CIRCULAR-SHAPED EMITTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO INCREASE IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY

(1)

IC S R D 2 0 1 3

P R O C E E D IN G S

tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"

E d it o r ia l B o a r d s :

1. Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE./ West Virginia

University,

USA

2. Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D. / Georgia Institute

of Technology, USA

3. Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan / Bogor Agricultural

University,

INDONESIA

4. Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura

/ The University

of Tokyo, JAPAN

5. Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop / Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia,

MALAYSIA

6. Dr. Hideto Ueno / Ehime University,

JAPAN

7. Dr. Tetsuya Araki / The University

of Tokyo, JAPAN

8. Dr. Yasei Oikawa / Tokyo University

of Agriculture

and Technology, JAPAN

COLLABORATIVE:

PARTNERS:

(2)

-ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

SRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

P R O C E E D IN G S O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N

S U S T A IN A B L E R U R A L D E V E L O P M E N T 2 0 1 3

ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

" S u s ta in a b le ' R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t - T o w a r d s a B e tte r W o r ld "

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26,2013

~

r c S R O 2 0 1 3

E d it o r ia l B o a r d :

1.

Prof. Robert C. Creese, Ph.D. PE. CCE.

baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

I

West Virginia University, USA

2.

Prof. Van Wang, Ph.D.

I

Georgia Institute of Technology,

USA

3.

Prof. Dr. Budi Indra Setiawan

I

Bogor Agricultural

University, INDONESIA

4.

Prof. Dr. Taku Nishimura

I

The University of Tokyo, JAPAN

5.

Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop

I

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA

6.

Dr. Hideto Ueno

I

Ehime University, JAPAN

7.

Or. Tetsuya Araki

I

The University of Tokyo, JAPAN

8.

Dr. Yosei Oikawa

I

Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,

JAPAN

P R O C E E D IN G S O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L C O N F E R E N C E O N S U S T A IN A B L E R U R A L

D E V E L O P M E N T 2 0 1 3

"Sustainable

Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

Published by:

Department of Agricultural

Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University

JI. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal,

Purwokerto 53123

Phone/Fax. +62281

638791

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I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 7 9 - 9 9 0 4 6 - 5 - 2

tsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

PROCEEDINGS

OF INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013

"Sustainable Rural Development - Towards a Better World"

Purwokerto, Central Java, INDONESIA, August 25-26, 2013

Preface

iii

List of Contents

vii

A.KEYNOTESPEAKERS

1 .

Sustainability Innovation Through First-Principles Modelling and Simulation

L iju a n H e , M a s o u m e h A m in z a d e h , a n d Y a n W a n g

1

2 .

Utilization of Organic Wastes in Local Area to Improve Plant Production and

Soil Quality for Building Sustainable Agricultural Systems in Japan

H id e to U E N O

11

B. INVITED SPEAKERS

1 .

Homegarden

Intensification

through

Cooperation

among

Different

Stakeholders: Case Studies from Indonesia and Vietnam

Y o s e i O IK A W A , V u -L in h N G U Y E N , a n d M a s a a k i Y A M A D A 1 5

2 .

Field Evaluation of Infiltration

Models under Oil Palm Plantation: Stemflow

and Throughfall Areas

M.

A s k a ri,

F.A

A h m a d ,

AM.

M o h d S a y u ti, C B .S . T e h , S u h a rto n o , H . S a ito ,

Z.

Y u s o p , a n d K . W ija y a 2 1

3 .

Environmental Sustainability of Biodiesel Production in Indonesia

A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n 3 1

4 ,

Managing Concern: Indonesian

Sustainability

in Rice Production,

A Rice

Breeding Perspective

S u p ra y o g i 43

C. SUPPORTING PAPERS

1st

Topic: Sustainable Agriculture, Agricultural

Productivity, and Modern Technologies

1 .

Enhanced Water Use Efficiency for Irrigated Rice in Indonesia with System

of Rice Intensification

(SRI)

C h u s n u l A rif, B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n , H a n h a n A h m a d S o fiy u d d in , L o lly M a rtin a

M a rtie f, M a s a ru M iz o g u c h i, a n d A rd ia n s y a h 7 3

2 .

Direct Seeding Plantation Rice System is One of Alternative in Agriculture

Water Conservation Management Engineering at Farm Level

N u rp ilih a n B a fd a l 8 3

3 .

Modeling

Water Movement

in Limited

Strip-Tillage

with

Strip

Shallow

Irrigation for Crop Cultivation Concept

Y . I. In ta ra a n d A . S a p e i

89

4 .

