A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
Rizki Gunawan
107026003815
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
Rizki Gunawan
107026003815
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIFHIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
i
Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, February 2011.
In this research, the writer concerns with translation study, that is, the translation strategy in the translation of cultural words in Laskar Pelangi novel translated by Angie Kilbane. The objectives of the research are: (1) to describe translation procedures used by the translator to translate the selected cultural words, (2) to find the most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator in translating the selected cultural words.
The writer uses qualitative descriptive method in order to reach the objectives of the research. The writer employs himself to collect data; by reading the novel and its translation, marking the cultural words, classifying, selecting and analyzing them based on the theories of translation procedure and translation strategy which are taken from some relevant references.
ii
IN
LASKAR PELANGI
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One
Rizki Gunawan
NIM. 107026003815
Approved by:
Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed
NIP. 150 181 922
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
iii
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in text.
Jakarta, February 6, 2011
iv
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of Universe, on the overflow of
graces and mercies to mankind, who amazingly guides the writer in the process of
making this thesis. Peace and Salutation be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad
SAW, his family, companions and adherents, who had changed the world from the
darkness into the lightness.
On this occasion, the writer wants to say many thanks to his beloved
parents (Alm. Adi Sumantri and Maiyah), who have kept, taught, advised and
prayed for his success. “Thanks, I hope you are proud of my graduation”. The
writer also wants to give his gratitude to Mr. Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M. Ed, as the
writer’s advisor for his time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution in
correcting and helping him in finishing his thesis.
The writer would like to express his appreciation to the following people,
namely:
1. Mr. Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta;
2. Mr. Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Assistant of Dean of
Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif
v
4. All lecturers of English Letters Department, especially for Mr. Dr.
Frans Sayogie, M.Pd, S.H. and Mrs. Danti Pudjianti, M.Hum who have
influenced and inspired the writer to study about translation science;
5. Student Executive Board of English Letters, “ALWAYS BE FOR
BROTHERHOOD!”;
6. The writer’s friends in English Letters: Anwar, Sangka, Ilham, Thoriq,
Iir, Ichank, Obi, Deden, Nu’man, Yasir, and all of his classmates in the
translation class;
7. Special thanks to the writer’s special friend, for all loves and supports;
8. The employers of some University Libraries, especially Atmajaya
Library employer, who have helped the writer in finding so many
references.
9. To all people and friends that are not mentioned, “Thank you so
much”.:-)
May Allah, the all-Hearer and all-Knower, always bless’, protects, and
gives them more than they have given to the writer. Hopefully, this thesis will be
advantageous for all people who read it.
Jakarta, February 6, 2011
vi
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...
viiLIST OF TABLES ... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ...x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...1
A. Background of the Study...1
B. Focus of the Study...8
C. Research Question...8
D. Significance of the Study ...8
E. Research Methodology...9
1. The Objective of the Research ...9
2. The Method of the Research ...9
3. Technique of Data Analysis ...9
4. Instrument of the Research...10
5. Unit of Analysis ...10
6. Time and Place of the Research ...11
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...12
A. Translation...12
vii
1. Definition ...18
2. Kinds of Translation Procedures...20
C. The Strategy of Translation...26
1. Definition ...26
2. Kinds of Translation strategies ...27
a. Foreignizing ...27
b. Domesticating ...29
c. Neutralizing...33
D. Translation of Novel ...34
E. Cultural Words ...35
1. Definition ...35
2. The Types of Cultural Words ...36
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS...38
A. Data Description ...38
B. Data Analysis ...40
C. The General Elaboration ...58
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...65
A. Conclusion ...65
B. Suggestion ...66
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...67
viii
ix
Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida & Taber...15
Figure 3: The Process of Translation by Larson ...16
Figure 4: The Process of Translation by Machali ...17
Figure 5: The Classification of Functional Equivalent Procedure ...24
Figure 6: The Classification of Descriptive Equivalent Procedure...24
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is “the system of communication in speech and writing that is
used by people of a particular country”.1 All people speak to communicate each
other through language, both written and oral. Cartford defines language as a type
of pattern of human behavior that is a way in which human beings interacts each
other in social situation.2
Language is an object in translation. Without language, translation can not
be applied. Translation is a process conducted in language, a process of changing
a text in one language into another language. The change consists of some aspects,
such as phonetic, grammatical, and semantic. Therefore, a translator must use the
theory of language as a footing or the principle that supports him/her.
In globalization era, translation is very useful and needed by human. By
translation, communication between human beings in various parts of the world
can be done effectively. Science and technology which is evolving from many
countries may be accessed easily. Transfer of science, culture, and other social
activities mostly is done through translation. In other words, translation is an
access to the innovation of science, technology, art and culture in order to a media
center of the perspective of global communication. As a result, translator is a very
1
A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 752.
2
lucrative profession as payment for translation services is quite expensive.
Moreover, if a translator has been a professional translator with specialized
certified, high-speed translation ability and the translation that he/she produces is
good, he/she will get big income.
Based on the Association of Indonesian Translators (HPI), the average
tariff of written translation from Indonesian to English is Rp.75.000, -/1.500
characters (3 pages), and 50,000, -/1.500 characters for translation from English
into Indonesian. As for interpreting, the charge is more expensive. It is
Rp.200.000, -/hour or Rp.2.000.000, - in working day (8 hours). 3 Of course, a
translator is very benefit job.
However, in translating, all of the translators, both amateur and
professional will face some problems. Even, in translating literary texts, such as
translating a novel. Translating a novel is a difficult job for translator. It consists
of figurative language, cultural words, sentences, text coherences and cohesions
that require continuous compromise and readjustment. In addition, there is
no-universality among linguist in deciding the term and the concept of the strategy
will be used. So that, it makes beginner translator confused whether the better
strategy and term which they should use, especially, in translating literary text,
such as novel.
