily and it's often described in non-cultural language.
Example: walking, applause, smile etc.
2. Translation
a. Definition of Translation
Translation is changing the text of the source language to produce an equivalent text in the target language that communicates a similar message. According to Newmark (1988) is an activity to rendering the meaning from the Source Language (SL) to the Target Language (TL). Translation has an important role in this era because it makes easier for human to enjoy literary works which produced by other countries.
Translation is the transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language (Larson, 1984). From the two definition of the translation, the conclusion of translation is transferring the text from Source Language to Target Language. The translator pay attention in translating so that the message in the source language is conveyed into the target language and make it a good translation.
12 b. Translation Process
There are three process of translation according to Nida
& Taber (1982). Processes are sequence or series of things done in order to achieve a particular result. The translation process Nida & Taber (1982) namely:
1. Analysis, in this step, the translator explores the meaning and the grammatical relationship of source language.
2. Transfer, the translator transfer the text from Source Language to Target Language
3. Restructuring, the translator restructures the final massage which acceptable by the receptor.
Source Language Target Language
3. Translation Procedures
Procedures are the step that the translation in translating target language. In this research, the researcher uses the theory translation procedures by Newmark (1988) to identify, classify and determine the translation procedures in translating cultural words Analysis
Transfer
Restructuring
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in the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The translation procedures namely:
a. Transference
Transference is the process of transferring Source Language to a Target Language. This usually uses for translate people's names, region names or geographical condition and topographical names.
Example:
SL: Malawi
TL: Malawi (Newmark, 1988) b. Naturalization
It adapts the Source Language word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology Target Language.
Example: Edimbourg, humeur (Newmark, 1988) c. Cultural Equivalent
Cultural equivalent is replacing a cultural word in Source Language with a Target Language.
Example:
SL: Tea break
TL: Café-break (Newmark, 1988)
14 d. Functional Equivalent
This translation procedure is used to translate SL cultural terms by using culture-free words or neutral words and generalizing source language words.
Example:
SL: Sejm
TL: Police Parliement (Newmark, 1988) e. Descriptive Equivalent
This procedure translates the meaning of words from the source language to the target language using some familiar words and descriptions so that the reader easier to understand the meaning of the translation.
Example:
SL: Samurai
TL: Japanese aristocracy from eleventh to the nineteenth century (Newmark, 1988)
f. Synonymy
This procedure is used by the translator when there is no equivalent word in the target language, and the word has no important meaning, the translator uses the word equivalent.
Example:
SL: Personne gentile
TL: Kind person. (Newmark, 1988)
15 g. Trough Translation
This procedure translates combinations of words and names in a national or international organization.
Example:
SL: EEC – Communaute Economique Europeene
TL: European Economic Community (Komunitas Ekonomi Eropa) (Newmark, 1988)
h. Shifts or Transposition
In this procedure the Translator changes the grammar of the source language to the target language.
Example:
SL: essay (verb)
TL: effort (noun) (Newmark, 1988) i. Modulation
In this procedure the translator translates the text by changing source text point of view. Change can be lexical or structural.
Example:
SL: N’est pas lache
TL: He is extremely brave (Newmark, 1988)
16 j. Recognized Translation
In this procedure the translator uses a formal or universal translation of institutional terms.
Example:
SL: Volumengestz der Case
TL: Law of combining volumes. (Newmark, 1988) k. Literal Translation
Literal translation is translating word by word Example:
SL: Les autres pays oni augements leurs depenses publiques relatives a l’enseignement suprieur plus que la Grande- Brentagne pendant les annees 1968-1970.
TL: The other countries have increased their public expenditure relative to higher education more than Great Britain in the years 1968-1970. (Newmark, 1988)
l. Translation Label
This procedures usually uses to translate the new institutional terms.
Example:
SL: Tangue D’Heritage
TL: Heritage language (Newmark, 1988)
17 m. Compensation
This procedure is used by translators when metaphors, pragmatics or sound effects in the source language text cannot be applied in the target language text due to stylistic features target text and usually used in translating literary works.
n. Componential Analysis
It's the splitting up of a lexical into its sense components, often one-to-two, -three or-four translation.
o. Reduction and Expansion
In this procedure the translation makes omissions (reductions) or uses more words to make the translation is easier for the target reader to understand.
