A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL WORDS
IN “JOGJA DESTINATION” NEWS
AT TVRI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (DIY) STATION
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Ratnasari Nugraheni Student Number: 091214041
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
A STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CULTURAL WORDS
IN “JOGJA DESTINATION” NEWS
AT TVRI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA (DIY) STATION
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Ratnasari Nugraheni Student Number: 091214041
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
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Dedicated to
My God, Jesus Christ,
my beloved parents, M r. and M rs. Surya,
my awesome lover, M ikael D ian T eguh,
my lovely sister and brother, V ita and L utvi,
my cute nephew s, Maksi and Kenzie.
- Dum vit a est , spes est -
(L atin’s quote)
vii ABSTRACT
Nugraheni, Ratnasari. 2013. A Study on the translation of cultural words in
“Jogja Destination” news at TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) station.
Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program. Department of Language and Arts Education. Faculty of Teachers Training and Education. Sanata Dharma University.
“Jogja Destination” at TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) was a news program aimed to accommodate the need to promote Yogyakarta and its local values in the English language. The news in “Jogja Destination”, before broadcasted, went through translation process from Indonesian into English. Some news contains inaccurate translation of local terms or cultural words of Yogyakarta. For instance, the word nasi liwet was translated as ‘hot rice’. Thus, it encouraged the researcher to conduct a study on the translation of cultural words employed in the program.
There were three problems in this study: (1) What are the common translations of cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY
station? (2) What are the translation procedures applied in translating the cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news in TVRI DIY station? (3) What are the problems encountered in the process of translating the cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY station? To solve the problems, the researcher employed Newmark’s (1988) theory about cultural words and translation procedures; and also Catford’s (1974) and Duff’s (1981) theories about translation problems.
This study was qualitative research in the form of content analysis and qualitative survey. The data analyzed were news scripts of “Jogja Destination” program in the period of August until November 2012 and also interview record with three editor-in-chief of the program. To collect the data, the researcher used
judgemental or purposeful sampling.
Finally, the researcher discovered 54 common translations of cultural words encompassing ‘material culture,’ ‘social culture,’ and ‘social organisation’ categories. Those cultural words were translated using ‘transference,’ ‘functional equivalent,’ ‘synonymy,’ ‘through-translation,’ ‘componential analysis,’ ‘expansion,’ and ‘addition.’ The researcher also discovered four translation problems from the data analysis. From the analysis, the researcher concluded the problem was the editors or translators could not find resemblance between SL and TL. From the interview, the researcher discovered that the editors or translators had difficulty to make translation sound natural; the editors or translators did not have guidebooks of translation; and the SL and TL had different cultures.
viii
ABSTRAK
Nugraheni, Ratnasari. 2013. A Study on the translation of cultural words in
“Jogja Destination” news at TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Station.
Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
“Jogja Destination” di stasiun TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) merupakan program berita yang bertujuan untuk mempromosikan Yogyakarta dan budayanya melalui bahasa Inggris. Berita dalam program tersebut, sebelum disiarkan, merupakan hasil terjemahan dari bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa
Inggris. Beberapa berita mengandung cultural words budaya Yogyakarta yang
kurang tepat. Sebagai contoh, kata nasi liwet diterjemahkan sebagai ‘hot rice’.
Hal ini yang mendasari peneliti untuk mengadakan sebuah studi mengenai
cultural words di dalam program tersebut.
Ada 3 pokok permasalahan dalam studi ini: (1) Apa saja terjemahan
umum cultural words yang ada di dalam program berita “Jogja Destination” di
TVRI stasiun DIY? (2) Apa saja prosedur terjemahan yang digunakan dalam
menerjemahan cultural words di program berita “Jogja Destination” di TVRI
stasiun DIY? (3) Apa saja permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam menerjemahkan
cultural words di program berita “Jogja Destination” di TVRI stasiun DIY? Untuk menjawab 3 pokok permasalahan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan teori Newmark
(1988) tentang cultural words dan prosedur terjemahannya; dan juga Catford
(1974) dan Duff (1981) teori tentang permasalahan dalam menerjemahkan.
Studi ini merupakan sebuah penelitian kualitatif berbentuk content analysis
dan qualitative survey. Data analisis adalah naskah berita dari program “Jogja Destination” dalam periode Agustus sampai November 2012 dan juga rekaman wawancara dari ketiga editor di program tersebut. Dalam mengumpulkan data,
peneliti menggunakan judgemental atau purposeful sampling.
Pada akhirnya, peneliti menemukan 54 terjemahan umum cultural words,
yang meliputi kategori dari material culture,’ ‘social culture,’ dan ‘social
organisation’. Prosedur terjemahan yang digunakan adalah ‘transference,’ ‘functional equivalent,’ ‘synonymy,’ ‘through-translation,’ ‘componential analysis,’ ‘expansion,’ dan ‘addition.’ Peneliti juga menemukan empat
permasalahan dalam menerjemahkan cultural words tersebut berdasarkan data
analisis. Berdasarkan analisis, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa permasalahan
dalam menerjemahkan cultural words adalah editor memiliki kesulitan untuk
menemukan kemiripan antara sumber bahasa dan target bahasa. Berdasarkan wawancara, peneliti menemukan bahwa editor memiliki kesulitan untuk membuat
hasil terjemahan terdengar natural; editor tidak memiliki guidebook terjemahan;
dan sumber bahasa dan target bahasa memiliki budaya yang berbeda.
Kata kunci: “Jogja Destination”, cultural words, translation procedures,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to those helping me finish this
masterpiece, especially for their supports, efforts, prayers, and guidance. First of
all, I praise my Lord, Jesus Christ, for His blessing and love so that I can finish my thesis.
Secondly, I would like to express my thankfulness to my parents, Surya Suparji and Titik Retno Agustina. They have raised, educated, and loved me. Then, to my awesome lover, Mikael Dian Teguh, I would like to thank him for accompanying me from the start to finish this thesis, a true inspiration for me.
I really want to certainly thank Dr. Retno Muljani, M.Pd, my major advisor, because through her guidance, advices, and critics, I can finish this thesis.
