CONTENTS
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
ACKNOWLEGDMENT vi
CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Topic 1
1.2 Scopes 2
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 The Significant of Knowledge 3
1.5 The Framework of The Theory 4
1.6 Research Method 4
1.7 Place and Time 5
CHAPTER II : THE BUSINESS OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS UNIT
2.1 The Description of Scientific Publications and Intellectual
Property Rights Unit 6
2.2 The Division of Editor
2.2.1 Job Position 10
CHAPTER III : THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1 The Using of Past Tenses in Research Article 11
3.2 Data Analysis 12
3.3 Problem and Solution
3.3.1 Problem 17
3.3.2 Solution 17
CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion 18
4.2 Suggestion 18
REFERENCES 20
APPENDICES 21
REFERENCES
Azar, Betty,1999, Understanding and Using English Grammar Third Edition,
United State of America: Mary Jane Peluso
Kartini, Rika, 2011, Analisis Ekuitas Merek Cofee Morning Glory Pada PT.
Morning Glory International Cabang Bandung, Perpustakaan Pusat
Unikom, November 02.
Retrieved on November 03, 2013 from
http://www.gobookee.org/get_book.php?u=aHR0cDovL2VsaWIudW5pa2
9tLmFjLmlkL2ZpbGVzL2Rpc2sxLzUzNC9qYnB0dW5pa29tcHAtZ2RsL
XJpa2FrYXJ0aW4tMjY2NzctNy11bmlrb21fci1uLnBkZgpCQUIgSUlJIE
9CSkVLIERBTiBNRVRPREUgUEVORUxJVElBTiAzLjEuIE9iamVrIF
BlbmVsaXRpYW4
Academic Skills, n.d, Using Tenses in Scientific Writing, retrieved on October 21
2013 from
http://services.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/471294/Using_t
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Praise is to Allah S.W.T as the greatest creator for blessing and giving
patience to the writer until finishing this job training report. However, this report
would never be done without support and pray from many people. Therefore, I
would like to express an appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A, the dean in English Department.
2. Dr. Juanda, the head of English Department.
3. Asih Prihandini, S.S.,M.Hum, the coordinator of job training who
guides all students who conducted the job training.
4. Tatan Tawami, S.S.,M.Hum, the writer’s advisor who leads and helps
the writer to accomplish the report.
5. Nungki Heriyati, S.S.,M.A, the guardian lecturer who supports the
writer and classmates, and always be patient to face our behavior.
6. Diba Artsiyanti, M.Si, the lecturer who inspires, supports, and
motivates the writer.
7. Ati Sulastri S.Pd, the administratation staff and my the writer’s
supervisor who guides during the job training.
Special thanks are also dedicated for the closest people:
1. My beloved family, especially my father and my mother, my sister, my
little brother, my niece, thank you for your endless pray, support, love,
2. My boyfriend, Bimo Haryo Pratomo, thank you for all your
understanding, love, and patience. I love you.
3. All of my friends in 2010, especially three boys, thank you for always
making jokes that make me laugh. Grup Rempong, Ceuceu, Momo,
Lenong, Icha, and Bang Aldo, thank you for cheering me up everyday
we meet. The last, Grup Dustak, Dania, Teh Winda, and Aji, thank you
for you all who often spend night with me. Hope we can do it again
after finishing this report. I’m happy and feel lucky to have friends like
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Topic
The using of tenses in an article is important. That’s why
understanding of tenses used in writing is definitely needed. The writer
should know when he/she should use past, present, even future tense. It is
done to reach the true meaning of what the writer actually wants to deliver
through his/her writing. Especially in a research article, tenses used
influence the meaning of information, whether the writer wants to show
that the information is a general truth that is recognized until present or is
only information in the past.
Generally, an information or research result in a research article
uses present tense. If the writer writes an article in a wrong way, then the
meaning may be changed. What I mean by a wrong way is, when the
writing does not apply a correct tense in delivering a research. For
example, there is a research result; Genetic information is encoded in the
sequence of nucleotides on DNA. It is clear that this research result is a
general truth that is widely known, but then the writer writes it in a wrong
way; Genetic information was encoded in the sequence of nucleotides on
longer a general truth but only a fact that has no relation with present or
that the fact may have changed at present. Therefore, it is no longer valid.