Example:
SL: Science linguistics
TL: Linguistics (Newmark, 1988) p. Couplet
Couplet occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.
q. Paraphrase
It's the decomposition speech in another form, in order to explain the hidden meaning.
18 r. Other Translation
In this procedure, there are two types of procedures:
The first is equivalent:
It is the equivalence of the meaning of the source language and the target language.
Example:
SL: Story so far
TL: Resume des chapitres precedent. (Newmark, 1988)
The second is adaptation,
Which is an equivalent that is used and recognized in two situations Example:
SL: Dear Sir
TL: God; 'You already as Amita'. (Newmark, 1988) s. Notes, Addition and Gloss
Notes it’s such as explanation which the translator adds in foot note. Addition is such addition text to explain more the information. Gloss is adding some information in the end of glossary.
4. Translation Quality Assessment
In translating literary works the translator needs the standard of quality to make sure that is good translation. The researcher uses theory of Larson (1998) to measure the quality of translation. There are the parameters to know the quality of translation according Larson (1998) consists of:
19 a. Accuracy
The translation text is accurate in terms of its content, in other words the message in the translation text must be the same as the message in the original text. There are categories level for assessing the translation quality in accuracy according to Larson (1998): accurate, less accurate and not accurate.
Table 2. 1
The Parameter of Translation Quality Assessment in Accuracy
Score Parameter
Accurate Accurately translated into target language, there is no omission or deletion of important meaning Less Accurate The data which translated into
target language are accurate, but there is distorted meaning that disrupt the truth of the message and still needs to be improved Not Accurate There are omission and deletion of
important meaning.
20 b. Naturalness
The translation text does not violate the rules and the translation text fits to the original text then readers accepts the result of Target Language. Naturalness text when the translation result fells natural and similar to the reader. There are categories level for assessing the naturalness (acceptability) in quality of translation by Larson (1998): natural, less natural and not natural.
Table 2. 2
The Parameter of Translation Quality Assessment in Naturalness
Score Parameter
Natural Sounds natural and the
grammatical forms are familiar to the target readers.
Less Natural Sounds natural, but the words, phrases, or sentences do not generally used in the target language and there is still little grammatical error.
Not Natural Sounds unnatural, the term does not generally used and unfamiliar to the target reader.
21 c. Clarity (Readability)
The word, text, phrase or clause is understood easily by reader and no need to repeat it in reading. There are categories level for assessing the clarity (readability) in quality of translation by Larson (1998): clear, less clear and not clear.
Table 2. 3
The Parameter of Translation Quality Assessment in Clarity
Score Parameter
Clear Easy to understand and
readable text.
Less Clear Easy to understand, but the readers need reread several parts to know the meaning.
Not Clear The sentence are difficult to understand.
5. Novel The Fault in Our Stars
Novels are one of the literary works that are in great demand by the readers because novels have many genres, so the readers can choose what genre they like to read. Novel is a narrative story that has a more complete plot than a short story.
And according to the shorter Oxford Dictionary defines novel as a fictions prose narrative of considerable length, in which characters
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and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. And the novel genre's The Fault in Our Stars is romance.
The novel The Fault in Our Stars tells the story of two teenagers who have cancer and have fallen in love with each other since they first met in a support group, Hazel Grace and Augustus Waters.
Hazel Grace is 16 years old, she has thyroid cancer. When Hazel 13 years old, the doctor diagnosed that her cancer is severe.
Hazel consumes a drug called Phalanxiforthen Hazel can survive until her age 16 years old. Hazel uses a portable oxygen tube to breathe properly.
Hazel's mom asks Hazel to join the support group, even she refuses but she can do anymore. The support group was not as bad as Hazel thought. There Hazel met a man who named Augustus Waters, he suffered from osteosarcoma and had to amputate one leg. Augustus joins the support group as the request of his friend Isaac. Isaac had a tumor in one of his eyes which required surgery, which his left eye is blind. After the meeting ended, Augustus approached Hazel and said she looked like Natalie Portman in V for Vendetta.