I will not forget to say my big thanks to my lecturer, Laurentia Sumarni, S.Pd., M.Trans.St. She introduces me to cultural words, the concern of this study.
Next, I would like to thank the Chief Editors of “Jogja Destination” news program and all staffs at TVRI DIY station for helping me in accessing and obtaining the data. Then, I also want to thank my other families: my sister Vita, my brother Lutvi, my brother in law, and my nephews Maksi and Kenzie.
I would also express my sincere thankfulness to my beloved English
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students of Vanlith Muntilan. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to many people who could not be mentioned in these acknowledgements.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ……… i
APPROVAL PAGES ………. ii
DEDICATION PAGE ……….. iv
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ……… v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ……… vi
ABSTRACT ……… vii
ABSTRAK ……….…… viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..………..…………. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….……… xi
LIST OF TABLES ………... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ……….. xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ………. 1
B. Research Problems ……….. 4
C. Problem Limitation …….………. 4
D. Research Objectives .………. 5
E. Research Benefits ……….……… 5
F. Definition of Terms ………..……… 6
1. Cultural Words ……….. 6
xii
3. “Jogja Destination” ………. 7
4. TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) ……….. 8
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Theoretical Description ……….………. 9
1. Cultural Words ……… 9
2. Definition of Translation .……….. 13
3. Translation Procedures .……….. 13
4. Translation Problems .………. 20
B. Theoretical Framework ……….…………...………... 22
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Research Method ………..……….. 25
B. Research Setting ………..………... 26
C. Research Subjects ………..………. 27
D. Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques………..……. 28
E. Data Analysis Technique ……….……... 29
F. Research Procedure ………..………… 32
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. The Common Translation of Cultural Words ………. 34
1. Material Culture (Artefacts) ………. 34
2. Social Culture ………... 36
xiii
B. The Translation Procedure Applied in Translating
the Cultural Words ………. 39
1. Transference or Borrowing ………. 39
2. Functional Equivalent ……… 40
3. Synonymy ………... 41
4. Through-Translation ………... 42
5. Componential Analysis ………... 44
6. Expansion ……… 44
7. Addition ……….. 45
C. Problem Encountered in Translating the Cultural Words ………… 48
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Conclusions ……….. 56
B. Recommendations ……… 57
REFERENCES……….. 59
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
3.1 The Common Translation of Cultural Words in “X” Category ……….. 30
3.2 Cultural Words Applying “Y” ………... 31
3.3 The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation through “Z” ……….. 31
4.1 The Translation of Cultural Words in ‘Social Culture’ Category …… 36
4.2 Cultural Words Applying ‘Functional Equivalent’……….. 40
4.3 Cultural Words Applying ‘Synonymy’ ………... 41
4.4 Cultural Words Applying ‘Through-Translation’ ………... 43
4.5 Cultural Word Applying ‘Expansion’ ……… 45
4.6 Cultural Words Applying ‘Addition’……… 46
4.7 The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation through ‘Addition’ ……….. 48
4.8 The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation using ‘Through-Translation’ ……… 49
4.9 The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation using ‘Recognised-Translation’ ……….. 50
4.10 The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation through ‘Transference’ ……… 51
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xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
APPENDIX 1. Permission Letter for Research... 63
APPENDIX 2. Confirmation Letter for Research... 64
APPENDIX 3. Research Statement ………...……….... 65
APPENDIX 4. Sample of News Item Script... 66
APPENDIX 5. Interview Guide ..………... 82
APPENDIX 6. Interview Transcripts... 83
APPENDIX 7. List of Cultural Words based on the Newmark’s Category... 91
APPENDIX 8. List of Cultural Words based on the Translation Procedure... 94
APPENDIX 9. Cultural Words Distribution ... 97
APPENDIX 10. The Inaccurate Translation of Cultural Words ………… 98
APPENDIX 11. The Picture of Cultural Words Related to Yogyakarta and its Culture ……… 100
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of six parts, namely, research background, research
problems, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and
definition of terms.
A.Research Background
Today, mass media have become an inseparable part of the world’s
civilization, notably for their roles on distributing information around the globe.
The sharing and distribution of the information are important (Berner, 1992), as
mass media exercise powerful and persuasive influences (Curran, Gurevitch, and
Woollacott, 1985). Hence, the information provided by mass media will certainly
influence various aspects including life style, language, thought, and
interpretation.
Amid the classic belief that information delivery is directly associated with
newspapers, mass media in later days may refer to any outlet like newspapers,
televisions, and radios (Cambridge, 2008). The mentioned outlets are classified
according to their characteristics, dividing them into visual (newspaper), audio
(radio), and audio-visual (television). In light of audio-visual era in the 21st
update. Thus, information delivery, or mostly defined as news, serves its purpose
better in a way that it is vivid, prompt, visual, and updated.
Metzler (1986) states that “news is a prompt, bottom line recounting of
factual information about events, situations, and ideas (including opinions and
interpretations) calculated to interest viewers and help people cope with
themselves and their environment” (p. 23). It means that news can lead the major
spread of information in society, although it can possibly mislead on the other
hand. Understanding the importance and vulnerability of information that news
delivers, and given that the researcher’s field of study was the English language,
the researcher decided to take an analysis of how news and words correlate.
Then, the researcher decided to analyze “Jogja Destination” at TVRI
Daerah IstimewaYogyakarta(DIY) station, a program broadcasting English news
about Yogyakarta and its culture. The program, however, required a translation
process of transferring the news’ language from Indonesian into English. It was
because the reporters produced the news in Indonesian.
The English outlets, in Jogja Destination, were initially designed to help
foreigners in Yogyakarta, especially to understand and discover more about the
city and its culture. Unlike the locals, foreigners, mostly tourists, could not easily
understand the local values because they were not familiar with Bahasa Indonesia
or Bahasa Jawa. Therefore, the program tried to accommodate the need of
promoting the city and its local values in a way that the global public could
Far from successful, the English outlet program was proven to be uneasy,
especially in translating the news that could directly risk influencing the purposes
of the program. The program needed to make its language, as a major part of its
delivery, to be understandable. The problem was that some local terms could not
be directly translated into English, for instance, jadah-tempe and kentongan. Newmark (1988) defines the local terms as cultural words, further stating that
cultural words are parts of a particular language which cannot be literally
translated. It means that cultural words are originally from the Source Language
(SL) and a part of a certain culture. The uniqueness of cultural words can be a
main problem in generating the English news.
