DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP TRI-RING ANTENNA
NUR IZZATUL SUHANA BINTI MOHD ISA
This Report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For The Award Of Bachelor Of Electronic Engineering (Electronics
Telecommunication) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II
Tajuk Projek :
DESIGN OF TRI-RING ANTENNA
Sesi
Pengajian : 0 6 / 1 0
Saya :………NUR IZZATUL SUHANA BINTI MOHD ISA……….. mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD** (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ _______________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat: 3757 KG AIR MELINTAS BESAR, 13300 TASEK
GELUGOR,S.P.U,P.PINANG
Tarikh:
(COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Tarikh:
―I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report
is sufficient in terms scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Electronics Telecommunication) With Honours‖
Signature : ……….
Supervisor‘s Name : Mr Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Bin Abdul Aziz
Date : ……….
―I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the reference‖
Signature : ………
Author : Nur Izzatul Suhana Binti Mohd Isa
Date : ………
Special dedication to my beloved family especially my late father…
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of ALLAH the most merciful and with the help of ALLAH. All good
inspirations, devotions, good expressions and prayers are to ALLAH whose blessing and
guidance have helped me throughout entire this project.
I would like to express my greatest appreciation to the all individuals who direct or
indirectly contribute their efforts and useful ideas throughout this project. My special
thanks go to my supervisors En. Mohamad Zoinol Abidin Bin Abdul Aziz for their
guidance, comments and ideas regarding to this project from the initial stage until this
stage.
My gratitude appreciation also goes to my beloved family that give a tremendous
support and great encouragement that resulted in my project progression. Special thanks
to my colleagues and friends that always give support and cooperation.
Last but not least, I like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to all
the individuals for giving me the courage, perseverance and advice during the progression
of this project.
ABSTRACT
An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.
A microstrip antenna is defined as an antenna which consists of radiating patch on one
side of a dielectric slab and a ground plane on the other side. A Microstrip Tri-ring
Antenna(MTA) is designed in order to obtain the mutli-frequency antenna that can
operates at frequency 2.4 GHz, 5.2GHz and 10GHz. Method of analysis that used in this
project is parametric study. This MTA is fed by coaxial probe feed and FR4 board is used
as a substrate with the specified information include the dielectric constant of substrate
( , substrate height (h=0.035mm) and loss tangent ( . The antenna has
been design using CST Microwave Studio software. The main parameters concerned are
return loss ( ) and resonant frequency. A prototype of this MTA has been built and
tested by Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Then the measurement result obtained would
be compared to the simulation result. Troubleshooting process is carried out regarding to
the difference between both of them and would be discussed in the result part.
ABSTRAK
Antena merupakan satu transduser yang dicipta untuk menghantar dan menerima
gelombang elektromagnetik. Antena mikrojalur didefinasikan sebagai antena yang
mengandungi radiasi patch pada salah satu sisi ‗slab‘ dielektrik dan satah bumi pada
permukaan yang lain. Antena microjalur tiga gelung ini di cipta untuk menghasilkan
antenna pelbagai frekuensi yang dapat beroperasi pada frekuensi 2.4GHz, 5.2GHz dan
10GHz. Kaedah analisis yang digunakan dalam projek ini adalah pengajian parameter.
Antena mikrojalur tiga gelung ini menggunakan teknik ‗coaxial probe feed‘ dan papan
FR4 diguna sebagai substrate dengan informasi yang khusus termasuk pemalar
dielektrik( , tinggi substrate(h=0.035mm) dan kehilangan tangent( .
Antena ini dicipta dengan menggunakan perisian computer, CST Microwave Studio.