Hazel and Augustus agree to read each other's favorite novels. Augustus lends Hazel a novel entitled "The Price of Dawn"
and Hazel recommends a novel entitled "An Imperial Affliction".
A week after that, Augustus managed to track down the where
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about of Van Houten's assistant, Lidewij. And from Lidewij, Augustus managed to send an email. He shared the contents of Van Houten's email with Hazel and Hazel made a list of questions to send to Van Houten. Van Houten finally answered, but he said he could not answer Hazel's questions from the email. And if Hazel goes to Amsterdam, he invites her to stop at Van Houten's house.
But he couldn't because his mother didn't have enough money to go to Amsterdam. Hazel told Augustus about the contents of the reply.
Genies Augustus comes to an organization called "The Genies"
whose job was to fulfill one wish of a sick child.
After traveling from Amsterdam, August's cancer getting worse and he treated in hospital. August asks Hazel to go to his pre- funeral to read her speech for August. And August dies eight day after his pre-funeral.
B. Previous Study
There are the previous researches that have correlative to the researcher’s research. The first previous research is by Veby. W. M.
(2014) about procedure and principle of correspondence in translating cultural words as found from The Glass Castel by Jeanette Walls with English language as Source Language and Indonesian language as Target language. It had same similarities in analyzing the translation of cultural word, and had a same Source Language and target language. In this previous research uses the theory of Newmark 1988 and Nida (1964). The
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result of this research contains 4 from categories of cultural words they are ecology, material culture, social culture and organization.
The next previous researcher is Laraswaty. D. (2014) is analyzing the domestication and foreignization of the culture word translation as found from Laskar Pelangi, Indonesian language is for Source Language and English language as Target Language. This previous research uses the theory of Lawrence Venuti (1995) for foreignization and domestication.
And for cultural word uses Tomalin and Stimleksi (1993). This research uses quantitative method and finds 56% data for product, 26% data for behaviors and 18% data for ideas. And the data of product as the majority data that found is food, it categorized to material culture.
The third is Lathifa. M. A. (2015). She is analyzing the procedure and modulation used in translating the cultural words as found from Sitti Nurbaya, Indonesian Language as a Source Language and English for Target Language. This previous research uses the theory of Newmark (1988) and this previous research results the cultural word translation 3 from 5 categories and consist of material culture, social culture and organization. The researcher of previous research uses some categories for translating cultural word. There are cultural equivalent, transference, generalization, literal translation and definition.
The next is Lucia. P. (2018). She is analyzing about Procedure of translating cultural word in Kasih Tak Sampai by Marah Rusli. Indonesian Language as a Source Language and English for target language. These three previous research had same topic in analyzing the translation of cultural word, while the differences is the object of the research and the
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differences In Source language and Target Language, these three previous research Indonesian Language as Source Language and English Language For Target Language while my research English Language as Source Language and Indonesian Language as Target Language. For this previous research the writer uses the theory of Newmark (1988) and Venay and Darbalnet in Lawrence Venuti (2000). The result of research shows that found 4 from 5 categories, they are ecology, material culture, social culture, organization, religion and custom. So for the strategy the researcher of this previous research are cultural equivalent, descriptive equivalent, transposition, expansion and literal translation.
The last one is Nailatul, F (2019) it contains about analysis of translating cultural words and their meaning shifts as found in novel Lelaki Harimau into English. The source language is Indonesian language and the target language is English language. So in their research uses theory of Newmark (1988) for cultural word, Nida (1969) for meaning shifts and Geofry Leech (1981) for the componential. The results shows the data that found 4 from 5 categories, they are ecology, material culture, social culture, and artistic term. And the writer uses the strategy for translating cultural words such as neutralization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, expansion and transposition.
The previous researches only analyzed the translation procedures that used by the translator, the classification of cultural words into categories, the ideology of translation cultural words. The previous researches have not analyzed the quality of cultural words translation. The present research is not only analyzing the classification of cultural words
26
and translation procedures in translating cultural words, the researcher also analyzing the translation quality assessment in translating cultural words.