Since the program was publicly broadcasted, the use of cultural words in
“Jogja Destination” news could influence human language and interpretation,
leaving two possible effects: positive and negative. It could either enrich English
vocabularies, or it could drive the viewers into a wrong conception. Nevertheless,
cultural words’ rendering were crucial.
Thus, this study focuses on the cultural words employed in “Jogja
Destination” news at TVRI DIY station. The researcher addresses to discover the common translations of cultural words, translation procedures applied in
translating the cultural words, and problems encountered in the process of
translating the cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY
station. Based on the background, the researcher conducted a study on the
translation of cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY
B.Research Problems
The researcher formulated three research problems to conduct the study.
The research problems are stated as follows.
1. What are the common translations of cultural words employed in “Jogja
Destination” news at TVRI DIY station?
2. What are the translation procedures applied in translating the cultural
words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY station? 3. What are the problems encountered in the process of translating the
cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY
station?
C.Problem Limitation
To align the study with the initial concern, the researcher sets some
parameters to limit the objects of the study. The researcher focuses on cultural
words related to Yogyakarta and its culture because TVRI DIY station’s coverage area is solely within the province. In this study, the researcher only has three
editors-in-chief as the respondents because “Jogja Destination” only has three
editors employed in the program.
In addition, the researcher analyzes “Jogja Destination” news as retrieved
from August to November 2012 data files despite conducting the study only in
November. It is because there are numerous cultural events and rituals held within
Moreover, the news chosen is from Monday to Thursday’s broadcasts, with
five items each. The researcher has to neglect Friday, Saturday, and Sunday’s
broadcast since they present a little news, with most being re-run items. Though
weekend broadcasts are designed to have additional profiles and movie previews
in the line up, the researcher considers profiles and movie previews are out of
context because they are taken by adaptation from other English outlet sources,
which are Wikipedia and Internet Movie Database (IMDB).
D.Research Objectives
In this study, the researcher has three objectives. The first objective is
discovering the common translations of cultural words employed in “Jogja
Destination” news at TVRI DIY station. The second objective is discovering the translation procedures applied in translating the cultural words employed in “Jogja
Destination” news at TVRI DIY station. The last objective is discovering the problems encountered in the process of translating the cultural words employed in
“Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY station.
E.Research Benefits
The researcher believes that this study is beneficial to editors of “Jogja
Destination” at TVRI DIY station, students from English department, and future researchers. First, the editors of “Jogja Destination” news program can employ the
which lead to provide the right information for the viewers. Second, the students
from English department are able to enrich their vocabularies and make use of this
study as a translation subject reference. Third, this study can be a reference to
other future researchers wanting to conduct a similar study.
F. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misinterpretation, the researcher provides some definition
of terms related to this study. The aim is to make the readers easier to follow this
discussion. The terms are explained as follows.
1. Cultural Words
Newmark (1988) defines that cultural words associate with a particular
language meaning and are originally from the Source Language (SL). Moreover,
they can be translated through such particular translation procedures. Newmark
also categorizes cultural words into ‘ecology,’ ‘material culture,’ ‘social culture,’
‘social organisations,’ ‘gesture and habits.’ In this study, the translations of
cultural words are the common translations employed by the editors of “Jogja
Destination” program in rendering the local terms or cultural words related to
Yogyakarta and its culture in the news. The translations of cultural words meant
are from Indonesian, as the Source Language (SL), into English, as the Target
2. News
Reah (2002) defines news as new information of the recent events. The
expert puts the explanation under the epistemology of news as a late Middle
English word, ‘tidings’. Morris in Boyd (1997) defines that news is an immediate
and important thing that has an impact on people’s lives. In this study, news is the
significant information about Yogyakarta and its culture.
Some other terms related to news in general were a news program, a news
item, and a news script. News program, like “Jogja Destination”, directly refers to
a television broadcast encapsulating news delivery in a particular design. A news
program in its broadcast presents several news items, with different information of
each item. Prior to broadcast, journalists including editors prepare news items in
the form of a written piece, called as a news script.
3. “Jogja Destination”
“Jogja Destination” was an English news program at TVRI DIY station, broadcasting daily from January 1st to December 31st 2012. The program ran four
to five news items for 15-minute, from 3.15 P.M. to 3.30 P.M. Initially, Jogja
Destination began from its predecessor, Jogja Weekend, prior to 2012. Earlier in
2013, Jogja Destination was merged with Javanese and Indonesian outlet news
programs using the name Kanal 22.
In arranging the news items, the editors of “Jogja Destination” program
translated news from Indonesian into English. The news was mostly related to
entertainment, culture, and movie. Based on its original scheme, the editors
classified “Jogja Destination” as a program covering human interest and feature
news. More specifically, Jogja Destination at weekend presented a particular
composition of movie previews and profiles.
4. TVRI Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY)
In this study, TVRI DIY station is an Indonesian State-Owned Enterprise (SOE), broadcasting in Yogyakarta region. TVRI DIY began broadcasting 47 years ago, becoming the first local station in Indonesia. Located in Jl. Magelang
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two parts of the theoretical research, namely,
theoretical description and theoretical framework.
A.Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher explains some theories employed in this study.
There are cultural words, definition of translation, translation procedures, and
translation problems.
1. Cultural Words
Newmark (1988) in a book, A Textbook of Translation, distinguishes words into universal, personal, and cultural. Universal words are used to cover universal
function. They are common words which do not have specific meanings to a
certain culture of community, for instance, ‘breakfast’ and ‘table’. Meanwhile,
personal words describing social language are called idiolect. As for cultural
words, Newmark defines them as peculiar words for a certain community. The
words belong to the expression of way of life and manifestation in that
community. Newmark categorizes cultural words into five, namely: 1) ecology, 2)
material culture, 3) social culture, 4) social organisation, and 5) gestures and
In the ‘ecology’ category, the words recognized as cultural words are
related to geographical features. This category encompasses the translations of
flora, fauna, winds, plains, and hills. The diffusion depends on the importance and
specificity of a country. For instance, ‘plateau’ is not a cultural word in Russian,
German, and English because the word ‘plateau’ has been adopted in those
countries. However, Italia has a cultural word of ‘plateau’, altipiano. In Indonesia, ‘plateau’ is translated as plato. The other examples of cultural words in the ‘ecology’ category are tabuleiros (Portuguese) and selva (Spanish).