3
One of the problems in translating a novel is translating a word or phrase
that is bound by culture, in which a translator must find a direct lexical equivalent
for a thing or event that is unknown (foreign) in receptor language culture. The
word or phrase is mentioned as cultural words. As C. Thriveni declares that “A
transmitting cultural element through literary translation is a complicated
and vital task. (By the reason of) culture is a complex collection of
experiences which condition daily life; it includes history, social structure,
religion, traditional customs, and everyday usage.”4
In other words, a translator has difficulty in finding an equivalent of
cultural words, because there is no direct and right equivalent which is used to
express the messages of source language in word or phrase of receptor language.
The word buku in Indonesian has a direct equivalent in English, that is book, but
the cultural word such as golok (a type of Indonesian knife) is not found in
English. There is no such knife in England. Otherwise, the word Halloween (The
night of October 31th which is believed to be the moment of the emergence of the
people have dead) in English is unknown in the Indonesian language. In this case,
there is non-equivalence in translating. It causes the untranslatability in rendering
the message between two languages.
The untranslatability is due to cultural differences and the nature of
language that is called "sui generis". Cultural differences, like differences in point
4
of view, customs, beliefs, environment, and others between source language and
receptor language. The nature of language "sui generis” means language has its
own characteristics that are different from other languages.5 Language is unique
or has characteristics in culture. A language, however, has its meaning only in the
culture, as Newmark states that a language is partly the repository and reflection
of a culture. Thus, different language may contain different cultures of different
ways of thinking.6 It causes the difficulty in translating cultural words for
translator. In fact, the translator should be able to translate it even though there is
no equivalent or hard to find it.
Therefore, it is necessary to find a procedure or a certain way to obtain the
equivalent in translating the non-equivalence which is cultural words. Thus, the
translation is acceptable and easily understood by readers who are not familiar
with source language culture. The reader should get the intent of the author as a
form of establishment of communication between writer and foreign reader. For
example, in a novel, there is written phrase panjat pinang which is translated into
English to be an Indonesian game like pole climbing. Of course, the translation is
acceptable for the readers, because it is comprehensible, and it can communicate
between the writer and the reader. In the translation, the phrase panjat pinang is
described. This way is one of the translation procedures, which is mentioned as
descriptive equivalent. Descriptive equivalent is used to produce a natural
translation.
5
J.C. Cartford (1965), op.cit. p. 27. 6
The translation procedure chosen is caused by the translation method that
the translator decides. The method selected is caused by the ideology that
translator believes.7 In other word, first, the ideology that the translator considers,
will decide the method he/she uses. Secondly the method he/she uses will choose
the strategy which is used.
Related to the ideology of translating (Behtash-Firoozkoohi, Munday and
Wenfen Yang mention it as translation strategy)8, another problem that the
translation. For example the translation theories had been in debating if translation
should be literal (word-for-word) or free (sense-for-sense) since Cicero time
(106-43 B.C.) to the twentieth century.10 The central problem of translating has been
going on, that is, the distinction of concept among scholars whether to translate
literally or freely since at least the first century BC. Up to the beginning of the
7
Roswita Silalahi, “Dampak Teknik, Metode, dan Ideologi Penerjemahan pada Kualitas Terjemahan Teks Medical-Surgical Nursing dalam Bahasa Indonesia”, Dissertation (Medan: The Library of North Sumatra University, 2009), pp.4-5. u.p.
8
E.Z. Behtash and Sepideh Firoozkoohi, “A Diachronic Study of Domestication and Foreignization Strategies of Cultural-Specific Items: in English-Persian Translation of Six of Hemingway’s Works”, World Applied Science Journal 7 (December 2009). Accessed on January 2th 2011.http://www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj7%2812%29/19.pdf.p. 1576.
9
Theodore Savory, The Art of Translation (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1986), pp. 49-50. 10
Wenfen Yang, “Brief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translation”,
nineteenth century, many writers favor some kind of free translation, namely: the
spirit, not the letter; the sense, not the words; the message rather than the form; the
matter, not the manner.11 Lately, the conflict in that concept is going on between
Nida and Venuti. Nida as the representative, favors domesticating as the right
translation strategy. Meanwhile Venuti selects foreignizing as the better strategy.12
He Sanning tries to overcome those debates by introducing the new
strategy. It is neutralizing. This notion is presented in FIT5th Asian Translator
Forum in Bogor, April 11-12th 2007. He states that it may be used to translate
culture specific items to prevent the reader from misunderstanding that uniquely
cultural factor in a certain area becomes a common phenomenon all over the
world.13 Therefore, there are three strategies that are different in conception.
Those differences make student of translation or beginner translator
puzzled in applying the strategy and using term for translating. Terminological
diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use them and to be
understood. Beside that, those strategies are not specialized in translating cultural
words. Those are not explained to how the translator translates cultural words,
what procedure, method, and strategy that a translator uses.
The transfer of meaning to the word or phrase that requires the procedure
as the implementation of the strategy of translation applied by the translator in
11
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International Ltd, 1988), p. 45
12
Wenfen Yang (2010), op.cit. p. 78. 13
translating cultural words is included on the popular novel of Indonesia. The title
of novel is Laskar Pelangi which was translated into English to be the Rainbow
Troops. In Laskar Pelangi, the writer finds some cultural words of Indonesian
which are translated into the Rainbow Troop, for example Dul Muluk is translated
into Dul Muluk. The translator still uses the word Dul Muluk without giving the
explanation what it means in order to solve the untranslatability in translating
cultural words. Beside that, the cultural word Dul Muluk can be domesticated,
foreignized, or neutral. Thus, the writer interested in doing the research.
