Proceedings of
2015 3
rdInternational Conference on
Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry (ICAIA)
IPB International Convention Center, Bogor, Indonesia
August 3
rd– 4
th, 2015
Published by :
Department of Agroindustrial Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
i
Welcome Message from The General Chairs of ICAIA 2015
On behalf of the organizing committee, it is our pleasure to welcome you to International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry, Bogor, Indonesia. This is the 3rd conference on the topic that is held by the Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia.
The conference is expected to provide excellent opportunity to meet experts, to exchange information, and to strengthen the collaboration among researchers, engineers, and scholars from academia, government, and industry. In addition, the conference committee invited five renowned keynote speakers, i.e. Prof Irawadi from Bogor Agricultural University; Prof Kenneth De Jong from George Mason University, USA; Dr Yandra Arkeman from Bogor Agricultural University; and Dr Guillermo Baigorria from University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
The conference committee also invited Prof Noel Lindsay from University of Adelaide, Australia; Kiyotada Hayashi from National Agricultural Research Center-Tsukuba, Japan; Prof Margareth Gfrerer from Islamic State University of Jakarta, Indonesia; Dr Barry Elsey from University of Adelaide, Australia; Dr Gajendran Kandasamy from Melbourne University, Autralia; and Imperial College London-British, Prof Allan O'Connor from University of Adelaide, Australia; Dr Wisnu Ananta Kusuma from Bogor Agricultural University ,Indonesia; and Dr Frank Neumann from University of Adelaide, Australia, as invited speakers.
This conference was organized by Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University and Asosiasi Agroindustri Indonesia, and technically sponsored by IEEE Indonesia Section. Furthermore, it was supported by Departement of Computer Science, Bogor Agricultural University; Surfactant amd Bionegergy Research Center; PT Bogor Life Science and Technology; Indonesian Ministry of Industry; PT Pachira Distrinusa; and PT Kelola Mina Laut.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to the conference’s committee members for their hard work and contribution throughout this conference. I would like to thank authors, reviewers, speakers, and session chairs for their support to participate in the Conference. Lastly, I would like to welcome you to join ICAIA 2015 and wish you all an enjoyable stay in Bogor.
Sincerely,
Dr Yandra Arkeman
ii
WELCOMING ADDRESS
Prof. Dr. Ir. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti
Head of Agroindustrial Technology Department Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
Bogor Agricultural University
on
3rdInternational Conference on Adaptive and Intelligence Agroindustry (3rd ICAIA)
Bogor, August, 3 – 4, 2015
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh In the name of Allah, the beneficent and the merciful,
Distinguish Guest, Ladies and Gentlemen
Let me first thank you all for accepting the invitation to participate in this 3rd International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligence Agroindustry (ICAIA). In particular I would like to thank Rector of IPB (Institut Pertanian Bogor/Bogor Agricultural University) Prof. Herry Suhardiyanto for supporting this event as part of the series academic event in celebrating the 52nd Anniversary of Bogor Agricultural University.
We are certainly proud to have been able to assemble this event in IPB, Bogor. The range of participants and audience at this conference is precisely something I would like to stress. Participants who followed the event more than 150 people, coming from various countries including the USA, Australia, Japan, Vietnam, Philippine, Germany and Indonesia. The main goal of the conference is to provide an effective forum for distinguished speakers, academicians, professional and practitioners coming from universities, research institutions, government agencies and industries to share or exchange their ideas, experience and recent progress in Adaptive and Intelligent Agroindustry.
The 2015 3rd International Conference on Adaptive and Intelligent Agro-industry (ICAIA) is the third forum for the presentation of new advances and research results on various topics in all aspects of innovative agro-industry that highlights the development and improvement for today and tomorrow’s global need for food, energy, water and medicine. The aim of the conference is to stimulate interaction and cohesiveness among researchers in the vast areas of innovative agro-industry. Innovative Agro-industry has the ability to adapt intelligently to future global challenges, i.e. food, energy, water, and medical. Global challenges needs a new breed of Agroindustry which could produce innovative products to fulfill the needs through advanced processing technology, production systems and business strategy supported by cutting-edge information and communication technology.