When doing a job as an assistant of language consultant, the
present writer is expected to be able to edit student articles, to correct
which part of the writing that does not meet the required condition. So I
must understand how tenses applied in each writing, especially in a
research writing, in order to be able to differentiate which information that
should use present of past tense. During job training, I found some
research results that make me doubt whether they should use present tense
or past tense.
Through this paper which is entitled “The Using of Past Tense in
Three Articles,” I try to discuss and analyze how past tense are applied in
the research articles.
1.2 Scopes
The source data was taken from Althea Media Journal (AMJ)
articles, which entitled and the writers are as in the following:
1. Success Rate of Phacoemulsification for Cataract Patients with
High-Degree Myopia in Bandung Indonesia, written by Nadia Khairina
Budiman, Andrew Maximilian Knoch,dr.,Sp.M, and Yuni Susanti
2. Hemoglobin between Hemoglobin Level, Attention, and Working
Memory Scores, written by Jannatin Aliya Indrina, Anam Ong, and
Ihrul Prianza Prajitno.
3. Topical Application of Binahong [Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis]
Leafes Paste for Wound Healing Process in Mice, written by
Gurwinder Kaur, Novi Vicahyani Utami,dr.,M.Kes, AIFO, Hermin
Aminah Usman,dr.,Sp.PA.
The scopes will be focused on:
1. In what condition is past tense applied in research article?
1.3 Objectives
The purpose of the research from this paper is as in the following:
1. To analyze in what condition past tense is applied in research article.
2. To give a practical overview concerning to the using of past tense in
articles
1.4 The Significant of Knowledge
This research is expected to make the reader know and understand
about the using of past tense in a research, in order to be able to know how
to apply it in a research writing. Therefore, the result of this research is
1.5 The Framework of The Theory
In a writing, moreover a research article, it is important to use the
correct tense to deliver what the writer means correctly. As I know,
generally, a widely known information or research result in a research
article uses present tense. Like what Azar said in her book, “the simple
present said that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and
will be true in the future. It expresses general statements of fact and
timeless truths.” (page 13, 1999).
This Azar’s theory is the theory that I use to support my thought
about research article that generally use present tense to deliver what the
writer means by the research, whether it is a general truth or a fact that is
still recognized until now or just a temporary fact in the past.
1.6 Research Method
The method used in this research is descriptive analytic that
collected the data first from articles found then analyzed it. Sugiono
(2009:205) defines that “Metode deskriptif analisis adalah metode yang
digunakan untuk menganalisa data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau
menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya.” In this
method, the present writer should analyze with finding the reason behind
1.7 Place and Time
I did this job training in Scientific Publications and Intellectual
Property Rights Unit, Padjajaran University, addressed at Jl. Prof. Eijkman
No. 38 Bandung. The period of job training began on July 10th until
August 23rd 2013, within 23 days. I did this job training from Monday to
CHAPTER II
THE BUSINESS OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS UNIT (UNIT PUBLIKASI ILMIAH & KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL)
2.1 The Description of Scientific Publications and Intellectual Property Rights Unit
Scientific Publications and Intellectual Property Rights Unit,
Padjajaran University, addressed at Jl. Prof. Eijkman No. 38 Bandung.
This unit consists of three divisions, which are MKB (Majalah Kedokteran
Bandung), AMJ (Althea Media Journal), and IJIHS (International Journal
of Integrated Health Science) that organize publication of magazine. Two
of them, AMJ and IJIHS, are publication organizations that use English as
the introductory language.
In this unit, there are subdivisions that take the responsibility in
publication process. First subdivision, administration staff makes
correspondence history, receives document, sends and distributes letters.
Second, lay outer receives the article, so then designs the article in layout
form. Third, editor screens the article in which it can reject an article that
does not meet the required condition. Fourth, head of editorial manages
the outcoming and incoming of an article. For example, head of editorial
articles. The last division is an advisor or a shield who takes responsibility
in finance and patent.