From the explanation above, there are two main problems; they are
no-equivalence and no-universality in translation. No-no-equivalence is no appropriate
word in changing source language word that is bound by culture into receptor
language word that is caused the untranslatability. No-universality is there is no
uniformity in the term and notion translation strategy. In this study, the writer tries
to analyze the cultural words in Laskar Pelangi which are translated by Angie
B. Focus of the Study
Based on the background of study above, the research will focus on
finding whether Indonesian cultural words are domesticated, foreignized or
neutral in the translation of Laskar Pelangi by analyzing the result of translation
procedures used.
C. Research Question
From the focus of the study above, then the research questions are:
1. What kinds of translation procedures are used by the translator (Angie
Kilbane) to translate the selected cultural words of Laskar Pelangi?
2. What is the most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator
(Angie Kilbane) in translating the selected cultural words of Laskar Pelangi?
D. Significance of the Study
This study will be advantageous to the writer himself and the readers.
Based on the experience of the writer how hard in translating literary text is, the
writer wants to know how translation procedures and translation strategies which
are used by professional translator to solve the untranslatability in translating
cultural words. It can be also a contribution in the development of translation
theory and gives the information to the translators in translating literary text.
E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of the Research
Based on the research questions above, so the aims of this research are:
a. To describe translation procedures used by the translator (Angie Kilbane)
to translate the selected cultural words of Laskar Pelangi.
b. To find the most frequently translation strategy applied by the translator
(Angie Kilbane) in translating the selected cultural words of Laskar
Pelangi.
2. The Method of the Research
The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative method which
tries to find the translation procedures and translation strategies applied by the
translator (Angie Kilbane).
3. Technique of Data Analysis
The writer uses descriptive analysis technique which is supported by the
relevant theories. To analyze the data, the researcher uses the following steps:
a. Reading the novel and its translation;
b. Marking all cultural words in both of versions and making notes about
them in a piece of paper. In Laskar Pelangi, one side of the paper
consists of the Indonesian cultural word and the other side has the
translation;
d. Selecting the data by considering the most specific cultural words, that
is the concept of Indonesian cultural words that are not found in
English;
e. Analyzing the selected data, based on Duff’s concept for translation
procedures; while Venuti’s and He Sanning’s notion for translation
strategies;
f. Writing a report of the study.
4. Instrument of the Research
The writer acts as the instrument of the research to get data in the research
by reading, marking, classifying, and selecting the data of the cultural words in
Laskar Pelangi and its translation, the Rainbow Troops.
5. Unit of Analysis
The analysis units of the research are Laskar Pelangi novel by Andrea
Hirata (Indonesian Novelist) and its translation, the Rainbow Troops, by Angie
Kilbane (English Journalist).
Indonesian → English
Title Laskar Pelangi the Rainbow Troops
Author/Translator Andrea Hirata Angie Kilbane Year of Publication 2008 sixteenth edition 2009
Publisher PT Bentang Pustaka PT Bentang Pustaka
Number of Pages 534 470
6. Time and Place of the Research
The writer starts doing the research from December 2010 up to February
2011 in English Letter Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic
University of “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta. The research is located at the English
Letters Department, Library of State Islamic University of “Syarif Hidayatullah”
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Translation
1. Definition of Translation
There are so many views from some scholars on the definition of
translation. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, translation is “the
process of changing something that is written or spoken into another language”.14
Cartford stressed the notion of translation as the process of substituting a text from
one language into another language.15 Nida and Taber state that the translation
should be the closest natural equivalent of source language, both in the meaning
and the style of receptor language.16 In other words, a translator optimally
attempts to convey the content and the style of source language.
Newmark defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended the text”.17 According to
Larson, “translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language
into the receptor language”.18 Thus, they agree that something which is transferred
in a translation is meaning, not form. Besides that, there should be naturalness in
14
A.S. Hornby (2000), op.cit. p. 1438. 15
J.C. Cartford (1965), op.cit. p. 20 16
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1982), p. 12.
17
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p.5 18
the meaning as the rules of receptor language.19 Then Machali states that the
translation must be able to communicate or to act as "the bridges of meaning"
between the manufacturer of the source text and receptor text reader. Translation
is an act of communication that conveys messages from authors to readers.20 Wills
argues that the purpose of translation is to get the optimal equivalent and there
must be semantic and pragmatic understanding in receptor language text and there
also must be analytical processing in finding the equivalent. He also pointed that
translation is a written transferring.21
In their book, Hatim and Mason propose the definition of translation
which is suitable to literary translation. It can be used as a foundation for
understanding of literary text translation. They say that translating is looked upon
as “an act of communication which attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic
boundaries, another act of communication (which may have been intended for
different purposes and different readers/hearers)”22. In this case, a translator is
receiver the message of source language then he acts as sender to receptor
language.23 In other words, a translator has two task, first he must be a good
receiver, that is wiling understand what the author mean, secondly he acts as
sender in which he must be able to render the sense what he had got accurately to
19
Maurits. D.S. Simatupang (2000), op.cit. p. 2. 20
Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah (Jakarta: Grasindo, 2000), p. 6. 21
Wolfram Wills, “Translation Equivalence”, Ten Paper on Translation, ed. Richard B.Noss (Singapura: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre, 1982), p. 3.
22
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator (London: Routledge, 1997), p. 1
23
readers.24 A translator also should convey the message whereas there are language
barriers like cultural and linguistic boundaries.
Furthermore, Sumardiono defines translation with orientation approach
that states “Translation is a process of transferring message from one language to
another by considering the aspects of accuracy and acceptability. Accuracy tends
to the source language; while acceptability tends to the target language.”25. It
means there are two orientations that the translator considers, namely: source
language oriented by focusing the accuracy of meaning and receptor language
oriented by focusing the acceptability of a translation.
Based on the various ideas about the definition of translation, the writer
concludes that translation is a process of written transferring message or sense that
contains figurative language and aspects related to aesthetic function
compromising among other rhymes, tones, and sound effects in the source that is
equal to receptor language, and the result is the effect of deciding the aspects of
accuracy and acceptability.