Parameter utama yang diberi perhatian adalah dan frekuensi resonan. Prototaip
antenna mikrojalur tiga gelung ini dibina dan diukur menggunakan Vector Network
Analyzer (VNA). Kemudian keputusan pengukuran dibandingkan dengan keputusan
simulasi. Proses mengenalpasti masalah dibuat berikutan terdapatnya perbezaan diantara
kedua-duanya dan akan dibincangkan di bahagian keputusan,
CONTENTS
CHAP TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
DECLARATION FORM ii
SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iii
DECLARATION iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
CONTENTS ix
LIST OF FIGURE xiii
TABLE LIST xv
ABBREVIATIONS LIST xvi
I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of Antenna 1
1.2 Objective 2
1.3 Scope of Works 2
1.4 Problem Statement 3
1.5 Methodology 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction of Microstrip Antenna 5
2.2 Basic Microstrip Antenna Properties 7
2.2.1 Resonance Frequency 7
2.2.2 Bandwidth 7
2.2.3 Input Impedance 8
2.2.3 Radiation Pattern 9
2.2.5 Return Loss 10
2.2.6 Power Gain 10
2.2.7 Directivity 11
2.2.8 Polarization 12
2.3 Feeding Techniques 13
2.3.1 Microstrip Line 13
2.3.2 Coaxial Probe 14
2.3.3 Aperture Coupling 14
2.3.4 Proximity Coupling 14
2.4 Advantages of Microstrip Antenna 14
2.5 Disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna 15
2.6 Applications of Microstrip Antenna 16
2.7 Method of Analysis 16
2.7.1 Transmission Line Model 16
2.7.2 Cavity Model 17
2.7.3 Full-Wave Numerical Model 18
2.7.3.1 Method of Moments (MoM) 18
2.7.3.2 Finite Element (FEM) 18
2.7.3.3 Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) 19
2.8 Various Types Of Ring Antenna 19
2.8.1 Square Ring Antenna 19
2.8.2 Loaded-Ring Microstrip Antenna 21
2.8.3 Microstrip Ring Antennas 22
2.8.4 Loaded Annular Ring Antennas
for Multi-Frequency Operation 23
3 DESIGN TRI-RING ANTENNA
3.1 Design Considerations 25
3.1.1 The Dielectric Constant 25
3.1.2 Feed Substrate 26
3.1.3 Substrate Thickness 26
3.2 Design of Tri-ring Antenna 26
3.2.1 Design 1(Annular Ring Antenna) 27
3.2.1.1 The Effect By Changing The Width 27
3.2.1.2 The Effect By Changing The Location Of
Coaxial Probe Feed 29
3.2.2 Design 2(Elliptical ring antenna) 30
3.2.2.1 The Effect by Changing the Width 31
3.2.2.2 The Effect by Changing The Location Of
Coaxial Probe Feed 32
3.2.3 Design 3(Double Ring) 32
3.2.4 Design 4(Tri-ring) 34
3.3 Simulation Process 37
3.4 Fabrication Process 37
3.5 Measurement Process 38
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Simulation Results 40
4.2 Measurement results 43
4.3 Comparison between Simulation and Measurement Results 44
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEMDATION
5.1 Conclusion 46
5.2 Recommendations 46
REFERENCES 47
APPENDIX A 51
APPENDIX B 52
APPENDIX C 53
APPENDIX D 54
APPENDIX E 55
APPENDIX F 56
LIST OF FIGURE
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Basic Microstrip Antenna Configuration 5
2.2 Fringing Fields within the Microstrip Antenna 6
2.3 a) Generic Dipole Elevation Pattern b) Generic Dipole Azimuth Pattern
c) 3-D Radiation Pattern 9
2.4 Example of Directional Diagram (Aperture) 12
2.5 Cavity Model 17
2.6 Geometry of Square Ring Microstrip Antenna Fed by Coupling Strip 20
2.7 Loaded Ring Microstrip Antenna 21
2.8 Microstrip Ring Antenna 22
2.9 Geometry of Loaded Annular Ring Antenna 23
3.1 The Dimension of Ring Antenna 27
3.2 The Effect By Changed The Width Of Ring Patch In Terms Of
Return Loss 28
3.3 The Effect By Changed The Width Of Ring Patch In Terms Of
Frequency 28
3.4 The Effect by Changed The Location of Coaxial Probe Feed In Terms of
Return Loss 29
3.5 The Effect by Changed The Location of Coaxial Probe Feed In Terms
of Frequency 30
3.6 The Geometry of Elliptical Ring Antenna 30
3.7 The Effect By Changed The Width In Terms of Return Loss 31
3.8 The Effect By Changed The Width In Terms of Frequency 31
3.9 The Location of Coaxial Probe Feed 32
3.10 Combination Ring with Elliptical Shape 32
3.11 Graph of Return Loss 33
3.12 Combination Ring with Elliptical Shape 33
3.13 Graph of Return Loss 34
3.14 Changing the Location of Probe Feed for Tri-ring Antenna 34
3.15 Return Loss Graph for Three Locations of Coaxial Probe Feed 35
3.16 Changing the Width of Tri-ring Antenna 36
3.17 Return Loss by Changing the Outer Width of Tri-Ring 36
3.18 Prototype of Tri-ring Antenna 38
4.1 The Tri-ring Antenna 41
4.2 The Response for Return Loss and Frequency 41
