CODE SWITCHING IN COMMUNICATIVE EVENTS
BETWEEN BUYERS AND SELLERS IN
TRADITIONAL MARKET
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Linguistics Study Program in Partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By :
JULIANA SIBURIAN
Reg. Number : 8146111027
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
Abstract
Siburian Juliana, Registration Number: 8146111027, Code Switching in Communicative Events Between Buyers and Sellers in Traditional Market . A Thesis : English Applied Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan 2017.
This research dealt with the code switching in traditional market. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe types of code switching are found in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market. 2) to describe process of code switching in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market. 3) to describe the reasons why they made code switching in communicative events in traditional market. The data were obtained from code switching are found in traditional market. This research applied qualitative research design. The data were collected through observation by taking video recording. The findings of this study showed that: 1) between buyers and sellers in traditional market, there are intersentential code switching and intrasentential code switching. It is found that dominantly the intersentential code switching in this research. 2) between buyers and sellers in traditional market, three processes of code switching, insertion, alternation, congruent lexicalization.3) between buyers and sellers in traditional market, there are reasons of using code switching , being empathic about something (express solidarity), interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors),
repetition used for clarification, clarifying the speech content, expressing group identity .
Abstrak
Siburian Juliana, Nomor Registrasi: 8146111027, Code Switching in Communicative Events Between Buyers and Sellers in Traditional Market . A Thesis : English Applied Linguistic Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan 2017.
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan pengalihan kode dalam pasar tradisional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) untuk menggambarkan tipe dari pengalihan kode yang ditemukan dalam peristiwa komunikasi antara pembeli dan penjual dalam pasar tradisional, 2) untuk menggambarkan proses pengalihan kode dalam peristiwa komunikasi antara pembeli dan penjual dalam pasar tradisional, 3) untuk menggambarkan mengapa mereka membuat pengalihan kode dalam peristiwa komunikasi antara pembeli dan penjual dalam pasar tradisional, Data Terdiri dari pengalihan kode yang ditemukan dalam pasar tradisional. Penelitian ini menerapkan desain penelitian kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi yang dilakukan dengan rekaman video. Adapun temuan dalam penelitian ini: 1) antara pembeli dan penjual di pasar tradisional, ada pengalihan kode intersentensial dan pengalihan kode intrasentensial . Yang mendominasi ditemukan pengalihan kode intersentensial di dalam penelitian ini. 2) antara pembeli dan penjual di pasar tradisional, tiga proses dari pengalihan kode, penyisipan, pergantian, kesesuaian bahasa 3) antara pembeli dan penjual di pasar tradisional, ada alasan alasan dari menggunakan pengalihan kode
,menjadi empatik terhadap sesuatu (mengungkapkan solidaritas), seruan (memasukkan pengisi kalimat atau konektor kalimat), repetisi digunakan untuk klarifikasi, mengklarifikasi isi ucapan, dan mengekspresikan identitas kelompok .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Jesus the most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First of all, I would like to say praise be to Jesus who has given chance and health to the writer in order could finish this thesis on time.
The writer would like to express her first advisor Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd, and her second advisor Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, for their valuable advice, guidance, constructive comments and precious time spent out supervising and commenting this thesis until it appears in its present form.
Her special grattitude goes to Dr. Rahmad Husen, M.Ed, as the Head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program and all Lectures, for the valuable knowledge and instruction they have imparted to her during the years studying.
Then, a very special debt of grattitude is directed to her beloved parents, Dr. Panigoran, M.Pd, Rostauly Silalahi, S.Pd. Together with her beloved sisters : E. R. Tetty Siburian, STh, SPd, Marnaike Siburian, M.Pd, Silvia Siburian, S.Pd. Her beloved brothers : Swandi M. T. Siburian, M.Pd, Sukses M.P Siburian, S.H, M.H for their full love, support, care, and prayers.
And to all writer’s friends , evin, melisa, keysia and to someone special James Purba , S.Pd, M. Hum for their full love, support, care, and prayers.
Finally, the writer must confess that the writer has done to accomplish her thesis but the writer is been aware that it is still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticsms, suggestions, or comments will be highly appreciated.