2. The Process of Translation
Process is a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular
result in natural changes.26 In context of translation, the process of translation is a
step that is used in getting the best result of translation. The process is started by a
24
M. Rudolf Nababan, Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2003), p. 80.
25
Sumardiono, Lokalisasi dalam Penerjemahan. Accessed on January 9th 2011. http://dion-zydion2i.blogspot.com/2009/10/karya-ilmiah-lokalisasi-dalam.html, p. 1.
26
translator to understand source language text, and then he conveys it to reader of
receptor language.
Nida and Taber propose the process of translation and its illustration as
follows:27
a) Analysis, In this step, a translator explores the meaning and the
grammatical relationship of source language word or compound word;
b) Transfer, the transfer of the sense which is in the mind of translator
from language A to language B;
c) Restructuring, the sense that has been transferred is restructured in
order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor
language.
Source Language Receptor Language
Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida & Taber
There is another opinion about that concept, Larson says that translation
consist of three steps, namely: (1) studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text; (2)
analyzing the source language text to determine the meaning; and (3)
reconstructuring the same meaning by using the lexicon and grammatical structure
27
E.A. Nida and C. Taber (1982), op.cit. p. 33.
Restructuring Analysis
which are suitable in the receptor language and its cultural context.28 He presents
the diagram as follow:29
Source Language Receptor Language
Text to be translated Translation
MEANING
Discover the meaning Re-express the meaning
Figure 3: The Process of Translation by Larson
Basically, both of the theories have the same in the aim and the step. The
aim of them is to produce the good translation. The Nida’s steps are begun with
analysis, transfer, and restructuring which is same with the step of discovering the
meaning, meaning, and re-expressing the meaning by Larson.
But, the writer thinks that both of models are not clear and not complete.
Actually, in doing translation, we should be back to the first step when the
translation is still unnatural. Then, go to the next step. Go back again if there is
still mistakes and ambiguous. The good process one is like a cycle. Therefore, the
writer agrees with Machali concept as she explained in her book as follow:30
28
Mildred L. Larson (1984), op.cit. pp. 3-4. 29
Ibid. p. 4 30
Analysis 1 → Transfer → Analysis 2 → Transfer Correction 1→ Analysis 3 → Transfer Correction 2 → … etc.
Figure 4: The Process of Translation by Machali
3. Untranslatability
In translating, a translator faces the problem. It is untranslatability.
Untranslatability is caused by the word of source language which can not be
translated or hard to find the direct receptor language word as the equivalent of
source language word. Cartford states that “untranslatability occurs when it is
impossible to build functionally relevant features of the situation into the
contextual meaning of the TL text”.31 Newmark argues that untranslatability
happens if a meaning of word cannot be rendered literally and precisely to another
word.32 There are two types of untranslatability based on the cause. They are:33
1. Linguistic untranslatability. Of course, it is the untranslatability caused the
linguistic side. This untranslatability occurs when an ambiguity which is
strange in the source language text is a functionally relevant feature.
2. Cultural untranslatability. The reason of this untranslatability is a culture
which has characterization itself that has not found in other culture. In
other words, there is the distinction between the culture of source language
and the culture of receptor language.
31
J.C. Cartford (1965), op.cit. p. 94. 32
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p. 79 33
B. The Procedure of Translation 1. Definition
There are distinctions in science of translation. The distinction is in
mentioning the certain way of translator to translate words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences. Newmark states it as translation procedure.34 Baker says this concept as
translation strategy.35 Moreover, Molina and Albir mention this notion as
translation technique.36 Which is the right term whether procedure, strategy, or
technique is?
To make it clear, it’s better to see each definition in dictionary. Based on
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, procedure is “a way of doing something,
especially the usual or correct way”.37 In Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI),
prosedur as an equivalent of procedure refers to “tahap kegiatan untuk
menyelesaikan suatu masalah; metode langkah demi langkah secara pasti dalam
memecahkan suatu masalah”.38 (a step of activity to solve the problem or a step by
step method exactly in solving the problem).
The word “strategy” means “a plan that is intended to achieve a particular
purpose.”39 The other definition is “rencana yang cermat mengenai kegiatan untuk
mencapai sasaran khusus”.40(a neatly plan of activity to get a certain goal). While,
34
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. pp. 81-91. 35
Mona Baker, In Other Words (Newyork: Routledge, 1992), pp. 26-42 36
Lucia Molina and Amparo. H. Albir, “Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach”, Meta: Translators’ Journal. Vol.47 no.4 (2002), pp. 509-511. Accessed on January 2th 2011.http:/www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2002/v47/n4/008033ar.pdf.
37
A.S. Hornby (2000), op.cit. p. 1050. 38
Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia: Edisi Keempat
(Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008), p. 1106. 39
A.S. Hornby (2000), op.cit. p. 1336. 40
“a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn
special skills” is mentioned as technique.41 According to KBBI, technique that
refers to teknik, is “cara (kepandaian dsb) membuat atau melakukan sesuatu yang
berhubungan dengan seni; metode atau sistem mengerjakan sesuatu”.42(a way or
talent in making or doing something which is related to arts; method or system in
doing something)
All of three types states the rather same definition, that is a way in doing
something, but there are little diverse. The procedure is specialized in “usual or
correct way” and “to solve the problem”. The strategy has the particular concept,
which are “a plan” and “to achieve the aim”, while, the certain notion in definition
of technique are “skills” and “talent”.
Based on the translation of cultural words context, something that is
needed is a right way in solving the problem, such as non-equivalence or hard in
finding the equivalence. Therefore, “procedure” is the best term of all. In this
case, procedure is a correct way to cope the problem which is non-equivalence or
hard to find the equivalence between source language and target language both it
is caused by “sui generis” (the characteristic language itself) and the distinction in
culture as an implementation to get the idiomatic translation or adequate
translation.