4.3 The Radiation Pattern for 2.44GHz 42
4.4 The Radiation Pattern for 5.4GHz 43
4.5 The Radiation Pattern for 10GHz 43
4.6: Simulation Result for Tri-ring Antenna 44
TABLE LIST
NO TITLE PAGE
4.1 Comparison between Simulation and Measurement Results 44
ABBREVIATIONS LIST
- Reflection Coefficient
- Return Loss
- Dielectric Constant
BW - Bandwidth
CP - Circular Polarization
CST - Computer Simulation Technology
dB - Decibel
dBd - Decibels Over Dipole
dBi - Decibels Over Isotropic
EM - Electromagnetic
FDTD - Finite-Different Time Domain
FEM - Finite-Element Method
GPS - Global Positioning Satellite
h - Substrate height
l - Length
LAN - Local Area Network
Lavg - Average Circumferential Length
LHCP - Left Hand Circularly Polarized
MIC - Microwave Integrated Circuit
MoM - Method of Moments
MTA - Microstrip Tri-ring Antenna
Q - Quality Factor
R1 - Outer Radii
R2 - Inner Radii
RF - Radio Frequency
RHCP - Right Hand Circularly Polarized
TV - Television
UV - Ultraviolet
VNA - Vector Network Analyzer
VSWR - Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
W - Width
Zin - Input Impedance
Zo - Characteristic Impedance
λ - Wavelength
- Loss tangent
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the introduction of the project, objectives, scope of work
and problem statements of this project.
1.1 Overview of Antenna
An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.
In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice
versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and are a
necessary part of all radio equipment. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and
television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, cell phones,
radar, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or
outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain
frequencies for short distances.
Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called
elements in this context. In transmission, an alternating current is created in the elements
by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an
electromagnetic field. In reception, the inverse occurs: an electromagnetic field from
another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage
at the antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types)
incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect the radio waves striking them and direct
or focus them onto the actual conductive elements.
The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas defined antenna as means
for radiating or receiving radios waves. In other words the antenna is the transitional
structure between free-space and a guiding device. Antenna which can work in more than
one frequency region either for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic (EM) waves are
termed as Multiband Antenna [1].
1.2 Objective
The main objective of this project is to design a tri-ring antenna that can operates
at three frequencies which are 2.4GHz, 5.4GHz and 10GHz. The other objectives of this
project are to get higher bandwidth and gain.
1.3 Scope of Works
In this project, the tri-ring microstrip antenna is designed which have opportunity
can operate at multiple frequency which are 2.4GHz, 5.4GHz and 10GHz. The simulation
is carried out until the result obtained meets the required specifications. Computer
Simulation Technology (CST) software is used for simulation to measure the parameters
(i.e. frequency, gain, bandwidth and return loss) of antenna.
Then, the process continued by fabrication process using etching technique on
FR4 board, where the actual dimension is fabricated. Vector Network Analyzer is used for
measurement to measure the parameters (i.e. frequency, gain, bandwidth and return loss)
of antenna. Finally, the comparison between the simulation and measurement results is
investigated.
1.4 Problem Statement
With technology advancement, wireless transmission system has become
prevalent amongst electronic products. However, the traditional antenna can no longer
satisfy the needs for the transmission process of large data volume, such as the
multi-media files; therefore, an antenna with a multiple frequency is needed [16].
Microstrip patch antennas patch antenna have a disadvantage of narrow bandwidth
typically 1-5 % impedance bandwidth, dielectric and conductor losses can be large for
thin patches resulting in poor antenna efficiency and sensitivity to environmental factors
such as temperature and humidity [1].