Medan, 02 Maret 2017
Juliana Siburian
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 The Problems of the Study ... 7
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 8
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 8
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW LITERATURE 2.1 The Code-Switching ... 10
2.2 Types of Code Switching ... 13
2.3 Process of Code switching ... 15
2.4 Underlying Reasons For Using Code Switching ... 22
2.5 Communicative Events ... 26
2.6 Traditional Market ... 29
2.7 Relevant Studies ... 30
2.8 Conceptual Framework ... 37
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 The Design of the Study ... 40
3.2 The Data and Source of Data ... 41
3.3 The Technique of Collecting the Data ... 41
3.4 The Technique of data Analysis ... 41
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3.5.1 Credibility ... 43
3.5.2 Transferability ... 44
3.5.3 Dependability ... 44
3.5.4 Confirmability ... 44
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Data Analysis ... 46
4.1.1 Types of Code Switching of in traditional market ... 50
4.1.1.1 Intrasentential Code Switching ... 50
4.1.1.2 Intersentential Code Switching ... 56
4.1.2 Process of Code Switching ... 64
4.1.2.1 Insertion ... 64
4.1.2.2 Alternation ... 70
4.1.2.3 Congruent Lexicalization ... 79
4.3.4 Reasons For Using Code Switching ... 81
4.3 Findings ... 99
4.4 Discussion ... 100
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion ... 103
5.2 Suggestions ... 104
REFERENCES ... 105
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of the Study
Human being lives in this world has a role as an individual creature, but also has a role as social creature. People have a role as social creature which means people cannot live alone. They need other people to fulfill their need and help them solve their problems. To communicate with others they need language as a means communication. By using language people can express idea, experiences, thought, wants, hopes, feeling and so on to other. When two or more people communicate with each other in speech we can call the system of communication that they employ a code, in most cases that code will be something we may also want to call language. (Wardhaugh, 2006:1).
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In using language, the language users are not aware that they make a language choice. Language choice is a variation of language that is used by a person when he/she talks to one or more other person. Sumarsono and Paina (2002) state that in a bilingualism or multilingualism society, there are some codes, such as language, dialects, variation and style that used in social interaction. With those codes, a person can or will choose a code according to some factors. This process called language choise. This language choise depends on some factors such as participants, setting, topic and so on.
Sumarsono and Paina (2002) state that there are some terms in language choice: (1) Variation, within the same language, for example, the variation of informal and formal French in Europe and French in Quebee, Canada. (2) Code switching. It usually happens when a person can speak two or more language fluently. For example, A has a Batak language as his first language and Indonesian as his second language also A can speak English. In a trip A meets with D then he starts a conversation by using Indonesian, but when A knows that D can speak Batak too, A sometimes speak in Batak language. Suddenly, A and D meet with tourist and he asks them about something in English. Automatically, A and D speak in English what A does is a code switching and what language A’s
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Wei (1998) argued that the distinction between code switching and code mixing based on the place where the alternation occurs. Code alternation occurs at or above clause level, it is considered code switching, but if it occurs below clause level then it is considered code mixing. These are the definitions that the researcher adopts for the current study.
This study focuses on the phenomenon of code switching. Code switching is considered as a sociolinguistics phenomenon – a linguistic product of language contact, determined in various ways by the social circumstances in which it occurs. Code switching is now considered to be a normal and natural product of interaction. Richard (2005) describes that the term code switching means switching from one language variety to another when situation demans. According to Appel and musyken (1987), code switching is the process of switchovers the language action because of the situation change. besides that, Hymes (1974) she stated that code switching has become a common term to alternate the use of two or more languages.
Wardhaugh (2002:100) states that code switching is the particular dialect or language that a person choose to use on any occation. It is a system used for communication between two or more parties. Many linguist have stressed the point that switching is a communicative option available to a bilingual member of a speech community on much the same basis a switching between style or dialects is an option for the monolingual speaker.
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Inter Sentential Code Switching and Intra Sentential Code Switching. Inter Sentential switches occurs between sentences, as their name indicates. Intra-sentential code switching concerns language alternation that occurs within a sentence or a clause boundary. Sometimes it includes mixing within word boundaries since intra-sentential code switching occurs within sentence / clause/ word boundaries/ phrase.
Generally, code switching happens on discourse. Halliday (2004) explains that discourse is defined as a meaning that is realized in text. Discourse is realized by text as meaning is represented in expression. In other words, analogously or correspondingly to the relationship of meaning to expression is that of discourse to text. Thus, discourse finds its expression in text. This is to say that certain areas of social life or instutions have specific modes or ways of talking. With reference to social life.