41
A.S. Hornby (2000), op.cit. p. 1388. 42
2. Kinds of Translation Procedures
There are so many procedures of some linguist to translate various type of
text, both formal text and literary text. Newmark mentions nineteen procedures,43
machali declares “pemadanan berkonteks” (contextual conditioning) as one
procedure of five procedures which the rest is adapted from Newmark,44
Vinay-Darbelnet propose seven procedures,45 Baker asserts seven procedures,46 Larson
suggests three procedures and some specific of those procedures,47 Molina-Albir
mention eighteen procedures,48 Moentaha states eleven procedures,49 and Duff
asserts seven procedures.50
As a solution to translate words or phrases that are bound by culture
(cultural words), the translation procedure which is postulated by Duff is the most
appropriate suggestion. The procedures suggested by him are the appropriate
solution in translating the cultural words. As he says that “I should like to recall
some of the commonest solutions for translating words that are culturally bound”.
They are as follows:51
a) The word is retained in its original form and no explanation is given. Molina and Albir divide this notion into two kinds, namely:52
43
Peter Newmark (1988), loc.cit. 44
Rochayah Machali (2000), op.cit. pp. 71-73. 45
Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet.“A Methodology for Translation.” The Translation Studies Reader.2nd edition, ed. L. Venuti (London and Newyork: Routledge, 2000), pp. 85-93.
46
Mona Baker (1992), loc.cit.
47
Mildred L. Larson (1984), op.cit. pp. 166-172. 48
Lucia Molina and Amparo. H. Albir (2002). loc.cit.
49
Salihen Moentaha, Bahasa dan Terjemahan (Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc, 2006), pp. 48-78. 50
Alan Duff, The Third Language: Recurrent Problems of Translation into English
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981), pp. 26-27. 51
Ibid. 52
1) Pure borrowing. This way is the procedure in using a loan word purely.
It is same with “transliteration” notion by Hervey and Higgins in
which a source language word is taken over unchanged to receptor
language.53 Baker mentions it as “Using loan word”;54 while
Vinay-Darbelnet states this concept as “Borrowing”,55 and Newmark asserts
it as “Transferrence”,56 for example the word manggis is translated into
manggis;
2) Naturalized borrowing. This procedure is conducted by using a loan
word that is modified as phonetic and morphological norms of receptor
language. It is the same as what Hervey and Higgins mentioned
“exoticism”,57 that is, the name of source language is adapted to
conform to the phonic/graphic conventions of receptor language; and
this corresponds to Newmark’s “Naturalization”,58 for example
mantera→mantra.
b) The word is retained in its original form, with either:
1) A literal translation in brackets, e.g. batak → batak (an ethnic of Method: French-English (London and Newyork: Routledge, 1992), p. 29.
54
Mona Baker (1992), op.cit. p. 36. 55
Jean Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (2000), op.cit. p. 85. 56
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p. 81 57
Sándor Hervey and Ian Higgins (1992), loc.cit. 58
Machali mentioned this notion as pemadanan bercatatan
(equivalence by using notes).59 Meanwhile, Newmark states this way as
the procedure of notes. He classifies notes into various forms, namely:60
1) Notes within text, includes:
(a) As an alternative to the translated word: abon →abon, or preserved
meat;
(b) As an adjectival clause: selendang→selendang, which was the scarf
for the woman;
(c) As a noun in apposition: ningrat→ a ningrat, noble blood;
(d) As a participial group (using present or past participle): dukun →
dukun, a man knowing the magic;
(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred: batak →
batak (an Indonesian ethnic). This way is similar with Duff solutions
above; however; he differentiates “notes within text and in brackets”
into two kinds: a literal translation in brackets and an official or
accepted translation;
(f) In parentheses: angklung → an angklung – traditional musical
instrument of Indonesian.
2) Notes at the bottom page. This solution is equal with Duff’s “an
explanatory footnote” above;
3) Notes at the end of chapter;
4) Notes or glossary at the end of book.
59
Rochayah Machali (2000), op.cit. pp. 72-73. 60
c) The word is never mentioned in its original form. It means the translator uses another word which is familiar to RL (Receptor Language) readers’
culture in order to express SL (Source Language) word (cultural
equivalent). This concept is same with Newmark’s “cultural equivalent”,61
Larson’s “cultural substitute”,62 and Baker’s “cultural substitution”,63 for
example: arisan → playing cards, kutu buku → worm-book (kutu is
changed into worm).
d) The word is never mentioned in its original form, but the translator expands the text in order to convey all the associations. It means the
translator doesn’t present the original word without the other words that
relate to it. SL word is described by explaining the component of the word.
Newmark differentiates this way into two procedures, namely:64
1) Functional equivalent. It is an equivalent modified by explaining the
function of the SL word, for example gubuk → a place for living.
Based on Larson’s suggestion, it can be divided into two types of
functional equivalent, they are:65 (1) generic word of source language
equivalent modified by the function, for example langgar → a house
where Indonesian Muslim pray; and (2) loan word explained by the
function, for example gendang → the traditional musical instrument
called gendang to make the rhyme stable. Here is the illustration:
61
Ibid. pp. 82-83. 62
Mildred L. Larson (1984), op.cit. pp. 170-172. 63
Mona Baker (1992), op.cit. p. 31. 64
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. pp. 83-84. 65
Modifying a generic word
Functional Equivalent
Modifying a loan word
Figure 5: The Classification of Functional Equivalent Procedure
2) Descriptive equivalent. It is an equivalent modified by describing the
source language word, for example tukang panjat pohon → the men
who climbed the trees to get money. Based on Larson’s suggestion, it
can be divided into two types, namely:66 modifying a generic word and
modifying a loan word. Modifying a generic word includes modified
with features of form, for example lumbung padi → the rice raised
barn and modified by a comparison, for example gonggo → animal
like a spider. Meanwile, modifying a loan word consist of two kinds,
they are modified with a description of form, for example keris→ the
knife called keris is small but dangerous to use and modified by a
classifier, for example Belitong → the district called Belitong. Here is
the illustration
Modified with feature of form
Modifying a generic word
Descriptive Equivalent Modified by a comparison
Modified with a description of form
Modifying a loan word
Modified by a classifier
Figure 6: The Classification of Descriptive Equivalent Procedure
66
e) Different translations of the same word are used, because the receptor language differentiates more than the source language. It means the
procedure to use the more specific word of original words, e.g. rice →
padi, beras, gabah, or nasi. This concept is same with “chunking down”
Kattan proposes.67 Chunking down means the reverse operation from the
general to specific concept, for instance: we → kita, kami and dia → he,
she.