The second category is ‘material culture’ or ‘artefacts’ where inanimate
objects become special characteristics of a certain community. It has four
subcategories, namely: 1) food, 2) clothes, 3) houses and towns, and 4) transport.
In this case, cultural words of ‘food’ are traditional foods for a certain community,
for instance, pizza (Italian) and gudeg (Indonesian). ‘Clothes’ as cultural words are usually not translated since they are distinctive as in the national costumes, for
instance, sari (Hindi), kanga (African), kebaya (Indonesian), and kimono
(Japanese). The costumes’ attributes also belong to cultural words of ‘clothes’
subcategory. Moreover, many language communities also have cultural words for
a certain typical ‘house’ and ‘town’. In the ‘houses’ subcategory, there are palazzo
(Italian), bungalow (Hindi), and pension (French); whereas in the ‘towns’ subcategory, there is kampong (Malay). In the ‘transport’ subcategory, cultural words included are related to transportation because each country has many
variety forms of vehicles, for instance, cabriolet (French) and rickshaw
The third category is ‘social culture’, mostly related to ‘work’ and
‘leisure’. In this case ‘work’ means the result of social interaction of a
community, for instance, biwa (Japanese) and reggae (Jamaica). ‘Leisure’ means some activities done in spare time, for instance, traditional games in many
indigenous people, such as gobak sodor (Indonesian). The other examples are
cricket (British) and hockey (British).
The fourth category is ‘social organisations’. This category encompasses
the terms used for customs, activities, procedures, and concepts. In this category,
there are three subcategories, namely: 1) political administrative, 2) religious, and
3) artistic. In ‘political administrative’ subcategory, the cultural words involved
are related to the institutional terms in a community, for instance, the title of a
head of state (President) or name of parliament (Assembler Nationale). In the ‘religious’ subcategory, cultural words included are related to rituals and terms of
a religion or belief, for example, dharma and karma. The cultural words in the ‘artistic’ subcategory refer to movements and processes. The ‘artistic’ subcategory
is mostly related to art and music, for instance, the terms used in ballet such as
foutte and pas de deux (France).
The last subcategory is ‘gestures and habits’. This category is usually
related to a particular body movement having an intended description and
function, for instance; people smile a little when someone dies, spitting is to describe a blessing, and giving thumbs-up is to signal someone’s agreement.
Baker (1992) has a similar theory concept as Newmark related to cultural
words. Baker defines cultural words as culture-specific concepts, which is one
type of non-equivalence translation at word level. “Non-equivalence at word level
means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in
the source context” (p. 20). Baker’s theory means that non-equivalence is a lacuna
situation in TL when SL word is forced to render. It shares the same concept as
Newmark’s, in which cultural words mostly have no literal translation in TL due
to their uniqueness.
Baker states:
The source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. The concept in question may be abstract or concrete; it may relate to religious belief, a social custom, or even a type of food. Such concept are often referred to as ‘culture-specific’(1992, p. 21).
Based on the statement, Baker classifies culture-specific concepts into
abstract and concrete. In an abstract concept, there is an English concept of
‘Speaker’ meaning as “an independent person who maintains authority and order
in parliament (House of Commons)” (Baker, 1992, p. 21). It has no equivalent
meaning in many languages but Russian translates the word ‘Speaker’ as
‘Chairman’, which does not describe the essential meaning of ‘Speaker’. Another
example is Patih (Indonesian), translated as ‘prime minister’ in English (Robson and Stuart, 2002). In a concrete concept, ‘airing cupboard’ in English, a heated
cupboard to dry clothes and sheets, has no equivalence word to speakers of many
2. Definition of Translation
Catford (1974) states that “translation is an operation performed on
languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another”
(p. 1). Catford suggests that translation should draw upon a theory of a general
linguistic describing how languages work. It means that translation is a part of the
linguistics’ scope and therefore a translator should consider some aspects of
language from both Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL), not only
from the work of translation itself.
Campbell (1998) states that translation is a consequence of bilingualism,
the ability to use two languages. Another definition comes from Bassnett (2008)
who clarifies that translation is not merely acquaintance with two languages. It is
also supported by Levý (n.d., in Bassnett, 2008) who declares that “a translation is
not a monistic composition, but an interpenetration and conglomerate of two
structures” (p. 1). In addition, Newmark (1981) defines that “translation is a craft
consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one
language by the same message and/or statement in another language” (p. 7). In
line with those theories, the researcher concludes that translation is a process of
transferring meaning between two languages. Therefore, the work of translation
should include the essential meaning of the SL text.
3. Translation Procedures
Translation procedures are devices to produce translation work. Newmark
procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language” (p. 81). In
line with this, translation procedures are applied in clauses, phrases, or words,
whereas translation methods are applied in a discourse level.
Newmark (1988) mentions meticulously 16 translation procedures. They
are ‘transference,’ ‘naturalisation,’ ‘cultural equivalent,’ ‘functional equivalent,’
‘descriptive equivalent,’ ‘synonymy,’ ‘through-translation,’ ‘shift’ or
‘transpositions,’ ‘recognised translation,’ ‘translation label,’ ‘componential
analysis,’ ‘reduction,’ ‘expansion,’ ‘paraphrase,’ ‘couplets,’ and
‘notes-additions-glosses.’ The elaboration of those procedures is explained in the following.
The first translation procedure is ‘transference,’ also called as emprunt, ‘loan word,’ or ‘transcription.’ It is a process of transferring SL words directly
into TL words without any change. The first procedure is commonly applied in
the name of living people, dead people, geographical names, topographical names,
periodicals names, newspapers names, titles, private companies’ names,
institutions names, street names, and addresses. Some examples of ‘transference’
are durian and New York Times.