The present research support the previous research, and for addition the present research discuss the quality of translation.
27 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
A. Research Design
The research has the design of research, so the researcher uses the descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative is the research methods that use the qualitative data for research's data and describe it descriptively (Saldanha and O'Brien 2009). Qualitative descriptive designs are typically aneclectic but reasonable and well-considered combination of sampling, and data collection, analysis, and re-presentational techniques.
(Sandelowski. 2000).
The process of this research are the researcher collect the data of cultural words and analyze the cultural words types, translation procedures and translation quality. The product of this research is the translation of cultural words in novel The Fault in Our Stars. The result of analysis of this research are in terms of words rather than number.
B. Data and Data Source
The researcher needs to find the data for analyzing. The data are collected by the researcher. The data of this research is the cultural words translation in The Fault in Our Stars. The data of data source for this research is novel The Fault in Our Stars. The researcher searches the cultural words in narration and dialog both in The Fault In Our Stars official original version by John Green and was published in Danton’s
28
Book 2012 and official translation version that translated by Inggrid Dwijani Nimpoeno and was published in Qanita 2012. So the researcher takes a note of collection data the cultural words in novel The Fault in Our Stars.
C. Research Instrument
Research Instruments is tools that uses in collecting data. Arikunto (2010) states, Instruments are tools or facilities that are used in collecting data in order to do easier work, the better result, complete and systematic so that makes the easier process. Sugiyono (2017) states that in the qualitative research the instrument research is the researcher herself. The main instrument research is the researcher. And there are some supporting instruments that the researcher uses in this research such as laptop, pen, paper or notebook and dictionary.
D. Data Collection Techniques
In this research the research collects the data to analyze it. The researcher uses the documentation technique. These may be public documents such as newspapers, minutes of meetings, official reports or private documents such as personal journals and diaries, notes, letters, e- mails (Creswell. 2009). Documentation technique uses for finding the data of cultural words in novel The Fault in Our Stars and the researcher makes notes for the documentation. So the step that the researcher does for this research are collected by reading the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The data collected in this research was divided into several steps, as follow:
29
1. The researcher read the whole of novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars English Version.
2. The researcher identified the cultural words in the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars.
3. The researcher made a table for the collection of cultural words.
4. The researcher read the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars translation version to know the translation of cultural words and wrote it to the table.
5. The researcher classified the category of the cultural words into their types.
6. The researcher determined the translation procedures which the translator used for translating the cultural words and the validator checked the data validation.
7. The researcher analyzed the translation quality for the translation of cultural word and the translation quality determined by the raters.
8. The researcher made the code for the data.
For example: SL: They talked to me for a bit about how the enchiladas were famous Waters Enchiladas
TL: Mereka mengajakku bicara sebentar, mengatakan bahwa enchilada itu adalah Enchilada Keluarga Waters yang Terkenal
014/28/43/MC/TRA
The explanation of the code:
014 =Number of Datum
30
28 =page of The Fault in Our Stars
43 =page of The Fault in Our Stars (Salahkah Bintang- Bintang)
MC = Material Culture (categories of cultural words) TRA = Transference (procedures of translation)
The more information code:
1. The kinds of Cultural Words:
ECO=Ecology
MC=Material Culture
SC=Social Culture SO=Social Organization POL=Politics
ADM= Administrative REL= Religious
ART=Artistic HAB=Habits
GES=Gesture
2. The Translation Procedures:
TRA=Transference NAT=Naturalization CE=Cultural Equivalent
31 FE=Functional Equivalent DE=Descriptive Equivalent SYN=Synonymy
TT=Trough Translation SOR=Shifts or Transposition MOD=Modulation
RT=Recognized Translation LT=Literal Translation TL= Translation Label COM=Compensation CA=Componential Analysis COU=Couplet
RAE=Reduction and Expansion PAR=Paraphrase
OT=Other Translation
NAG=Notes, Addition, Glossary
E. Data Validation Techniques
Validity is one of strength of qualitative research, and it based on determining whether the findings are accurate from the standpoint of the researcher, the participant or the reader of the account (Creswell and Miller. 2000). This research uses the validator and the rater to verify the data validity the data. The data which the researcher collect may be validate by the validator.