f) Part of the source language expression is reduced, even omitted. This concept is called as reduction as Newmark declares.68 It is used for
suppressing a SLT information item in RLT, thus, there will be change in
semantic field, that is, general to specific concept, for example: ikan
sapu-sapu→ fish.
g) A receptor language expression is given, although it is not derived from anything in the text. It is a procedure to add the implicit meaning of SL
word. It aims to introduce details that are not formulated in SLT. Molina
and Albir mention it as “amplification”.69 For example cocor bebek →
cocor bebek leaves.
From Duff’s notion and some supporting theories by scholars above, it can
be concluded that there are nine translation procedures, namely: pure borrowing,
naturalized borrowing, notes (pemadanan bercatatan), cultural equivalent,
67
David Kattan, Translating Culture: An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters, and Mediators (Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1999), pp. 147-148.
68
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p. 90. 69
descriptive equivalent, functional equivalent, chunking down, reduction, and
amplification.
C. The Strategy of Translation 1. Definition
It should be known that there are two fields of ideology in the science of
translation, namely the ideology of translating and the translation of ideology.70
The ideology of translating refers to the notion of foreignizing (source language
oriented) and domesticating (receptor language oriented). Foreignizing and
domesticating are very broad terms that cover many translation procedures, since
the ideology of translating influences a translator in deciding the procedure will be
used that comprises deciding text will be translated, solving the problem, the role
of translator and how a text will be accepted in literary system of receptor
language.71 Meanwhile, the translation of ideology is the mediation, interference,
and distortion that the translator does when he translates the sensitive text by
inserting his knowledge and beliefs into the translated text.
However in this research, the writer will discuss about the notion of
ideology of translating that will be mentioned as translation strategy adapted from
the concept of Behtash-Firoozkohi. Wenfen Yang also says it is translation
strategy.72As the explanation on the page 19, the particular concepts of strategy
are “a plan” and “to achieve them”. Meanwhile, Kamei and He Sanning say this
70
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason (1997), op.cit. pp. 145-150. 71
Tresnati S. Sholichin, “Penerjemahan Karya Sastra dan Penerjemahan Buku Anak”.
Jurnal Lintas Bahasa No. 23/XI/8/2003 (Depok: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2003), p. 3.
72
notion as “approach”.73 Therefore, it is clear that strategy is a plan or approach
that a translator applies on a given text to achieve his/her aims whether he/she
wants to introduce the foreign culture (foreignized), prefers to produce the local
concept (domesticated) or chooses both of them (neutral).
2. Kinds of Translation Strategies
There are three kinds of translation strategies, namely foreignizing,
domesticating and neutralizing. Domesticating and foreignizing are two basic
translation strategies that are postulated firstly by German theologian Friedrich
Schleiermacher in 1813, then the further developed by Italian scholar Lawrence
Venuti.74 Meanwhile, neutralizing is the new strategy that is coined by He
Sanning.75
a. Foreignizing
According to Venuti, foreignizing is “an ethnodeviant pressure on those
(cultural) values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign
text, sending the reader abroad“.76 It designates the type of translation in which a
receptor text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the
foreignness of the original.77 This strategy is an effort to keep the source language
73
Chuici Kamei, “Domesticating and Foreignizing Approaches in Japanese-English Translation.” Translation and Cultural Dialogue, (Bogor: Association of Indonesian Translator, 2007), p. 99.
74
word which sounds foreign for receptor language reader or hearer but it is a
common one for source language.78 Munday says that foreignizing is applied to
make the readers of receptor language feel that translator is “visible” and they will
tell “they are reading a translation.79 That statement means the translation that
looks like a translation is a translation that contains form and element of source
language. It is clear that foreignizing is the strategy that is oriented on source
language.
By using foreignizing strategy, a translator will use the equivalence
concept of Nida’s “Formal Correspondence”; Larson’s “Form-Based Translation”;
and Newmark’s “Semantic Translation” which are the equal concepts. Formal
correspondence is basically oriented on source language which is produced as
much as possible of form and content of the original message.80 Form-based
translation is a notion which is focused on rendering the form of source language
than the meaning.81 Semantic translation is the method which is preferred the
accuracy of the meaning.82
Here is the example of a translator who applies foreignizing:
SLT : …The boy reached out for his father.
“Dad!”
Their eyes locked for one terrifying second.
78
Darja Mazi-Lezkovar, Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children (2003). Accessed on January 2th 2011. http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1-2/006972ar.html. p. 1
79
Jeremy Munday, Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (London and Newyork: Routledge, 2001). p. 147
80
E.A. Nida, Toward Science of Translating (Leiden:E.J.Brill, 1964), p.165 81
Mildred L. Larson (1984), op.cit. p. 10. 82
(Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol, p. 5)
RLT : Bocah itu menjangkau ayahnya.
“Dad!”
Mereka bertatapan selama satu detik yang mengerikan.