‘Naturalisation,’ the second translation procedure, is a process of adapting
SL into a normal pronunciation and morphology of TL. This procedure happens
after applying ‘transference,’ as for example in German, there is a word,
performanz, whereas in English, ‘performance’.
Next, ‘cultural equivalent’ is a process of translating SL cultural words by
publicity, and propaganda. Palais Bourbon in French is culturally equivalent with
Montecitorio (Italian), Westminster (English), and Gedung MPR (Indonesian).
The fourth translation procedure is ‘functional equivalent,’ normally
applied in cultural words. It requires a new specific term or the use of a
culture-free word. The use of this procedure generates a gap between SL and TL, in which
the procedure occupies in the middle area of the gaps. In other words, ‘functional
equivalent’ is a process of translating SL words through its function into TL
words. For instance, baccalauriat, a French cultural word, is translated as ‘French secondary school’; sejm, a Poland cultural word, is translated as ‘Polish Parliament’; roget, an English cultural word, is translated into French as
dictionnaire ideologique anglais.
The fifth translation procedure is ‘descriptive equivalent’ which is similar
to ‘functional equivalent,’ rendering through explaining SL words. However, in
the translation, descriptive sometimes has to be weighed against function. This
procedure imparts the details description of SL word, from physical appearances
and functions. As an example, samurai, a Japanese cultural word, is described as ‘the Japanese aristocracy from the 11th to the 19th century’ and ‘its function was to
provide officer and administrators.’
‘Synonymy,’ the sixth translation procedure, is used when there is no
precise one to one equivalent between SL and TL. This procedure is appropriately
applied when literal translation is impossible to be applied. Personne gentile, for example, is translated as ‘kind person’ meanwhile ‘awkward’ or ‘fussy’ is
Furthermore, ‘through-translation,’ also known as calque or ‘loan translation,’ is applied in literal translation of common collocations, the names of
organizations, the components of compounds, and phrases. Obviously, this
translation procedure is used in SL words consisting of universal words, for
instance, ‘superman’ is translated as ubbermmsch (German).
Next, ‘shift’ or ‘transpositions,’ includes grammatical changes from SL
into TL. There are four types of ‘shift’ or ‘transposition.’ The first type is the
change from singular form into plural form, for instance, ‘furniture’ is translated
des meubles (French). Another change is the position of adjective, for instance, la
maison blance is translated as ‘the white house.’ The second type is required
when an SL grammatical structure does not exist in TL. The third type is where
literal translation is grammatically possible but it may not accord with natural
usage in TL. The last type is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by
grammatical structure.
‘Recognised translation,’ the ninth translation procedure requires translator
to normally use the official or generally accepted translation of any institutional
term. Newmark (1981), in his book Approaches to Translation, explains that this procedure is used for administrative text. For instance, The FRG Ministry for
Education and Science has some terms, namely, Bundestag (Federal German Parliament), Bundesrat (Council of Constituent States), and Zivilschutzkorps (civil defence corps).
The tenth translation procedure is ‘translation label’ which is similar to
which is a provisional translation and therefore it should be made in inverted
commas. The SL word is usually a collocation. The example is the word ‘heritage
language’ translated as Erbschafisspracke, tangue d’ heritage.
Next, ‘componential analysis’ is a translation procedure where the lexical
unit of SL words is split up into their sense components. The translation procedure
of ‘componential analysis’ is not the same as componential analysis in linguistic
scope. In the translation, this procedure aims “to write off as 'untranslatable' a
word whose meaning cannot be rendered literally and precisely by another word is
absurd, particularly when it could at least be better delineated by componential
analysis” (Newmark, 1988: 79). For example, the word ‘women’ is translated as
wanita dewasa in Indonesian.
Next, ‘reduction’ is a process when a translator reduces the translation of
SL words in TL words. For example, science linguistique becomes linguistic. Another example is the word ‘automobile’ translated as mobil in Indonesia.
Then, ‘expansion’ is the opposite of reduction. In this case, the translator
extends the meaning of SL in TL, for instance, beleberd becomes ‘life-giving.’ Another example is ‘whale,’ translated as ikan paus in Indonesian.
Next, ‘paraphrase’ is textual segment amplification. Instead of translating
word by word, the translator chooses to grab the meaning of SL words and then
rewording them into TL words. The main purpose is to make it simple and clearer
‘Couplets’ is the fifteenth translation procedure. This translation procedure
employs two combinations of translation procedures, such as ‘transference’
combines with ‘functional’ or ‘descriptive equivalent.’
The last translation procedure is ‘notes,’ ‘additions,’ and ‘glosses.’ They
are usually used in written text of translation such as novel. ‘Notes’ are commonly
found in the bottom of a text, as ‘footnote’, or the end of a chapter, whereas
‘glosses’ are found in the end of a book. ‘Additions’ are commonly found within a
text, the various forms of ‘additions’ are in the following:
1) as an alternative to translated word, e.g. la gabelle becomes the gabelle, or salt-text.
2) as an adjectival clause, e.g. la taille becomes la taille, which was the old levy raised in feudal times from the civilian population.
3) as a noun in apposition, e.g. les traiies becomes the traites, customs dues.
4) as a participial group, e.g. Voctroi becomes Voctroi^taxes imposed on food stuffs and wine entering the town.
5) in brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred word, e.g. das
Kombinat becomes the kombinat (a ”combine” or “trust”)
6) in parentheses, the longest form of addition, e.g. aides becomes aides – these are exercise dues on such things as drinks, tobacco, iron, precious
metals and leather-were imposed in the eighteenth century.
Another theory of translation procedure is proposed by Vinay and
into seven translation procedures, namely, ‘borrowing,’ ‘calque,’ ‘literal
translation,’ ‘transposition,’ ‘modulation,’ ‘equivalence,’ and ‘adaptation.’