32
The validator has duty to verify and validate the data there are the criteria for choosing the validator. The validator have the high quality person who able to provide supporting data that relate to the translation procedures. After the researcher done in taking note of data collection the researcher gives it to the validator for checking the validation of the data.
Besides the validator this research need the rater to rates the translation quality of cultural words translation. And the criteria for rater is great quality person who able to provide supporting data that relate to the translation quality.
F. Data Analysis Techniques
Analyzing the data need a theory that fit to descriptive qualitative research than the researcher uses the theory of Sparadley (1979) for data analysis technique. In Sparadley (1979) there are four steps data analysis:
Domain, Taxonomy, Componential and Cultural Theme.
a. Domain Analysis
Domain is the first step for analyzing the data collection. In domain the researcher is differentiated between the data and non- data Sparadley (1979). The researcher differentiates the data and non-data in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars. The data are the cultural words and the cultural words translation that found in The Fault in Our Stars. There are several steps that the researcher use:
Determining the domain object of the research.
The domain object of the research is the cultural words in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.
33
Collecting the data
The data are the cultural words in the novel The Fault in Our Stars.
Identifying the types of Cultural words.
The researcher employed the theory of cultural words.
According to Newmark (1988), cultural words consist of five categories, there are: ecology, material culture, social culture, social organization, political, administrative, religious, artistic and habit and gesture.
Table 3. 1
Domain Table
No Source Language (SL)
Target Language (TL)
Cultural Words
1 (Hazel POV) I did not speak to Augustus again about a week.
(Hazel POV) Aku tidak bicara lagi dengan Augustus sampai kira-kira
seminggu.
×
2 (Hazel POV) The blue-and-white tram arrived, and Augustus handed our cards to the driver.
(Hazel POV) Trem biru-dan- putih tiba, dan Augustus menyerahkan kartu kepada sopirnya.
√
34 b. Taxonomy Analysis
Taxonomy is the second step of analyzing the data.
Taxonomy always begins with the domain analysis. In taxonomy the researcher is classified the data. There are several ways to represent the taxonomy such as a box diagram, line and codes and outline. The researcher encode the data in this step:
Describing the translation procedure used by the translator in
translating the novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars.
The researcher uses the strategy of Newmark (1988), are procedures to analyze and classify how the translation translates the cultural words.
Encoding the data
Each of the data collected will be given a code, which shows the number of the datum, the page of novel The Fault in our Stars English version, the page of novel The Fault in Our Stars Translation version, types of Cultural words, the procedure of translation and quality of translation assessment.
For example:
Code: 001/3/9/ECO/CE 001: number of datum
3: Page of novel The Fault in Our Stars
9: Page of novel The Fault in Our Stars (Salahkah Bintang- Bintang)
ECO: Ecology (Cultural Words Types)
CE: Cultural Equivalent (Translation Procedures)
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Table 3. 2
Taxonomy Table
Data Code Source Language
(SL)
Target Language
(TL)
Cultural Words Category
Translatio n Procedures 001/3/9/ECO
/CE
c. Componential Analysis
Componential analysis is the third step in analyzing the data.
According to Spradley (1979) componential analysis is “systematic search for attributes (components of meaning) associated with cultural symbols“. In componential the researcher will connect the data which the researcher finds in novel The Fault in Our Stars. After the researcher finds the result analysis of the translation procedures in translating cultural words in novel The Fault in Our Stars and quality of the translation. To easier the researcher to recap the data, the researcher makes a table to recap it. The table is named by componential table. Here the componential table.