Althea Media Journal (AMJ), publication unit where I was placed,
is an electronic journal that publishes particular articles from bachelor’s
degree student. It is only in softcopy or electronic form, therefore there is
no hardcopy form. AMJ publishes four editions a year, and in one edition
can contain 40-60 articles.
The part of subdivision circled above is where I was placed. In other
Incoming Outcoming
Article Article
Feedback for Apprentice
This table shows how my working is organized. The incoming article
is edited first by editorial secretary in the whole content. If the content of
an article is required, then it is given to my supervisor, whom is
administration staff so then can be given to me. After editing article given
to me, I had to give back my work to my supervisor. Through the
supervisor, my work was given to senior editor to fix it in order to be
published.
Senior Editor Language Editor Diba Artsiyanti, M.Si Editorial Secretary
Dini Norviatin, dr
Administration Staff
Ati Sulastri S.Pd.
Apprentice
2.2 The Division of Editor 2.2.1 Job Position
Subdivision of Editor is a subdivision that edits or screens
incoming and outcoming article before it publishes. During job training in
Scientific Publications and Intellectual Property Rights Unit, Padjajaran
University, my position is as assistant of language consultant (junior
editor) that screen or edit the right English grammar in article, under the
command of my supervisor, administration staff of AMJ, Ati Sulastri S.Pd.
2.2.2 Responsibility
As an assistant of language consultant, I helped in organizing
editorial process in Scientific Publications and Intellectual Property, which
are (1) receiving each article that comes from reviewer who had reviewed
the article, (2) peer-reviewing each article and send back to the writer, (3)
helping to prepare documents, which are copying document or article
reviewed for collecting required document, and giving invitation letters for
a meeting, (4) editing the right English grammar or tenses from each
CHAPTER III
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC
3.1 The Using of Past Tenses in Research Article
The using of tenses in a research article is important. That‟s why
understanding of tenses used in writing is definitely needed. The writer
must know how to differentiate which part in article that should use past
form, present form, or future form. Nevertheless, a research result in an
article generally uses present form. It is because the result of a research
often becomes a fact that is believed still true until now. For example,
there is a research result that uses present tense; Sexual dimorphism in
body size is common among butterflies. (Taken from Singer1982).
The example above shows how a research result uses present tense
that generally is widely known fact. It is different when a research result
uses past tense; We hypothesized that adults would remember more items
than children.
Azar said in her book about present simple; “The simple present
said that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be
true in the future. It expresses general statements of fact and timeless
truths.” (page 13, 1999), and past simple; “The simple past indicates that
an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past.”
According to this understanding, it leads to an assumption that a
research result uses present tense, because a research result that is a
general truth commonly becomes a fact and then widely known by people
especially people who research in the same field. It is wondered if past
tense is used to deliver research result, how to use or apply it?
Furthermore, what kind of research result that uses past tense or when is
past tense used in delivering research result?
3.2 Data analysis
There are 5 data found from some medical articles that use past
tense in delivering the research result, and the analyzing:
Data 1: 1
Fresh Binahong leaves used in this study was obtained from Jalan
Sukawening, Bandung. 2The leaves were identified in the Plant
Taxonomy Laboratory of Universitas Padjadjaran. 3Next, the fresh leaves
were washed thoroughly few times under running tap water.
Data analysis 1:
The sentence number 2, “the leaves were identified in the Plant
Taxonomy Laboratory of Universitas Padjadjaran,” is in past form. It is
because the research conducted in the past is only a step to reach the
result expected and has no relation with the present. Therefore, the using
Data 2: 1
Our study was conducted on medical students of Universitas
Padjadjaran from batch 2009-2011. 2The sample of our study contained
46 people consisted of 27 males and 19 females. 3In male students, from
27 people, there were 25 people with normal hemoglobin level and 2
people with low hemoglobin level. 4Whereas in female students, from 19
people, there were 15 people with normal hemoglobin level and 6 people
with low hemoglobin level. 5The female students were more likely to have
low hemoglobin level compared to male students. 6The mean age of all
subjects was 19 years old.