‘Borrowing,’ the first translation procedure, is bringing lexical item of SL
into TL. The aim is to give a local culture element in TL. Some examples of
‘borrowing’ are bulldozzer (French), weekend (English), and batik (Indonesian). The second procedure is ‘calque,’ also known as ‘loan translation,’
normally applied in noun phrases. The translation through this procedure is linear
by substituting the elements of SL into TL. The word hot dog (English), for instance, is appeared in Spanish as perro caliente (Bell, 1991).
Next, ‘literal translation’ is replacing SL words which are grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate in TL. Quelle heaure est-il? in French is translated literally into ‘what time is it?,’ in English. Another example is the word encre
(French) translated as ‘ink’ (English).
‘Transposition,’ the fourth translation procedure, is rendering the one word
class from SL into TL without changing the meaning in SL. For example,
expenditeur in French transposed as ‘from’ in English. Another example is
defense de fummer (France) translated as ‘no smoking.’
Next, ‘modulation’ is changing the point of view from SL into TL, but it
The sixth translation procedure is ‘equivalence,’ a process which replaces
the SL functionally into TL. The procedure is commonly applied in idioms,
clichés, and proverbs. For instance, ‘hi’ in English is rendered as ciao in Italian. The last translation procedure is ‘adaptation,’ which is a situational
equivalence. It happens because of cultural differences between SL and TL. For
example, cyclisme in French is adopted as ‘cricket’ in English.
Both theories from Newmark (1988), Vinay, and Darbelnet (n.d., as cited
in Venuti, 2004) are mostly having similar explanation. In Newmark (1988), he
distinguishes ‘borrowing’ into two, ‘transference’ and ‘naturalisation.’ Then,
‘equivalence’ is parted into ‘cultural,’ ‘function,’ and ‘descriptive equivalent.’
‘Calque’ and ‘transposition’ are the same theory as Newmark, Vinay, and
Darbelnet. The researcher concludes that Newmark (1988) tends to differentiate
the translation procedures in detail, whereas Vinay and Darbelnet (n.d., as cited in
Venuti, 2004) tends to simplify the translation procedures.
4. Translation Problems
Bassnett (2008) terms the problems or difficulties encountered in
rendering as ‘untranslatability.’ In this case, ‘untranslatability’ is a condition when
a translator fails to make a bridge between SL and TL. Catford (1974, as cited in
Bassnett, 2008) differentiates untranslatability into two, ‘linguistic’ and ‘cultural.’
‘Linguistic untranslatability’ occurs as a consequence of no lexical
correspondence between SL and TL. On the other hand, ‘cultural
TL. In line with this, the researcher, first, concludes that ‘linguistic
untranslatability’ occurs because the SL and TL are not from the same language
family. The second, ‘cultural untranslatability’ occurs because the SL and TL
have different cultures, habits, and customs.
On the other hand, Duff (1981) in his book, The Third Language:
Recurrent Problems of Translation into English, explains the translation problems
in 6 stages of translation, namely, ‘from thought-to-words,’ ‘from
words-to-words,’ ‘structures and idioms,’ ‘style,’ ‘from one world to another,’ and ‘culture
differences.’ Duff distinguishes the level first and then explores the translation
problems in each stage.
In ‘from thought-to-words’ stage, the translator is unable to express his
thought more clearly because the blurred meaning in SL. In this case, the SL text
is not to the point in sharing the meaning. Therefore, the translator fails to render
accurately.
In ‘words-to-words’ stage, the main difficulty is that “the translator cannot
help being influenced by the form of the SL” (Duff, 1981: 4). It would sound
semantically weird in TL if the SL form is recognized in TL. In this case, the
problem is that TL is not a translator’s mother tongue. Therefore, the translation
in TL does not sound natural.
In the third stage, ‘structures and idioms,’ the problem is mixed structure.
The strong influence of SL affects the translator to bring an appropriate language
In the ‘style stage,’ the translator should consistently choose the right style
by looking from readers or audiences. Employing the appropriate register in TL
becomes the main attention. Therefore, the defect of style will make a serious
problem for the translator.
In the fifth stage, ‘from one world to another,’ language describes as a
mental set which pictures the reality in words. It may overlap between one
language and another. The difficulty faced by the translator is bringing the SL
reality closer to TL.
In the last stage, ‘cultural differences’ mostly becomes a problem for
translator. Since language is owned by a particular community, it brings the
culture of the community. In rendering, the problem is because the translator
cannot give the satisfactory equivalent into TL. This problem is similar to
Catford’s ‘cultural untranslatability’ (1974, as cited in Basnett, 2008).
Based on those theories, the researcher concludes that Catford (1974, as
cited in Basnett, 2008) discerns the translation problems based on the language
limitation which every language has its own system. On the other hand, Duff
(1981) discerns meticulously the translation problem in each stage of rendering.
Duff discerns the translation problems from two factors, language and translator.
B.Theoretical Framework
In this section, the researcher synthesizes the relevant theories. The aim is
to endorse the investigation in addressing the answers to three research problems,
at TVRI DIY station. The first problem focuses on the common translations of cultural words emerging in “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY station. In order to discover the answer, the researcher ascertains the cultural words through
employing the theory of cultural words proposed by Newmark (1988). In his
theory, he distinguishes cultural words into five, namely: 1) ecology, 2) material
culture, 3) social culture, 4) social organisation, and 5) gestures and habits. In
‘material culture,’ there are four subcategories, namely, ‘foods,’ ‘clothes,’ ‘houses
and towns,’ and ‘transports.’ In ‘social organisation,’ there are three
subcategories, namely, ‘political and administrative,’ ‘religious,’ and ‘artistic.’
Newmark (1988) explains more detail than Baker (1992). Therefore, the use of
Newmark’s theory (1988) is expected to generate a deep analysis.
The second problem focuses on the translation procedures applied in
translating the cultural words in news of “Jogja Destination” news at TVRI DIY
station. In this case, the researcher employs theory explained by Newmark (1988).
He categorizes the translation procedures, namely, ‘transference,’ ‘naturalisation,’
‘cultural equivalent,’ ‘functional equivalent,’ ‘descriptive equivalent,’
‘synonymy,’ ‘through-translation,’ ‘shift or transpositions,’ ‘recognised
translation,’ ‘translation label,’ ‘componential analysis,’ ‘reduction,’ ‘expansion,’
‘paraphrase,’ ‘couplets,’ and ‘notes-additions-glosess.’ Since the data analyzed in
the form of words and phrases, the use of Newmark’s theory (1988) would be
effective.