36 Table 3. 3
Componential Table
S L
T L
Cultural Words Types
Gestures and Habits Social organization,Political and Administrative Social Culture Material Culture Ecology
Habits Gestures Artistic Religious Administrative Political Social Organization Musical Instrumental National Games Leisure Works Communication Transportation Housing and Town Clothes Food Plants Mountain Seasons Winds Fauna Flora
37 Table 3. 4
Componential Table
SL TL Translation Procedures
NAG OT PAR RAE COU CA COM TL LT RT MOD SOR TT SYN DE FE CE NAT TRA
Glossary Footnote Adaptation Equivalent Explain the Meaning Omission Word Combination of Procedures Almost Equivalent Word Stylistic Feature New Instrumental Term Word to Word Universal Instructional Term Changes Point of View Changes Structural or Lexical Change Grammar Combination of Organization Names Similar Words Description in Familiar Words Generalizes Neutral word Free Word Rendering Culture Normal Morphology Normal Pronunciation Topographical Geographical Name
38 Table 3. 5
Componential Table
SL TL Translation Quality Assessment
Accuracy Naturalness Clarity
Accurate Less Accurate
Not Accurate
Natural Less Natural
Not Natural Clear Less Clear Not Clear
39 d. Cultural Theme
The fourth or the last step is culture analysis. Culture analysis is conducted by developing themes that go beyond such as inventory of domains to discover the conceptual themes that members of a society use to connect these domains” Spradley (1979). Culture analysis is used to search the relationship among domains of data and make a conclusion about the culture.
40 CHAPTER VI
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The researcher discuss the result of the research in this chapter. In the previous chapter the researcher discuss about the research method which use for this research. This chapter consist of two part, the first is data findings and the second is discussions. The researcher serves the data findings according to the previous formulation of problems. There are three questions, the first is discussing about the types of cultural words in The Fault in Our Stars, and the second is about translation procedures in translating novel The Fault in Our Stars and quality of translation in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars.
A. Findings
1. Types of Cultural Words in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars
The types of cultural words in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars are analyzed by theory of Newmark (1988). The number cultural words are 111 data in novel entitled The Fault in Our Stars. There are classified into five types of cultural words as follow:
41 Table 4. 1
Table of Cultural Words Types
No Types of Cultural Words Total Percentage
1 Ecology 18 16,23%
2 Material Culture 63 56,75%
3 Social Culture 7 6,30%
4 Social Organization, Political, Administrative
17 15,30%
5 Gestures and Habits 6 5,42%
Total 111 100%
Based on the table above the researcher finds 5 types of cultural words types according to Newmark (1988), there are: 18 data of Ecology (16,23%), 63 data of Material Culture (56,75%), 7 data of Social Culture (6,30%), 17 data of Social Organization, Political, Administrative (15,30%), and 6 data of Gestures and Habits (5,42%). The result of the dominant findings are material culture with 63 of 111 data. The more explanation of the data finding of cultural words types as follow:
1) Ecology
Ecology consists of geographical features and these geographical features depend on the specifics of the country of origin. This type of ecology is closely related to the geographical features of a particular country. The geographical
42
conditions include fauna, flora, wind, seasons, mountains, plants, ice etc. Newmark (1988)
a. Flora
068/161/217/ECO/TRA
SL: The iepen throw confetti to greet the spring TL: Iepen (pohon elm) menyebar confetti untuk menyambut musim semi.
The word “the iepen” is kind of tree and tree included to flora, it’s mean “the iepen”
categorized into ecology. Iepen is a tall tree with broad leaves (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
072/164/221/ECO/TRA
SL: Belgian white asparagus with a lavender infusion
TL: Asparagus putih Belgia dengan infusi lavender The word “lavender” is kind of flower and tree included to flora, it’s mean “lavender”
categorized into ecology. Lavender is a garden plant with bunches of purple flowers and sweet smell (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
087/209/281/ECO/TRA
SL: We sat in the lacy shade of a huge chestnut tree and recounted for Mom our encounter with the great Peter Van Houten.
43
TL: Kami duduk di dalam bayang-bayang berenda sebatang pohon chestnut besar dan menceritakan kepada Mom pertemuan kami dengan Peter Van Houten yang agung itu.