Circular-Shaped Emitter as Alternative to Increase Irrigation Efficiency

S a ty a n to K . S a p to m o , B u d i I. S e tia w a n , K M S F e rry R a h m a n , Y u d i C h a d irin , P o p i

R . D . M u s ta n in g s ih , a n d C h u s n u l A rif

97

5 .

Suitability Analysis of East Borneo Marginal Lands for Food Estate

S id h a rta S a h irm a n , M u h a m m a d R ifa n , a n d A rd ia n s y a h 1 0 3

6 .

Study of Rice Growth and Yield as Well as the Available of N, P, K Soil

Content Given by Local Micro Organisms in System of Rice Intensification

Rice Fields in the Cilacap District

W in d i H a ry a n to , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d Is m a n g if 1 0 9

7 .

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Application

using Zigbee for Monitoring

Displacement Object

D w i K u rn ia w a n , Im ro n R o s y a d i, a n d A z is W is n i W id h i N

115

(4)

I C S R O 2 0 1 3

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PROCEEDINGS

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT

2 0 1 3

" S u s ta in a b le R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t - T o w a r d s a B e tte r W o r ld "

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

8.

Preliminary Experimental Investigation on Use of Low-Cost Components to

Construct

Instrument

for

Nondestructively

Measuring

Optical

Characteristics of Golden Banana

(M u s a a c u m in a ta )

A . M a rg iw iy a tn o , S is w a n to ro , a n d

R.

E d ia ti

121

2

nd

Topic: Biodiversity, Agriculture, and Food Security

1.

Mathematical Model for Estimating

Staple Food Stock in Temanggung

Regency

A n to n T im u r

133

2.

Application

of Natural Preservation on Coconut Sap and Quality Profile

Evaluation of Solidifi'ed Coconut Sugar

K a rs e n o , T ri Y a n to , P e p ita H a ry a n ti, a n d R e tn o S e ty a w a ti 1 4 1

3.

Ge Interaction Assesment of Sr Sweet Corn Yield Based on Additive Main

Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Biplot in West Java

S y a fi'i M ,M e la ti R , W a lu y o B , a n d R u s w a n d i 0 1 4 7

4.

Improving

Beef

Cattle

Production

System

for

Sustainable

Rural

Development in Central Java

A k h m a d S o d iq , S u w a rn o a n d A rif H a rn o w o S id h i

155

5.

Biotic Investigation on

A c a c ia S p e c ie s

in Kordofan Region Sudan Against

Climate Change

M a y m o o n a A . E is a , Z e in a b M. H a m m a d , a n d Osm a n E . A . A b d e lk a re e m

163

6.

Physical and Chemical Cracteristics of Modified Corn Starch

Nur Aini, V. Prihananto, and Gunawan Wijonarko

169

7.

Amino Acids Composition and Minerals Content of Potato Tubers Cultivar

Eigenheimer and Granola

C . W ib o w o a n d N . B a fd a l 1 7 7

8.

Dimensional

Analysis

for

Measuring

Coefficient

of

Unit

Surface

Conductance of Steelbalss for Non Cooking Oil Frying Application

S is w a n to ro , S id h a rta S a h irm a n , a n d A g u s M a rg iw iy a tn o 1 8 7

3

rd

Topic: Renewable Energy for Sustainable Rural Development

1.

A Grid Tied Photovoltaic System Using Three-Phase Five-Level

Current-Source Inverter with Controlled Reactive Power

Suroso,

D a ru T ri N u g ro h o , W in

a

s is , a n d T o s h ih ik o N o g u c h i

195

2.

A Comprehensive Evaluation Effort of Current Situation in Kupang City as

Local Government to Achieve Indonesia Government Target in Reducing

C0

2

E Emission Based on Analysis of Kupang Input-Output Table

A d ria n u s A M H E K A , Y o s h iro H IG A N O , T a k e s h i M IZ U N O Y A , a n d H e lm u t Y A B A R

203

4th

Topic: Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development

1.

Sustainable Development through Effective Waste Management in India:

Opportunities at Community Level

U p e n d ra D . P a te l, R a jiv K . S in h a , a n d M a rg i U . P a te l... 2 1 9

2.