The third problem focuses on the problems encountered in the process of
section, the researcher adapts theories suggested by Catford (1974) and Duff
(1981). Catford (1974) mentions the translation problems into two, ‘linguistic’
and ‘cultural untranslatability.’ Moreover, Duff (1981) meticulously explains the
translation problems in 6 stages, namely, ‘from thought-to-words,’ ‘from
words-to-words,’ ‘structures and idioms,’ ‘style,’ ‘from one world to another,’ and
‘culture differences.’ The use of both theories is expected to discover the real
problems in rendering cultural words.
Those theories can strengthen this analysis in finding the common
translations of cultural words employed in “Jogja Destination” news a TVRI DIY
station, the translation procedures applied in those cultural words, and the
25
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the researcher discussed the method used in this study to
solve the research problems. The discussion consists of some parts, namely, the
research method, research setting, research subjects, instruments and data
gathering techniques, data analysis technique, and research procedure.
A.Research Method
This study was qualitative research because it focused on words and
interpretation. Miles and Huberman (1994) state that qualitative research presents
data in the form of words. In addition, Meriam (2002) states that qualitative
research explores the interpretation in a certain point in time and context. Thus,
the researcher considered qualitative research to best fit the study, in which the
researcher analyzed and interpreted cultural words in television news scripts, as
well as interviewed the news editors. Both news scripts and interviews were the
data in this study.
The news scripts were the data of the first and second research problems.
In this part, the researcher employed qualitative content analysis. According to
Leedy and Ormord (2005), “content analysis is typically performed on forms of
human communication, including books, newspapers, films, televisions, art,
In line with this theory, this part employed content analysis because the researcher
used news scripts as the data. The new scripts were the transcript of new items in
a television news program (see Definition of Terms in Chapter I).
Following the first and second research problems which were addressed
through qualitative content analysis, the third research problem was answered
qualitatively by conducting a small scope qualitative survey. According to Fink
(2003), qualitative survey collects information on the meanings that people attach
to their experiences. The purpose of using qualitative surveys is to provide depth
meaning to the questions of interest. It is also particularly suited to the
individuals’ opinion. Moreover, Fink (2003) states that qualitative survey is useful
when a researcher does not have large numbers of people to participate. In this
section, the researcher conducted interviews with a few respondents (see Problem
Limitation in Chapter I) to explore their diversity of their opinions on the
problems in translating the cultural words in the program. Therefore, the
researcher employed qualitative survey to answer the third research problem.
B.Research Setting
The study was conducted in TVRI DIY news center at Jalan Magelang Km
4.5, Yogyakarta. The researcher collected the data in November 2012 from both
news database and the editors-in-chief (EIC) in TVRI DIY station. Pre and post data collection of this study were conducted at Sanata Dharma University,
C.Research Subjects
The participants in this study were three editors-in-chief (EIC) at “Jogja
Destination,” namely, EIC A, EIC B, and EIC C. The editors, in the interview,
provided data on the problems encountered in translating the cultural words, from
which the researcher identified the third research problem. Afterwards, they also
helped the researcher by giving feedback on solving the translation problems.
As for the main data were in the form of cultural words, the researcher
extracted “Jogja Destination” news scripts from the news center database at TVRI
DIY station. There were three methods of composing news script with the editors: translating Indonesian news into English, previewing movie release, and
reviewing public figure's profile (see Chapter I).
As the study was meant to analyze the translation of cultural words, the
researcher selected the news items broadcasted Monday to Thursday from August
to November 2012. There were five news items broadcasted daily, except on
Friday, Saturday and Sunday. On weekend, including Friday, there were only two
news items in the form of translation, with the rest being profile and movie
preview (see Chapter I). Thus, in terms of data gathering, the researcher was able
to extract 310 news scripts in total, to be later analyzed.
The study employed ‘judgement sample’ method for selecting the data.
Marshall states:
Judgement sample, also known as purposeful sample, this is the most
knowledge of the research area, the available literatureand evidence from the study itself (1996, p. 523).
This study focused on translated news scripts to answer the first and
second research problems. The news scripts were selected only on Monday to
Thursday edition in the period of August until November 2012. Within those
months, there were many cultural words employed due to many cultural events
celebrated in that time. As for the third research problem, the researcher
interviewed “Jogja Destination” editors, because they were the translators.
In addition, judgement or purposeful sampling tends to be used in qualitative research (Miles & Huberman, 1994, as cited in Tuckett, n.d.). Since
this study was qualitative research, it endorsed that the study used judgement or purposeful sampling.
D.Instruments and Data Gathering Techniques
In this qualitative study, the researcher functioned as the primary
instrument to collect data, this is in line with Merriam’s (2002) theory of
instrument that one characteristic of qualitative research is the researcher as the
main instrument for data collections and analysis. The data collected were, firstly,
the news scripts in “Jogja Destination” program. The data were also collected
through observation in November 2012 at TVRI DIY station. In addition, the researcher also employed an interview guide (see Appendix 5) as an extra
November 2012 in TVRI DIY. Then, the researcher transcribed the interviews in written forms (see Appendix 6) as the data collection.
In conducting this study, the researcher concluded that it was not enough
only collecting the data by collecting documents only, in this case, the news
scripts. This led the researcher to conduct in-depth interview with 3
editors-in-chief (EIC) of “Jogja Destination” program in TVRI DIY station. The aim was to obtain the precise answer to the third research problem. Therefore, another
instrument used in this study was an interview guide and the technique was
in-depth interview. According to Boyce and Neale (2006), in-in-depth interview is “a
qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive individual
interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a
particular idea, program, or situation” (p. 3).
Based on the explanation above, the researcher concluded that the
instruments used in this study were the researcher who designed tables and an
interview guide to collect the data. The tables design was used for collecting
research findings in the discussion. The aim was to make an effective discussion.
Meanwhile, the interview guide contained some points to be questioned in the
interview.