The word “chestnut” is kind of tree and tree included to flora, it’s mean “chestnut” categorized into ecology. Chestnut is large tree with spreading branches, which produced smooth brown nuts inside cases are covered with spikes (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
Besides three data above
068/161/217/ECO/TRA, 072/164/221/ECO/TRA and 087/209/281/ECO/TRA, the data of floras in ecology can be seen in data:
018/35/52/ECO/NAT 030/64/91/ECO/LT 031/76/106/ECO/LT 032/76/106/ECO/CE
036/82/113/ECO/TRA 071/164/221/ECO/LT 072/164/221/ECO/TRA 078/167/225/ECO/LT
b. Fauna
063/155/210/ECO/CE
SL: One for us and one for waterfowl.
TL: Satu untuk kami dan satu lagi untuk burung air.
44
The word “waterfowl” is kind of bird and bird included to fauna, it’s mean “waterfowl”
categorized into ecology. Waterfowl is a bird that can swim and lives near water (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
080/182/246/ECO/TRA
SL: Augustus and I were together in the Improbable Creatures Club: us and duck-billed Platypuses TL: Aku dan Augustus sama-sama menjadi anggota Klub Makhluk Mustahil: kami dan platypus berparuh bebek.
The word “platypus” is kind of animal and animal included to fauna, it’s mean “platypus”
categorized into ecology. Platypus is an animal that has a beak like a duck (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
085/204/277/ECO/CE
SL: The blackbird whistling
TL: Burung murai hitam yang bersiul
The word “blackbird” is kind of bird and bird included to fauna, it’s mean “blackbird”
categorized into ecology. Blackbird is a European and American bird, the male is black with yellow beak and female is brown with brown beak, and the
45
American larger than European (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
Besides three data above,
063/155/210/ECO/CE, 080/182/246/ECO/TRA and 085/204/277/ECO/CE, the data of faunas in ecology can be seen in data:
042/94/130/ECO/DE 088/211/283/ECO/CE
c. Season
001/3/9/ECO/CE
SL: Late in the winter in my seventeenth year.
TL: Di penghujung musim dingin usia tujuh belasku The word “winter” is kind of season it’s mean “winter” categorized into ecology. Winter marked by snow and the low temperatures. Winter is the coldest season of the year (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
034/81/113/MC/CE
SL: We Hoosiers are excessively optimistic about summer.
TL: Kami penduduk Indiana memiliki keoptimisan berlebihan terhadap musim panas.
The word “summer” is kind of season it’s mean “summer” categorized into ecology. This season only happen in particular country which has
46
4 season in a year. Summer is the warmest season of the year (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
069/161/217/ECO/CE
SL: The iepen throw confetti to greet the spring TL: Iepen (pohon elm) menyebar confetti untuk menyambut musim semi.
The word “spring” is kind of season it’s mean “spring” categorized into ecology. The geographical fenomena in spring is where the plants begins to grow after winter.
2) Material Culture
Material culture consists of subs cultural element, namely foods, clothes, housing and town, transport and communication.
a. Food
014/28/43/MC/TRA
SL: They talked to me for a bit about how the enchiladas were famous Waters Enchiladas
TL: Mereka mengajakku bicara sebentar, mengatakan bahwa enchilada itu adalah Enchilada Keluarga Waters yang Terkenal
The word “enchilada” is kind of food and it’s mean “enchilada” categorized into material culture. Enchilada is a Mexican dish consisting of tortilla filled with meat and covered with spicy sauce (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition). Enchilada
47
can be filled including meat, cheese, potatoes, vegetables etc.
044/98/134/MC/TRA
SL: is there broccoli in the burger?
TL: ada brokoli di dalam burgernya?
The word “burger” is kind of food and it’s mean “burger” categorized into material culture.
Burger is finely chopped fish, vegetable, nuts etc.
with round bread (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
There are optional addition such as chili sauce, mustard and mayonnaise.
061/145/195/MC/TRA
SL: You can got yourself some bacon or Cheddar Cheese anywhere anytime, from tacos to breakfast sandwich
TL: Kau bisa mendapat daging asap atau keju Cheddar dimana pun dan kapan pun, mulai dari taco sampai roti lapis
The word “taco” is kind of food and it’s mean “taco” categorized into material culture. Taco is a type of Mexican dish consisting of a crisp fried pancake that folded over and filled with meat, beans etc (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition) usually eaten for breakfast.