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Communicative events are events which comprise communication, communication function as identity. Saville-Troike (2002) state that The communicative event is the basic unit for descriptive purposes. A single event is
defined by a unified set of components throughout, beginning with the same
general purpose of communication, the same general topic, and involving the same participants, generally using the same language variety, maintaining the same tone or key and the same rules for interaction, in the same setting. An event terminates whenever there is a change in the major participants, their role-relationships, or the focus of attention. If there is no change in major participants and setting, the boundary between events is often marked by a period of silence and perhaps a change in body position.Discontinuous events are possible, if one is interrupted and then resumes without change in major components. A conversation between student and professor in an office may be interrupted by a
telephone call, for instance. The professor then participates in a different event with the caller, leaving the student “on hold.” They may say “Now where were
we?” before resuming the first event, but participants can usually continue from
the point of interruption. In this case the student has not been an active participant in the intervening event, generally looks elsewhere, and at least pretends not to listen. He or she has essentially left the situation, although physically still present.
In this case, many buyers and sellers switch the code especially in traditional market. Generally, the sellers use the buyer’s language and buyers use
seller’s language to make each other will feel comfortable and to maintain goods
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function of the set of values and social situations operating in any given social interaction, such that one language is typically considered more appropriate then the other and for certain kinds of behavior (be it oral or written)". As quoted by Marasigan (1983), speakers do not merely switch from one language variety to another, but they build on the co-existence of alternate forms to convey information.
Afizah (2013) investigated Code switching in daily conversation. This case study examined the occurrences of code switching in daily conversation among five Jordanian speakers in Malaysia. It attempts to study the circumstances and the factors that affect code switching among the Jordanian speakers within their daily conversation. The data include recordings of conversation and short interviews among five bilingual Jordanian speakers who are living in Malaysia. The results of the study revealed that there are four circumstances which can influences the respondents to code switch and these are: familiarity among respondents, the setting, change of topics in discussion and their ages. from the research, the researcher show how the Jordanian participants in Malaysia interact in their conversation through code switching by identifying the factors that affect the phenomenon of code switching. From the research, the writer interest to investigate by using different data.
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Seller : Na bawang on, cabe, tomat, Beli kalian dulu ini. Tuhor hamu jo boh.
Buyer : To, berapa cabe ?
Seller : Merah empat puluh ribu seperempat.
Buyer : Oh tahe, mahal kali, dang boi moru, kasih kurang lah. Seller : Dang boi, ga bisa lah, memang mahal harga cabe sekarang. Buyer : Cabe rawit berapa seperempat?
Seller : udah, 38 ribu ajalah. Buyer : Au boru Purba to.Dari Doloksanggul.
Seller : Bah, marpariban do hita. Mamak ku punmanalu juga. Buyer : Itulah, jangan celit-celit sama pariban
Seller : Yodah 35 ribu ajalah
Buyer : Mauliate da pariban na burju.baik kali lah. Seller : Olo Pariban.sama sama
From The example above, the writer sees the code-switching in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market.
For that reason, the writer has decided to study code-switching in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market, conversations to know whether there are reasons behind their code-switching. 1.2The Problems of the Study
In accordance with the context given above, the statements of the research problems which are investigated in this study are as the following:
1. What types of code switching are found in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market ?
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3. Why are the code switching delivered in communicative events between buyers and the sellers in traditional market?
1.3The Objectives of the Study
In accordance with the problem above, the objectives of this study are: 1. todescribe types of code switching are found in communicative events
between buyers and sellers in traditional market.
2. to describe processof code switching in communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market.
3. todescribe the reasons why they made code switching in communicative events in traditional market.
1.4The Scope of the Study
The study belongs to the scope of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics covers a wide range of aspects, such as code switching. This study is limited to investigate code switching of communicative events between buyers and sellers in traditional market .
1.5 The Significance of the Study
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1. Theoritically, the research findings will be expected to contribute to the related theory of code switching, specifically to the theory of what makes people do code switching. The findings will make it sure if all the current theoretical factors work in communicative event.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following :
1. Between buyers and sellers in traditional market, there are intersentential code switching and intrasentential code switching. Dominantly, from the data, the researcher found the intersentential code switching in this research.
2. Between buyers and sellers in traditional market, three processes of code switching, insertion, alternation, congruent lexicalization.
3. Between buyers and sellers in traditional market, there are reasons of using Code Switching ,being empathic about something (express solidarity),
interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors), repetition used for clarification, clarifying the speech content,expressing group identity.While talking about particular topic and quoting somebody else were not found in all utterances
5.2 Suggestions
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2. The lectures or teachers in the live of society, because the teaching approach by using code switching will be easier to get closer to the society.