E.Data Analysis Technique
In this section, the researcher would like to describe the analysis technique
in detail. Firstly, the researcher categorized the data in the form of cultural words
‘ecology,’ ‘material culture,’ ‘social culture,’ ‘social organisation,’ and ‘gestures
and habits,’ based on the Newmark’s theory (1988) to answer the first research
problem. Then, the researcher discovered the common translation of those cultural
words in the news scripts. Next, the researcher illustrated the data used in Table
3.1.
Table 3.1 The Common Translation of Cultural Words in “X” Category No. Source Language (SL) Target Language (TL)
1. Sari Sari
2. Palazzo Large house
3. ... ...
In Table 3.1, the SL column contained the cultural words which were discovered
in the data. The TL column contained the common translations of the cultural
words employed in the data. Then, “X” in the title showed the category of cultural
words based on Newmark’s theory (1988).
Next, the researcher also employed Newmark’s theory (1988) to analyze
translation procedures applied in the study. He mentions 16 translation
procedures, namely, ‘transference,’ ‘naturalisation,’ ‘cultural equivalent,’
‘functional equivalent,’ ‘descriptive equivalent,’ ‘synonymy,’
‘through-translation,’ ‘shift’ or ‘transpositions,’ ‘recognised ‘through-translation,’ ‘translation label,’
‘componential analysis,’ ‘reduction,’ ‘expansion,’ ‘paraphrase,’ ‘couplets,’ and
‘notes-additions-glosess.’ The researcher used Table 3.2 to explain the data
Table 3.2 Cultural Words Applying “Y”
Categories Source Language (SL) Target Language (TL)
Material culture Sari Sari
... ... ...
In Table 3.2, “categories” column showed the category of cultural words based on
Newmark’s theory (1988). The use of SL and TL columns was the same as in
Table 3.1 above. Then, “Y” in the title showed the translation procedure applied
to cultural words in the table.
The last technique, the researcher used the findings in the second problem to
answer the third research problem. The inappropriate translation of cultural words
formed the data in this part. Table 3.3 helped the researcher in addressing the third
problem.
Table 3.3The Less Accurate Cultural Words and their Alternative Translation through “Z”
Nasi liwet Through-translation Liwet rice Addition Nasi liwet, traditional food
from Solo
…. …. …. …. ….
In Table 3.3, SL and TL column were functioned the same as in Table 3.1 and 3.2.
In the column ‘translation procedure,’ the data were translation procedure applied
by editors or translators. Since the applications of translation procedures were
inappropriate, the researcher provided some alternative translation procedures in
TL in the last column. The “Z” in the title means the alternative translation
procedure applied.
At last, the researcher used the information in the interviews with the
editors-in-chief of “Jogja Destination” program in TVRI DIY station. The researcher analyzed their problems through the interview transcription based on
the interview recording. Then, the researcher used table to show the problems
encountered by each editor-in-chief (EIC). After discovering the problems
encountered in the process of translating the cultural words, the researcher
analyzed the translation problems using theories suggested by Catford (1974) and
Duff (1981) (see Chapter II).
F. Research Procedure
The researcher employed some steps to do the research. First, the
researcher specified the field culture of phenomenon which was cultural words. In
this step, the researcher collected the information and knowledge on the cultural
words from books where the researcher earns theories, approaches, and examples.
Second, the researcher collected the information of “Jogja Destination”
program through watching the program and asking to one of the editors-in-chief in
that program. Third, the researcher designed the observation in TVRI DIY. In this case, the researcher prepared some requirements to conduct an observation.
Forth, the researcher gathered the eligible data related to the study. Fifth,
the researcher identified the common translations of cultural words and their
by the editors through identifying the inappropriate translation of cultural words
and interview scripts with the editors in TVRI DIY. At last, the researcher made an implication based on the findings. In this step, the researcher concluded all the
34
CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of three parts, namely, the common translation of
cultural words, translation procedures applied in translating the cultural words,
and problems encountered in translating the cultural words.
A.The Common Translation of Cultural Words
The researcher analyzed the category of cultural words based on Newmark
(1988), into: 1) ecology, 2) material culture, 3) social culture, 4) social
organisation, and 5) gesture and habits. Out of Newmark’s five categories of
cultural words, the researcher only discovered three in this study. The total
number was 54 words classified into ‘material culture,’ ‘social culture,’ and
‘social organisation.’ The results were discussed as follows.
1. Material Culture (Artefacts)
‘Material culture’ is a cultural word category where inanimate objects
become special in a certain community. Twelve cultural words were included and
classified into four subcategories, namely, ‘food,’ ‘clothes,’ ‘houses and towns,’
and ‘transport’ (Newmark, 1988). In subcategory of ‘food’, the researcher
discovered 4 cultural words. For each subcategory of ‘clothes’ and ‘houses and
towns,’ there were 3 cultural words. In addition, the researcher discovered 2
examples of cultural words for each subcategory in the following discussion. The
aim is to make an effective discussion.
In the ‘food’ subcategory, cultural words included were mangut lele and
jadah-tempe. Mangut lele is one of the traditional side dishes from Yogyakarta
(Sanaji, 2009), which in the data was translated as ‘curry catfish.’ According to
the official website of Sleman regency, jadah tempe is a traditional snack from Kaliurang located in Sleman. In this case, jadah tempe was translated as ‘soy bean cake.’
The second subcategory is ‘clothes.’ There were batik cap and batik tulis, which were consecutively, translated as ‘printed batik’ and ‘original batik’. Both
cultural words are the types of batik as classified according to the its production
technique.
Next, soko guru and keraton Yogyakarta were included in the ‘houses’ subcategory. Soko guru is one component of Joglo, a Yogyakarta traditional house, functioned as a pillar (Wardani, n.d.). It was translated as ‘the main pillar,’
whereas keraton Yogakarta was translated as ‘Yogyakarta palace.’ Wardani (n.d.) defined keraton Yogyakarta as “monumental building which reflects great life characteristics of a kingdom, it was built by Prince Mangkubumi, was then called
Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwana I” (p. 1). In Yogyakarta, the Royal Highness
Sultan Hamengku Buwana is the traditional king who also happens to govern the