Data Analysis 2:
The research above shows that sentence used in delivering the
research result about hemoglobin level in each student, is past tense. As I
know, the research result is a fact that is recognized the truth in the past,
present, and in the future, however, the research result in this case uses
past tense, not present tense.
It is because the writer of the journal tried to deliver a temporary
result, that may change anytime. Hemoglobin level in each person is
different, which has low hemoglobin, normal hemoglobin, or high
hemoglobin. Someday, people‟s hemoglobin will change as they grow up.
Based on this temporary hemoglobin level, the writer then reported the
research result in past tense. Even though this research result is a fact that
each student that is observed may change as they grow up. Therefore, the
using of past tense is for delivering the research result that can change
anytime, for example the hemoglobin level in this case.
Data 3: 1
From all cataract patients with high-degree myopia who
underwent phacoemulsification in this study, 59.5% came from Bandung.
2
Patients who came from outside Bandung were from West Java area;
Jakarta Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi (Jabotabek), and Central Java area.
3
About 96.2% were poor patients while general patients only made up
3.8%.
Data Analysis 3:
The sentence number 1 that tells where the cataract patients come
from, it is used past tense. It is different from what people think that to
show where people live, it is usually used present tense. Like when
someone asks others “where do you live?” then the answer is commonly “I
live at/in …” It is uncommon if people answer with past tense, except if
they are asked where they lived before. In other words, when people talk
about residence, then they tend to ask and know where others live in/at.
In this case, the writer wrote where the patients come from in past
tense, because he tried to tell the reader that where the patients lived at the
time is a fact in the past and now the writer does not know where the
know further. Because what is needed for the patients data is a concrete
address or where they live at the time while they were patients. Therefore,
the using of past tense is for delivering the research result that can change
anytime.
Data 4:
Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world. 1The
World Health Organization (WHO) stated that cataract causes 39% of
blindness, 18% of refractive error, and 10% of glaucoma. 2aWHO also
estimated that 2b18 million people suffer from bilateral blindness caused
by cataract.
Data Analysis 4:
The sentence number 2, the writer uses past tense and present
tense in delivering the research result. It is because the clause in 2a,
“WHO also estimated that” is what happened in the past. It has no relation
with the present, because it is not the result of the research but just a
statement from WHO. The real research result is the clause in number 2b,
“18 million people suffer from bilateral blindness caused by cataract.” It is
a research result that widely known by people and still has relation with
present. It may the last research conducted and there no recent research yet
about the causes of bilateral blindness.
In that sentence, there are two tenses to explain what the research
clause is a past that has no relation with present, while another clause is a
widely known fact until now. It is like what a scientific writing guide from
the University of Melbourne said; “Past tense to summarise findings, with
present tense to interpret results. Writers may use the past tense to
summarise their findings, in combination with the present tense to explain
or interpret what the results mean.”
Because of that, in this fourth data past tense is used when the
research is in a statement that reveals the previous research.
Data 5: 1
A study by Joshi and Shakya, a research about the change in
refractive status of the patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery,
showed that 61.3% cataract patients without high-degree myopia who
underwent phacoemulsification have preoperative visual acuity of less
than 6/60, meanwhile only 9.09% have visual acuity above 6/18.
Data Analysis 5:
The research above uses the word „showed‟ when delivering the
research result conducted before. But what is asked, is why this research
uses past tense, not a present whereas it is a general truth from the research
of Nepal Medical College journal, 2009 that is used as a reference by
another writer in his/her medical article.
It is because, the research about the change in refractive status of
2009 by Joshi and Shakya. It brings an assumption that other researches
were conducted in the recent time and the result of the research is different
from the previous research. It makes the research result conducted in 2009
uses past tense, to show to reader that it is a research that the validity is
changed by a recent result.
3.3 Problem and Solution 3.3.1 Problem
During editing the right English form in article, the present writer
found difficulty in differentiating which part of research result that should
use present or past form. Therefore, I had to be able to know which result
that the validity of the research is still recognized until present, with
understanding what the article writer meant from the beginning to the end
of the article. Because if I could not catch what his/her meant, it is hard to
differentiate which part that should use present of past form.