The topic for this event is “Empowering Innovative Agroindustry for Natural Resources, Bioenergy and Food Sovereignty”. The topics clustered into four main parts:
iii
Track 2 : Frontier Approaches in Process and Bioprocess Engineering Track 3 : Frontier Approaches in Industrial Environmental Engineering
Track 4 : Intelligent Information and Communication Technology for Adaptive Agroindustry of the Future
This event also hosts four (4) workshops: (1) Strategies for Agroindustry Development (2) LCA for Agroindustry (3) Innovation and Technopreneurship for Agroindustry and (4) Agroindustry Informatics.
Distinguish Guest, Ladies and Gentlement,
Agroindustry transforms agricultural commodities into high value-added products. Agroindustry is industry that process agricultural products to increase their value added significantly by using technology and by considering environmental aspect and sustainability. However, with changing global demand and technology advancement, innovative agroindustry is needed in order to be competitive as well as sustainable. The challenge of future agroindustry is not merely efficiency and productivity anymore, but also the challenge to appropriately apply frontier technology as well as meeting future global demands.
Agroindustry needs to deal with the application of advance technologies and cope future global issues. Current global issues which arise and expected to exist in the future are food sovereignty, renewable energy, sustainable water management and pharmacy. The ability of agro-industry to respond the future global issues and the undoubtedly substantial increase in demand in future decades will be highly dependent on the increased application of existing technologies as well as the exploitation of new and innovative technologies.
The emergence of high technology could be applied in the agro-industry are: nanotechnology, biotechnology, bioinformatics, food processing, food packaging-waste, state-of-the-art computation and many others. The aforementioned high-technology along with computation high-technology could greatly advance agro-industry from a traditional system into a smart-intelligent and innovative technology. Therefore, in the new millennia, adaptive-intelligent and innovative agro-industry will contribute to solutions to global problems and brings agriculture into perfection.
Hope this conference will also discuss this issue in more detail as it is an important matter for all of us. We should no more think just how to produce high value product but it is also necessarily important how to keep our live in good quality by understanding following old saying… “You do not live at once. You only die once and live every day”.
I do not to take up any more of your time with these opening remarks. Let me simply thank you once again for sharing your thoughts with us. Here’s wishing every success for the conference. May Allah bless all of us.
Thank you for your kind attention,
iv COMMITTEE
Condescendent
Prof. Dr. Ir. Herry Suhardiyanto, M.Sc (IPB’s Rector)
Steering Committee Chairman
Prof. Dr. Ir. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti
Vice
Dr. Ir. Yandra Arkeman, M.Eng
Board member
Prof. Dr. Ir. Aziz Darwis Prof. Dr. Ir. Irawadi Djamaran Prof. Dr. Ir. Eriyatno, MSAE Prof. Dr. Ir. Anas M. Fauzi
Prof. Dr. Ir. Syamsul Maarif, M.Eng Prof. Dr. Ir. Machfud, MS
Prof. Dr. Ir. Djumali Mangunwidjaja
Organizing Committee Chairman
Dr. Ir. Yandra Arkeman, M.Eng Co-chairs :
Prof. Dr. Ir. Suprihatin
Prof. Dr. Ono Suparno, S.TP, MT
Treasury
Dr. Indah Yuliasih, S.TP, M.Si Dr. Elisa Anggraeni, S.TP, MSc
Programs
Dr. Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, DEA Dr. Endang Warsiki
Ir. Lien Herlina, MSc Dr. Ika Amalia Kartika
Funding
Dr. Meika Syahbana Rusli Dr. Dwi Setyaningsih Prof. Erliza Hambali
Dr. Mulyorini Rahayuningsih
Secretariat
Dr. Titi Candra Sunarti Dr. Prayoga Suryadharma Dr. Sugiarto, MS
Dr. Faqih Uddin
Niken Ayu Permatasari, STP, MSi Angga Yuhistira, STP, MSi Luthfa Jamilah, STP
Yulianti Elvin Septiana
Paper & Proceedings
Prof. M. Romli
Accomodation dan Logistics
Dr. Andes Ismayana Dr. Ade Iskandar Dr. Muslich Dr. Sapta Raharja
Design, Web and Publication
v AGENDA
Time Activities
Monday, August 3rd 2015
08.00 - 09.00 Registration
09.00 - 10.00 Opening Ceremony
• Welcoming Address: Prof. Nastiti Siswi Indrasti (Head of DAT, Fateta, IPB)