(Dan Brown, The Lost Symbol, translated by Ingrid Dwijani, p.26)
From that example, the translator attempts to keep cultural atmosphere of
source language that is American-English culture. The word “Dad” which is
borrowed makes the readers fell that the conversation is in USA. Such translator
choice shows that he/she applies foreignizing strategy.
b. Domesticating
According to Venuti, domesticating is “an ethnocentric reduction of the
foreign text to target-language cultural values, bring the author back home”.83
Domesticating refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent and fluent
style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for
receptor language readers.84 This strategy that has the Indonesian cultural
equivalent as lokalisasi means making the text recognizable and familiar and thus
bringing the foreign culture closer to that of the readers. It is concerned on
acceptable result translation.
As the concept of transparency by Hoed, the translation must be seen
original (transparent), do not read like translation and become part of the text that
83
Lawrence Venuti (1995), loc.cit. 84
are acceptable and in accordance with receptor language. Therefore, to produce a
good translation, translators are required to create a translation that does not look
like a translation (invisible), as if the translation is like the author's original essay.
However, he also says that the accuracy of message in translation must be
preserved although the principle of transparency is employed.85
Sumardiono states that there are some reasons that make a translator
chooses domesticating strategy, they are:86
1) The acceptability reason. It produces understandable translation for readers;
2) The politeness reason. To make euphemism translation of source language
word which is taboo, it is required domesticating;
3) The political reason. Ideology and political that a translator believes
influences the result of translation.
The first and second reason are based on the purpose of translator, while, the last
is based on the translator’s attitude toward source and receptor culture.
By using domesticating, a translator will choose the notion of Nida
“Dynamic Equivalence” that is based upon the principle of equivalent effect87
which is equal to Larson’s Meaning-Based Translation which is concerned in
conveying the sense, not form88 that is same with Newmark’s Communicative
Translation that is attempted to produce the easy understanding for the readers.89
85
Benny Hoed, “Transparansi dalam Penerjemahan”,PELBBA 18 (Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Kedelapan Belas), ed. Yasir Nasanius (Jakarta: Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya UNIKA ATMA JAYA JAKARTA, 2007), pp. 25-36.
Here is the example of translator that employs domesticating:
SLT : kill two birds with one stone.
RLT : Sambil menyelam minum air.
In that translation, a translator wanted to produce acceptable translation for
readers. He translated the English “Metaphor” kill two birds with one stone by
changing the metaphor into Indonesian “Metaphor” Sambil menyelam minum air.
So, it may be said that foreignizing and domesticating are a paradox
concept. The key words of foreignizing are “not transparent” and “visible”. The
word “not transparent” means the translation doesn’t like original, but it seems a
translation. The word “visible” refers to the presence of translator that is visible
by showing the foreign identity of source text up. Meanwhile, the key words of
domesticating are “transparent” and “invisible”. The “transparent” means the
translation does not seem to be translated, it is like original, so the existence of
translator is “invisible”.90
Foreignizing and domesticating are separated into two categories. The first
one is the category which is focused on source language and preferred to the
accuracy of original message, while the second one is concerned on receptor
language and tend to the acceptability and readability of the translation. In other
word, “Foreignizing vs. Domesticating” strategy by Venuti is equal to Nida’s
“Formal Correspondence vs. Dynamic Equivalence” which refers to Larson’s
“Form-Based Translation vs. Meaning-Based Translation”, is also equal to
90
Newmark’s “Semantic Translation vs. Communicative Translation” notion. For
clearer understanding, here is the illustration of their concept:
Venuti’s “Foreignizing vs. Domesticating” =
Nida’s “Formal Correspondence vs. Dynamic Equivalence” = Larson’s “Form-Based Translation vs. Meaning-Based Translation” =
Newmark’s “Semantic Translation vs. Communicative Translation”.
Figure 7: The Equality in Conception of Translation Strategy
For example:91
SLT : In our notion the object of a university education is to train intellectual
men for the pursuits of an intellectual life.
RLT 1 : Menurut gagasan kita sasaran dari suatu pendidikan universitas adalah
untuk melatih laki-laki intelektual untuk pengejaran suatu kehidupan
intelektual.
RLT 2 : Dalam gagasan kita, tujuan pendidikan tinggi adalah untuk melatih
manusia intelektual demi mengejar kehidupan intelektual.
From the example above, RLT 1 (Receptor Language Text 1) is oriented
on source language, because the translation is faithful to source language by using
the style and word-order of source language. It indicates that RLT 1 is translated
by using foreignizing strategy. The second translation, RLT 2, is oriented in
receptor language, because it is focused on acceptability by showing the natural
91
translation for readers. Therefore, it can be said that it is translated by using
domesticating strategy.
c. Neutralizing
Neutralizing is the new strategy to overcome the dispute between
foreignizing and domesticating strategy that are debated by scholars (Nida prefers
domesticating and Venuti selects foreignizing as the better strategy). It is
postulated by He Sanning in translating the cultural specific items of tourist text.92
It can be applied to render cultural words that is uniquely cultural factor in a
certain area becomes phenomenon all over the world without make the readers
confuse or misunderstand. He Sanning states that:
“It (the neutralizing) can help promote cultural exchange through translation because, in order to achieve the same effect, the translator should try his/her best to transfer the cultural message from source language to receptor language while retaining readability and acceptability of the translation. It is referred to the act and process that the translator constantly modulates his/her own awareness of what he/she will translate, satisfy all the needs that the readers meets and tries to approach correlative equivalent between the ST and the TT.” 93
Neutralizing is the strategy that has sense of balance that is emphasized on
source language and receptor language in which it shows the foreign nuance and
local taste. It is not only focused on accuracy, but also acceptability, for example
kuda lumping is rendered into kuda lumping - the Indonesian traditional art in
which the players act like horse and do the magic attraction. As the example, by
using this strategy, we can preserve the cultural word kuda lumping in the
92
He Sanning (2007), loc.cit
93
translation and at the same time ensure acceptability and readability for the reader
by explaining that word after the “hyphen mark”.