Hydrothermal

Synthesis

of

AG

3

P0

4

Photocatalyst

for

Phenol

Decomposition under Visible Light Irradiation

U y i S u la e m a n , E v a V a to n a h , A n u n g R ia p a n itra , P o n c o Is w a n to , S h u Y in , a n d

T s u g io S a to

225

viii

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ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

PROCEEDINGS

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVELOPMENT2013

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r C S R D 2 0 1 3

5

t h

Topic:

Environmental

and

Social

Impact

Assessment

of

Rural

Development

Programs

1 .

Enhancing Social Capital of Local Chicken Farmers in Cianjur, West Java

for Sustainable Rural Development

M o c h . S u g ia rto _ _ ....

235

2 . In S itu

Bioremediation of Glyphosate Herbicide Using

T r ic h o d e r m a V ir id e

Strain FRP

3

N o v i A rfa rita , B u d i P ra s e ty a , Y u lia N u ra in i, a n d T s u y o s h i Im a i

241

3 .

A Sustainable Smallholder Rubber Model: A Partnership between Private

Company and Local Communities

M u h a m m a d R id w a n s y a h

247

4 .

Agricultural

Manpower Dynamic and Change of Economic Structure

in

Central Java

T im o tiu s S e tia w a n

253

5.

Human Capital and Survival of Small Scale Food Processing Firms Under

Economic Crisis in Central Java Indonesia

P a lm a ru d i M a p p ig a u a n d A g u s s a lim M ....

259

6 .

Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology of Gunungsewu Karst Area and

Local Community Adaptation

S u d a rm a d ji

275

7 .

Impack of Development in Bogor Municipality on The Local Greenhouse

Gas Emission

A rie f S a b d o Y u w o n o

287

8 .

Comparative

Study

Agriculture

Development

Programs

for

Poverty

Reduction Evidences from Indonesia and China

M u h a m a d R u s liy a d i

295

9 .

Sustainable Livelihood Strategies after Merapi Volcanic Eruption (Aspects

of Sustainable Rural Development)

N u g ro h o H a ri P u rn o m o a n d W id o d o H a riy o n o

305

1 0 .

Application

of Small Scale Program of Farmer Participation on Land and

Water

Conservation

Measures

to

Simulate

Realistics

Waterhed

Management

S a h id S u s a n to , C h a n d ra S e ty a w a n , a n d S u k irn o

311

6t h

Topic: Community Health

1 .

Criterias Identification

of Eye Diseases in Order to Develop an Expert

System for Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma

R e tn o S u p riy a n ti, G u ru h S y a h ro n i, S ri W is n u R e s p a ti, Y o g i R a m a d h a n i, a n d

T u tik Id a R o s a n ti

321

2 .

The Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanol Extract of Plantain

( P la n ta g o m a jo r

L.) on Drug Induced Hepatotoxic Rat

( R a ttu s n o r v e g ic u s )

Model

E S u tris n a , A A F itria n i, I A S e llm , A

M

M a s k o e n ,

M

S u ja tn o , a n d H

S.

S a s tra m ih a rd ja

331

3.

Potential Analysis of Cottonwood Parasite (Dendropthoe Pentandra) Stem

Extract in Decreasing of Mutant P53 Protein Expression on Cervical Cancer

Cell (Hela Cells) in Vitro

G a m a l a n d E frik o S e p ta n a n d a .

339

4 .

Wareness

and Willingnes

to

Health Policy:

An Empirical

Study with

Reference to Malang Indonesia

G a m a l

345

(6)

I C S R D 2 0 1 3

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PROCEEDINGS

ON

SUSTAINABLERURALDEVElOPMENT2013

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

5 . N ig e l/a s a tiv a

Gel Improves Granulation and Re-Epithelialization Tissue of

Diabetic Rats

Y u n ita S a ri, D h a d h a n g W a h y u K , S a ry o n o , A rin g to n IG , a n d N a k a ta n i T o s h io ...

CBA

355

Posters

1 .

Green House Effect Solar Dryers: An Appropriate Technology Pro-The Poor

Y u w a n a .

2.

Initial

Screening

of Green Super Rice

(GSR) Lines

and

Sub

1

Gene

Containing Varieties for Seedling Stage Drought Tolerance

U n tu n g S u s a n to , R in a H a p s a ri W e n in g , M a d e J a n a M e ja y a , a n d J a u h a r A li .

3.

Climate

Variability:

Need for

Collective

Action

in

Conserving

Agro-Biodiversity

K .C. S iv a b a la n , B. S w a m in a th a n , a n d S. N ith ila .

4.