1.5 Methodology
Appendix A represents the flow of works involved in constructing the tri-ring
antennas that can operates at multiple frequencies. Firstly, study about parameters of
antenna such as matched impedance, gain, frequency, bandwidth, return loss, amplitude of
radiation pattern and feeding technique must be taking into considerations when designing
the antenna. These parameters determine the performance of the antenna designed.
The tri-ring antenna is designed using the parametric study method. The
dimension of the ring antenna such as width and the location of the coaxial probe feed is
analyzed. The initial dimension of ring antenna is obtained from the existing ring antenna.
Then, the simulation of the design is carried out by using Computer Simulation
Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. The effect of width, radius and location
of coaxial probe feed with return loss and frequency is analyzed. This antenna used
coaxial probe as a feeding method because the ease of matching the characteristic
impedance to that antenna.
After that, the flow of work continues with the fabrication process. This process
begins with the layout printed of tri-ring antenna. After that, the etching process is carried
out accordingly to the antenna layout print out from the simulation. At this point, the
etching is implemented accordingly to the actual dimensions of the printed layout.
Finally, the antenna is measured using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) to
compare the simulations results with the measurements results.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter explained the theory of antenna such as types of antenna, explanation
about microstrip antenna, types of feeding technique and others. This chapter also
included the review of the various ring antenna types.
2.1 Introduction of Microstrip Antenna
A microstrip antenna is defined as an antenna which consists of radiating patch on
one side of a dielectric slab and a ground plane on the other side. Figure 2.1 shows a basic
configuration of the microstrip antenna.
Figure 2.1: Basic Microstrip Antenna Configuration [1]
Microstrip antennas are used in a broad range of applications from communication
systems such as radars, telemetry and navigation field due to their simplicity,
conformability, low manufacturing cost, and very versatile in terms of resonant frequency,
polarization, pattern and impedance at the particular patch shape and model [1].
Microstrip antennas have been used in various configurations such as square,
rectangular, circular, triangular, trapezoidal, elliptical etc. In microstrip antenna designs, it
is depends strongly on the dimensions of the patch, the location of the feed point, the
excitation frequency, the permittivity of the substrate and its thickness.
Microstrip antennas radiate due to the fringing fields between the patch and the
[image:23.595.199.414.399.560.2]ground plane. Figure 2.6 shows the fringing fields in a microstrip patch antenna [1].
Figure 2.2: Fringing Fields within the Microstrip Antenna [1]
The fields at the end of the patch can be splited into tangential and normal
components with respect to the ground plane. The normal field components are out of
phase because the length of the patch is approximately . Therefore their contribution
to the far field in broadside direction cancels each other. The tangential field components,
which are in phase, combine to give the maximum radiated field normal to the surface of
the patch [2].
Due to the fringing fields between the patch and the ground plane, the effective
dimensions of the antenna are greater than the actual dimensions. For example the radius
effective of the patch is greater than the physical radius. In this case fringing effect makes
the radius effective look larger due to the fact that some of the waves travel in the
substrate and some in the air [1]. Besides that, if the frequency of the wave is at a resonant
point then the electric fields around the edges have the maximum amplitude. Thus, the
radiated electric fields will be at a maximum at resonant frequencies.
2.2 Basic Microstrip Antenna Properties
In microstrip antenna, there several important properties that need to be considered
including resonance frequency, bandwidth, input impedance, radiation pattern, return loss,
directivity, gain and polarization.
2.2.1 Resonance Frequency
The resonant frequency and electrical resonance is related to the electrical length
of the antenna. The electrical length is usually the physical length of the wire multiplied
by the ratio of the speed of wave propagation in the wire. Typically an antenna is tuned
for a specific frequency, and is effective for a range of frequencies usually centered on
that resonant frequency. Antennas can be made resonant on harmonic frequencies with
lengths that are fractions of the target wavelength. Some antenna designs have multiple
resonant frequencies, and some are relatively effective over a very broad range of
frequencies [31].
2.2.2 Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which it is effective,
usually centered around the resonant frequency. The bandwidth of an antenna may be
increased by several techniques, including using thicker wires, replacing wires with cages