3.3.2 Solution
To find a solution of a problem that I had during the job training , I
had to discuss and share my difficulty to the senior editor, in order to be
able to solve the problem. In addition, fortunately I could get the feedback
from the senior editor, so I could learn from her editing result with
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
After discussing about the data that shows the using of past tense in
three articles above, I can conclude that criteria of the research that uses
past tense is as the following:
1. When the research conducted in the past is only a step or procedure to
reach the result expected and has no relation to the present, as in the
data 1.
2. When the data of the research result is temporary. In other words,
when the data can change anytime, as in the data 2 and 3.
3. When the research is in a statement that reveals the previous research.
So there are two tenses in a sentence, which are the statement about the
research result that uses past tense, and the result that becomes a
widely known fact, as in the data 4.
4. When there is a recent research that change the previous research
result, as in the data 5.
4.2 Suggestions
After finding problems and solving them with analyzing the data, I
of tenses in article, which is expected it can complete the lack of my
analysis.
The next writer can analyze the tenses that are in continuous forms,
because it still has relation when a research is conducted and the research
result is still recognized until the present. It can be more interesting if the
next writer analyzes all the tenses in a research form, so that data analyzed
will be abundant and can be compared in terms of the using and the
CURRICULUM VITAE
1. Student’s Profile
a. Name : Vivi Yulianti
b. Address : Jl. Tubagus Ismail Dalam No. 48
c. Place and Date of Birth : Sangatta Kutai, 20 July 1992
d. Sex : Female
e. Religion : Moslem
f. Phone : 087722282778
g. E-Mail : [email protected]
2. Educational Background 2.1Formal Education
No Year Institution
1. 1996 – 1998 TK YPPSB Sangatta
2. 1998 – 1999 SD YPPSB Sangatta
3. 1999 – 2004 SD Negeri I Cihaurbeuti
4. 2004 – 2007 SMP Negeri I Cihaurbeuti
5. 2007 – 2010 SMA Negeri I Cihaurbeuti
6. 2010 – Now English Department
2.2Seminar & Achievement
No Year Seminar & Achievement
1.
2009 Third winner Fly Junior Putri of Tasik Open Taekwondo Competition (Certified)
2.
2010 Runner up Fin Putri of Bupati Cup Taekwondo Competition (Certified)
3.
2011 Runner up 46 kg Putri of Walikota Cup Taekwondo Competition (Certified)
4. 2011 Feminist, Feminine, and Text Seminar (Certified)
5. 2011 Copywriting Seminar and Workshop (Certified)
6.
2011 Semiotics: Literature and Media Seminar and Workshop (Certified)
7. 2012 Basic Training of Facilitator (Certified)
8. 2012 Learning Inspiration From Experience (LIFE) (Certified)
9. 2012 On Becoming Inspiring Facilitator (Certified)
10. 2012 Public Speaking Seminar (Certified)
11. 2012 Cross Culture Literary Day (Certified)
12. 2012 English Literary Internal Training of Education (Certified)
13. 2012 Character Building Training (Certified)
14. 2012 Kreatif Menulis, Rejeki Tak Akan Habis Bersama Raditya Dika (Certified)
15. 2013 Building The Translation Skill Confidence (Certified)
16. 2013 Speech Contest TBI English Challenge (Certified)
17. 2013
Kejurwil Wilayah Menuju UTIPRO International
Club Open Taekwondo Championships Surabaya
2.3Competency
There are some competencies the writer has. They are as follows:
1. English Correspondence
2. Good at English both oral and written
3. Operating Computer (Ms. Office, Adobe Photoshop, Macromedia, and
Internet)
3. Organization and Work Experience
No Year Organization
1. 2007 – 2010 Member of Taekwondo SMAN I Cihaurbeuti
2. 2008 – 2009 Secretary of Taekwondo SMAN I Cihaurbeuti
3. 2010 – 2012 Member of HIMA SAIS Unikom
4. 2011 – 2012 Coordinator of Education and Reasoning
5. 2010 – Now Member of Taekwondo Unikom
6. 2011 – 2012 Treasurer of Taekwondo Unikom
7. 2012 – 2013 Head of Taekwondo Unikom