Application

of Irradiation

Mutation Technique

Into

Early Maturing

Rice

Variety

( 9 0 - 1 0 4

Day)

for

the

Development

of

Improved

Agronomic

Performance-Ultra Early Maturing «

9 0

Days) Rice Variety

M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h a n d U n tu n g S u s a n to .

5.

On Farm Trial of Green Super Rice (GSR) Pre-Released Variety in Raifed

Lowland Areas of Indramayu

M o h a m a d Y a m in S a m a u lla h , U n tu n g S u s a n to , a n d M a d e J a n a M e ja y a .

6.

Life Cycle GHG Emission

and Energy Consumption

for

Production

of

Biodiesel Using Catalyst from Crude Palm Oil and Curde Jatropha Curcas Oil

in Indonesia

K im a n S ire g a r, A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n , A b d u l K . Irw a n to , S o n i S . W ira w a n , a n d

T e ts u y a A ra k i .

7.

Prototype Reactor Design for Biodiesel Production Based Coconut Oil

N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i .

8.

Response Surface Methodology for Regeneration of Lithium

Bromida

in

Absorption Refrigeration System Using Vacuum Membrane Distillations

B a y u R u d iy a n to , T s a ir-W a n g C h u n g , a n d A rm a n s y a h H . T a m b u n a n .

9.

Biodiesel

Production

Based

Coconut

Oil

by

Esterification

and

Transesterification Process

N u ru l R iz k i R a m a d h a n , A rie f R M A k b a r, a n d S u s i .

1 0 .

Assesssment of Socio Economic and Environmental Impact of Community

Water Supply Schemes in Kandy District

D .M .C .S . M im ro s e , E .R .N . G u n a w a rd e n a , a n d H .B . N a y a k a k o ra la .

1 1 .

Global Rice Trade and Some Issues of Restriction

E v i N u rifa h J u fita s a ri .

1 2 .

Bare Soil Surface Temperature Determination from Energy Balance Equation

A rd ia n s y a h , S h o S h io z a w a , a n d B u d i In d ra S e tia w a n .

1 3 .

Hydram Pump for Water Supply at Banteran Village, Sumbang Sub-District,

Purwokerto

P u tri R ie s k i Im a n d a , R e z a K u s u m a N , A rd ia n s y a h , a n d A fik H a rd a n to .

1 4 .

Isolation

and

Identification

of

Indigenous

Microbe

for

Production

of

Bioethanol from

N y p a F r u tic a n s

I A ! " Iv v lUd 'lje n g T'In s a s l'w i G u n a w a n ~ Ij"o n a rk o, , a nd

M

e Is aI' R ' kIS a P u iriu n .

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1s tT O P I C

ISBN 978-979-99046-5-2

.' .

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PROCEEDINGS

International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2 0 1 3

"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

Purwokerto. 23-24 August 2013

CIRCULAR-SHAPED

EMITTER AS ALTERNATIVE

TO INCREASE

IRRIGATION

EFFICIENCY

Satyanto K. Saptomo\ Budi I. Setiawan\ KMS Ferry Rahman2• Yudi chadtrtn", Popi R. D. Mustaningsih3,

Chusnul Arif1

'Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia

2alumni of Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor,

Indonesia

3 a researcher in Agroclimate and Hydrology Research Institut, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural

Research and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia

E-mail: saptomo.sk@gmail.com

CBA

ABSTRACT

As respond to demand on reducing water for agricultural sector as the water usage competition is increasing between various sectors, water efficient irrigation techniques were offer in order to keep the water status at the desirable level at a production land. while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available. Automation system was applied to micro irrigation system using circular shaped irrigation emitter. The irrigation system is proven to work and keep the soil moisture at the desired condition which is field capacity, between pF 2.54 and 4.2. As the soil moisture was kept within the range percolation can be suppressed to its minimum or even halt. The system can be improved and used for dry land agriculture.

Keywords: micro-irrigation, automatic control, agriculture water management, porous medium

INTRODUCTION

At present, there is a demand for the agricultural sector can reduce water usage as the competition is

increasing in water use in various sectors like power generation, domestic and industrial sectors.

Uncertainties about the impacts of climate to water availability have also been a challenge to

agriculture water management. One effort to adapt to this situation is by increasing water use

efficiency. As respond to this situation, there are many water efficient irrigation or cultivation

techniques that had been offered. The task is to keep the water status at the desirable level at a

production land, while avoiding loss of water and within a certain amount of water available. At present

digital electronic and information technology had been accepted widely in most aspect of living.