D. Translation of Novel
Suryawinata and Hariyanto states that the translation of novel must be
focused on the rendition of the wholly story, it is not the rendition of sentence for
sentence.94 It aims to make the translation which is enjoyable to read and make the
reader keep going on to read the next page. Meanwhile, Hoed states that a
translator of novel has two task, first he must be a good receiver, that is wiling
understand what the author mean, secondly he acts as sender in which he must be
able to render the sense what he had got accurately to readers.95 Hendarto cited in
Ganesha says that a translator of novel should attempt to produce a translation that
makes receptor language readers feel the same experience with source language
readers.96Similarly, Sayogie says that the good novel translation occurs when the
impression of receptor language readers is same with the impression of source
language readers.97 It may be concluded that the translation of novel should be
pay attention in the rendition of wholly story and must gives the same
experience/impression between SL readers and RL readers.
94
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto, Translation: Bahasan Teori dan Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2003), pp. 155-156.
95
Benny H. Hoed (1992), op.cit. p. 81. 96
Surjo Ganesha, “Penerjemahan Novel Dalam Diskusi”. Jurnal Lintas Bahasa No.26/XII/8/2004 (Depok: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Indonesia, 2004). p. 5.
97
Sayogie, 98 who is in line with Hendarto cited in Ganesha,99 suggests some
abilities that a translator of novel has, namely: (1) Literary Sense; (2) Mastery of
Source Language; (3) Mastery of Receptor Language; (4) Familiar with the
Culture of Source Language (5) Familiar with the Culture of Receptor Language;
(6) Good Knowledge, (7) Supporting Reference.
Then he proposes some steps to translate the novel. The first step is a
translator must read the original novel fully to obtain the information about the
character, plot, setting, utterance style, and implicit meaning in the novel. The
second is finding the other information or the extrinsic elements of novel such as
the background and the author of novel. The third is deciding the utterance style
will be used in the translation. The fourth is marking the problem or something
hard to translate. The last is solving it by finding the appropriate equivalent
cyclically.100
E. Cultural Words 1. Definition
Translation is a process which involves two languages, namely source
language and receptor language. It can also be said that translation involving two
different cultures. Translation is the process of finding meaning and conveys the
meaning of a culture into another culture. Therefore, cultural differences between
source language and receptor language makes translator difficult in producing
translation well, because it needs to know and learn the culture of both languages.
98
Ibid. p. 204-206 99
Surjo Ganesha (2004), loc.cit. 100
According to Newmark, definition of culture is “the way of life of
manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as
its means of expressions.”101 Corder describes culture as sets of beliefs, political
or ethical and behavior common to the member of community in which they share
to a large extent of the way they see the world around them, interpret events, and
consider what an important to them. Accordingly, culture includes beliefs, norms,
values, assumptions, expectations, and plans of action.102
Related to the words bounded by culture, Newmark says, “most cultural
words are easy to detect, since they are associated with a particular language and
cannot be literally translated … where literal translation would distort the meaning
and a translation may include an appropriate descriptive-functional equivalent”.103
Therefore, it can be concluded that cultural words is as a particular words living
embodiment in a group of people interact or communicate each other in a period
time which can not be literally translated.
2. The Types of Cultural Words
Newmark states, cultural words can be categorized into five, namely:
a. Ecology. It is a geographical feature that can be normally distinguished
from other cultural terms in that they are usually value-free, politically
and commercially. It includes flora, fauna, mountain, river, natural
conditions, for example wedus gembel (a fog), serindit melayu bird, etc;
101
Peter Newmark (1988), op.cit. p. 94. 102
S.Pit Corder, Introducing Applied Lingustics (Great Britain: Hazell Watson 7 Viney, 1973), p. 68.
103
b. Material culture (artefacts). It is the culture specific element that
includes clothing, food, transportation, tools and equipments, etc. For
example getek, pempek, kebaya, etc;
c. Social culture: work and leisure such as the names of music, games or
dance that is typical in certain areas such as keroncong, kuda lumping,
malam takbiran, kopi darat, etc;
d. Organization, customs, ideas: political, social, legal, religious, artistic.
The linguistic manifestations of this concept cannot be translated into a
language where the audience is unfamiliar with it, for example SLB (the
Special Needs School), kepala desa, sumpah pemuda, and so on;
e. Gestures and habits. In this case, there is a distinction between
description and function which can be made where necessary in
ambiguous cases: thus, if people smile a little when someone dies or give
a thumbs-up to signal OK, all of which occur in some cultures and not in
others. These are activities or actions carried out from generation to
generation, like kerja bakti, bersila, nujuh bulan, aben, lamaran, etc104
104
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of cultural words
which are taken from Laskar Pelangi and the Rainbow Troops including the types
of cultural words, the procedure of translation, and the strategy of translation that
are used by the translator, Angie Kilbane. The selected data can be tabulated as
follows.
Table 1: The Data of Cultural Words, Their Classification, the Procedure of Translation, and the Strategy of Translation
No Laskar Pelangi the Rainbow Troops
The Types of
No Laskar Pelangi the Rainbow Troops The Types of
11 kopiah(219) Traditional Muslim caps (178)
Idea: human relation Notes (as alternative) Neutralizing
14
15 randu (441) random (421) Ecology: plant Naturalized Borrowing Foreignizing
B. Data Analysis
From the tabulated data above that contains 17 cultural words which are
chosen by consideration whether it is culture-specific item or not, the writer tries
to classify and analyze the selected cultural words by using the relevant theories.
The data can be analyzed as follows:
1. Dul Muluk
cultural words consist of ecology, material culture, social culture,
organization-custom-idea, and gesture-habits.105 Behtash and Firoozkohi mention cultural
words as “culture specific items”;106 while He Sanning declares it as “cultural
specific elements”.107
This word is preserved in the translation without any change, therefore it
can be said that the translator uses the procedure of borrowing. Beside that, it can
be identified that she borrows Indonesian cultural word by using italic for each
word, so this procedure can be mentioned as pure borrowing with “wholly italic”.