48
Besides three data above,
014/28/43/MC/TRA, 044/98/134/MC/TRA and, 061/145/195/MC/TRA the data of foods in material culture can be seen in data:
004/4/11/MC/LT 006/7/15/MC/TRA
013/27/41/MC/TRA 019/35/52/MC/NAT
021/41/59/MC/TRA 022/42/59/MC/CE 029/64/91/MC/LT 039/86/119/MC/NAT 040/86/120/MC/CE 041/87/120/MC/LT
046/107/146/MC/TRA 047/107/146/MC/LT
052/129/175/MC/LT 056/137/186/MC/NAT 057/143/193/MC/TRA 058/143/193/ MC/CE 059/145/195/MC/CE 060/145/195/MC/LT
070/163/218/MC/LT 073/165/222/MC/TRA 074/165/222/MC/CE 075/165/223/MC/TRA
077/167/225/MC/TRA 079/177/240/ MC/CE 082/183/248/MC/NAT 083/183/248/MC/TRA 086/209/281/MC/TRA 099/275/369/MC/NAT
104/288/387/MC/TRA 109/300/402/MC/TRA
49
110/300/402/MC/DE
b. Clothes
007/9/17/MC/NAT
SL: One hand half in a pocket of dark jeans.
TL: Sebelah tangannya terbenam di dalam saku celana jins warna gelap.
The word “jeans” is kind of clothes and it’s mean “jeans” categorized into material culture.
Jeans is trousers or pants made from strong cotton (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
035/81/113/MC/TRA SL: A man in overall
TL: Lelaki berpakaian overall
The word “overall” is kind of clothes and it’s mean “overall” categorized into material culture. Overall is a loose coat worn over other clothes to protect them from dirt (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
048/107/146/MC/TRA
SL: a different celebrity wore a bikini that revealed a bodily imperfection
TL: Selebriti yang lain mamakai bikini yang mengungkapkan ketidak sempurnaan tubuh.
50
The word “bikini” is kind of clothes and it’s mean “bikini” categorized into material culture.
Bikini is piece of clothing in two pieces that worn by ladies for swimming or sun bathing (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
Besides three data above,
007/9/17/MC/NAT, 035/81/113/MC/TRA and, 048/107/146/MC/TRA the data of clothes in material culture can be seen in data:
015/30/44/MC/CE 023/42/60/MC/LT 024/44/63/MC/DE 026/48/69/MC/TRA
037/82/113/MC/TRA 038/82/113/MC/LT 045/103/141/MC/NAT 049/109/149/MC/LT
053/136/184/MC/LT 054/137/185/MC/TRA 055/137/185/MC/NAT 066/159/214/MC/CE
076/166/223/MC/LT
c. Housings & Towns 062/145/200/MC/TRA
SL: It was a quick flight to Detroit.
TL: Ini penerbengan cepat ke Detroit.
The word “Detroit” is kind of name of town and it’s mean “Detroit” categorized into material
51
culture. Detroit is the largest city in the United States located in Michigan (Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit)
065/156/210/MC/TRA
SL: We all piled into a taxi driven by this doughy bald guy who spoke perfect English-like better than I do “The Hotel Filosoof?”
TL: Kami semua memasuki taksi Yang kemudian seorang lelaki botak bertubuh gemuk dan padat berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris sempurna rasanya lebih baik daripada bahasa Inggrisku “Hotel Filosof?”
The word “Hotel” is kind of housing and it’s mean “Hotel” categorized into material culture.
Hotel is a building for people stay in short time (Oxford Dictionary 8th edition).
103/286/384/MC/TRA
SL: No, not primarly, although at the end, we brought her to New York,
TL: Tidak, mulanya tidak, walaupun pada akhirnya kami membawanya ke New York,
The word “New York” is kind of name of town and it’s mean “New York” categorized into material culture. New York is one of most populous city in