Similarly, agricultural water management can use this modern technology. The use of electronic

sensors and devices that integrated into an irrigation control system seems to have its potential to

increase the efficiency of water utilization by preserving exact water status to the field. This is

hopefully can contribute to improve performance of irrigation water management. Micro irrigation can

increase the efficiency of irrigation water applied, although the usage of micro irrigation is limited. The

method of water application is determined by the type of emitter, which can also define the efficiency.

This paper aims to present the development of automated irrigation system that uses circular shaped

emitter as an alternative to increase water use efficiency.

METHODOLOGY

Soil Moisture

Soil moisture regime that should be preserved for the plant is generally between field capacity (pF

2.54) and permanent wilting point (pF 4.2). Therefore, the range of soil moisture should be determined

by analyzing the field's soil sample. In our case the soil samples were tested in the laboratory to get

volumetric water content values at pF 1, 2, 2.54 and 4.2. Retention curve was made using van

Genuchten (1980) model to estimate the soil moisture at other pF values. Table 1 shows the physical

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. PROCEEDINGS

International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013

"Sustainable Rural Development-Towards A Better World"

Purwokerto,August25-26,2013

properties of the soil and Figure 1 shows its water retention curve by van Genuchten. Here the

objective of the irrigation is to provide water between field capacity and permanent wilting point, which

[image:8.617.44.530.126.485.2]

volumetric water content values are 38.5% and 28.7%.

Table 1. Soil properties Field

volumetric water content

Volumetric Water Content Drainage

Available water BI

(BD) Porosity

pF1 pF 2 pF2.54 pF 4.2 Rapid Slow

(% vol.)

baZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

g lc c --- % of volume

---40.1 1.10 53.4 47.9 38.9 33.9 24.4 14.5 5.1 9.5

39.1 1.14 50.9 49.2 44.8 39.9 27.3 6.0 4.9 12.6

34.0 1.01 58.9 54.0 44.7 39.4 25.5 14.3 5.3 13.9

35.8 0.98 54.2 48.6 46.0 40.5 28.9 8.2 5.5

CBA

11.6

.~ __ ._.~~ ••• P•••

~.~v

,

.

,

'

t . •

- - . -- . .- - i - : - - - ~--· -T - -- - --- l

-r-

;-f

,

0 .1

+---:-'---t---"---/.---+-""'---+-"""---t

GO

02

3 .0

s.o

Figure 1. Water Retention Curve

Micro Irrigation and Porous Medium

According to Hansen, et al (1979), there are 4 different methods of irrigation, which are: surface,

sub-surface, sprinkle and tickle .rriqation. Sprinkle and tickle irrigation are examples of micro irrigation that

are used limitedly. Both irrigation required manifolds and lateral pipes network that deliver irrigation

water to it outlets points. As Sprinkle irrigation nozzle spread water to a wider area, tickle irrigation

provides water close to the plant and applied at the surface by droplets of water.

Another innovation in irrigation is the use of porous medium as emitter. Pitcher irrigation (Setiawan,

2000) is one of the example, especially useful for arid land. Pitcher irrigation exploits the property of

porous medium to control water flow from inside depends of the moisture different between porous

wall of the pitcher and the soil. Similar principle can be applied to different shape of emitters.

The emitter used in this research has principles, which are to applied water as close and as uniform as

possible to plant, and the water flow can be naturally limited following the property of soil. The circular

shape can fulfil! the first principle; this can be done by using disk-shaped porous medium or simple

punching holes around the bottom of a circular container.

98

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1s t T O P I C

I S B N 9 7 8 · 9 7 9 · 9 9 0 4 6 · 5 - 2

SRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

P R O C E E D IN G S

In t e r n a t io n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n S u s t a in a b le R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t 2 0 1 3

"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World" Purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

inlet

Porous base

[image:9.611.193.422.82.252.2]

Downward seepage

Figure 2. Circular (disc) shaped emitter

A u t o m a t ic Ir r ig a t io n

Automatic irrigation is part of water management system that includes irrigation and drainage. An

example of this technology was developed in the research for the development of controlled drainage for wetland (Setiawan, et. al. 2002) that used automatically regulated pumps to move the water from or to the agricultural land. In this research, the automation was applied for micro irrigation. The purpose is to control the flow of water to the emitter, since in this stage the circular emitter has not been properly developed yet.

The automation system that was used in this study is a 2 setpoints on-off system based on

open-source prototyping platform Arduino. Soil moisture sensors were used as the sensing device that

supplied moisture status to the controller. The sensors were calibrated to the soil moisture data

analyzed in the laboratory, and have linear conversion function as Eq . 1 where Y1 is the moisture value and Xl in binary number equal to moisture sensed by the sensor.

[image:9.611.74.547.502.828.2]

Yl

ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

=

0.1218xl - 20.081 ( 1 )

Figure 3 shows the automated irrigation system schematics. The automation system was design to be powered by solar energy.

-Figure 3. Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation System

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PROCEEDINGS

International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013

Purwokerto,August25-26,2013

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Disc irrigation system has been tried for field irrigation experiment. The irrigation was controlled

automatically, irrigation valve will open as soil moisture decrease to 28.7% (0.287 cm3/cm3) or less,

and it will close as the moisture increases and reaches water content values of 38.5% (0.385

cm3/cm3). The layout of the irrigation system is as shown in Figure 4 The trial was done in 5 m x 2,9 m

field with 30 disk shaped emitters having 14 cm of outer diameter. Each emitter can seep

approximately 0.0057cm3 of water per second or 0.0092 mm/sec, assuming the seepage is uniform

beneath the emitters circle area.

A short trial was conducted in a fine day without rain, for only a few hours to examine the performance of the irrigation system. Figure 5 shows the irrigation performance during this trial, the fluctuating line

is the soil moisture that was moving within the range of maximum and minimum permitted soil

moisture. This was made by setting the setpoints of the controller as explain in prior section. As the moisture decreased and reach minimum setpoint, the irrigation valve opened and recharge water in the disc emitters and water seeped to the soil.

Soil moisture increases as the field was irrigated, until it reached maximum setpoint where the valve

will automatically close. The remaining water in the disc emitters kept seeping even the valve had

been closed; this would further increase the soil moisture higher than field capacity. In this case, small part of water percolated. Percolation happens as currently the disk shaped emitter's base's material has not been designed properly yet. The material design is the next step of the research.

Figure 6 shows the total quantity of components of water balance (mm) recorded during the trial. The

input components are rainfall and irrigation which has amount of 0 mm and 7.85 mm. Output

components are evapotranspiration (ET), total changes in water storage (dh/dt) and percolation (P)

which have values of 1.08 mm, -2.78 mm and 9.54 mm. This water balance analysis is based on 40 mm depth of soil layer.

Percolation was higher than amount of water irrigated. The additional percolated water might be

originated from the moisture storage in the soil, which changes has negative value that means

moisture extracted from the soil. This could also mean that there is another source of moisture to the field whiah are not clear yet. Other possibilities are the soil layer is not 40mm as assumed or irrigation rate of the emitters was not uniform. However, the results show that the irrigation system can work well in preserving soil moisture at the favorable level and minimize loss through percolation.

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P R O C E E D IN G S

In t e r n a t io n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n S u s t a in a b le R u r a l D e v e lo p m e n t 2 0 1 3

"Sustainable Rural Development - Toward a Better World"

purwokerto, 23-24 August 2013

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C O N C L U S IO N S

Disc shaped emitter was used in field trial, using automatic micro-irrigation system. Water was applied

the surrounding vicinity of the plant by using the emitter. The combination of disc shaped emitter and

automated irrigation system than works to preserve water between field capacity and wilting point had

proven to work well. The system is still to be improved by developing better material of the emitter and

the base of the emitter in the way that the circular shaped emitter can be more flexible in the installation

and having better water conducting properties which can work better when implemented in dry land.

R E F E R E N C E S

[1]. Hansen, V.E. Israelsen, O.W. dan G.E. Stringham. (1979) Irrigation Principle and Practice.

(terjemahan) John Willey and Sons. Inc. New York.

[2]. Setiawan, B.I, Y. Sato, S.K. Saptomo and E. Saleh. (2002) Development of water control for

tropical wetland agriculture. Advances in Geoecology No. 35, Pages 259-266, Catena VerI.,

Reikirchen, Germany.

[3]. Setiawan, B.I. (2000) On the Dissemination of Pitcher Irrigation System for Horticulture

Farming in Dry Lands. Proceedings of China International Conference on Dry land and

Water-Saving Farming. Beijing, November 21-23,2000.

[4]. van Genuchten, M. (1980) A Closed-Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity

of Unsaturated Soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am J. 44:92-898

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102

.-PROCEEDINGS

'International Conference on Sustainable Rural Development 2013

Purwokerto, August 25-26,2013