• Welcoming Speech Head of Bogor Regency
• Conference Opening: Prof. Herry Suhardiyanto (Rector of IPB)
• Opening Speech and Conference Opening : Minister of Industry Indonesia *
• Launching Expose International program DAT
10.00 – 10.05 Photo Session
10.05 - 10.15 Coffee break
10.15 - 10.45
10. 45 - 11.30
11.30 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30
Keynote Speech :
1. Prof Irawadi (Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia) 2. Prof. Kenneth De Jong (George Mason University, USA) 3. Dr. Yandra Arkeman (Bogor Agricultural University,
Indonesia)
4. Dr. Guillermo Baigorria (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA)
12.30 – 13.30 Lunch break
13.30 – 13.50 13.50 – 14.10
14.10 – 14.30
14.30 – 14.50 14.50 – 15.10 15.10 – 15.45
Plenary Session 1 :
Prof. Noel Lindsay (University of Adelaide, Australia)
Dr. Kiyotada Hayashi (National Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan)
Prof. Margareth Gfrerer (Islamic State University of Jakarta, Indonesia)
Dr. Barry Elsey (University of Adelaide, Australia)
Ir. M. Novi Saputra (Marketing Director KML Food Group) Discussion
15.30 – 15.45 Coffee break
15.45 – 18.00 Parallel session A, B and C
vi
Time Activities
Tuesday, August 4rd 2015
08.30 – 09.00 Registration
09.00 – 09.20
09.20 – 09.40 09.40 – 10.00
10.00 – 10.20 10.20 – 10.45
Plenary Session 2 :
Dr. Gajendran Kandasamy (PhD in Physic, Melbourne University ; PhD in Innovation Imperial Collage, London) Prof. Allan O'Connor (University of Adelaide, Australia) Dr. Eng. Wisnu Ananta Kusuma, ST, MT (Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia)
Dr. Frank Neumann (University of Adelaide, Australia) Discussion
10.45 – 13.00 Parallel Session A, B and C
13.00 – 14.00 Lunch break
14.00 – 15.30 Parallel Workshop
• Strategies for Agroindustry Development • LCA for Agroindustry
• Innovation and Technopreneurship for Agroindustry • Agroindustrial Informatics
15.30 – 15.45 Coffee Break
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Welcoming address from general chairs i
Welcoming address from head of Agroindustrial Technology Departement Bogor Agricultural University
ii
Committee iv
Agenda v
Table of Content vii
Abstract of Invited Speakers
Noel Lindsay 1
Kiyotada Hayashi 2
Barry Elsey 3
Frank Neumann 4
Yandra Arkeman 5
Wisnu Ananta Kusuma 6
Innovative Agroindustrial and Business System Engineering
The Feasibility Study of Establishment of Biodiesel And Paving Block Industry From Spent Bleaching Earth
Febriani Purba, Ani Suryani and Sukardi
7
Green Supply Chain Management Innovation Diffusion in Crumb Rubber Factories: Designing Strategies towards Implementation
13
Mobile Business Analytics System for Service Level Analysis of Customer Relationship Decision
19
Exploring an Innovative Approach to Address Non-Tariff Barriers Experienced by Small to Medium Enterprises in Downstream Coffee Production in Indonesia
Andar Hermawan, Yandra Arkeman, Titi Candra Sunarti
26
Innovation on Guardrail Press Tool with Simple Technology for Highway Road Business
Bambang Suhardi Waluyo and M.Syamsul Ma'Arif
33
An Analysis of Innovation Network Performance on the Palm Oil Industry in North Sumatera
34
Application of Nanotechnology to Improve Physical Properties of Red Fruit Emulsion in order to Increase Its Industrial Use
41
Exploring the Internationalization Process Model of an Indonesian Product – Case study : Fruit Chips SME’s
Dickie Sulistya Apriliyanto, Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, Titi C Sunarti
47
Innovation Management in Indonesian Palm Oil Industry Karim Abdullah, Aji Hermawan and Yandra Arkeman
viii
Innovation Design Process for Gayo’s Coffee Quality Improvement Rahmat Pramulya, M Syamsul Ma'Arif and Tajuddin Bantacut
59
Technology Innovation Adoption to Improve the Performance of Dairy Small-Medium Enterprises (SME): Case study in Pangalengan-Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Nuni Novitasari, Titi Candra Sunarti and Nastiti Siwi Indrasti
67
Process Innovation for Producing Bioethanol from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Improving Fermentation Conditions
Fitriani Kasim, Novizar Nazir and Syamsul Ma'Arif
76
Managing Innovation through Knowledge Sharing in An Indonesia Coconut SME
Muchammad Kodiyat P, Machfud, Nastiti S Indrasti
82
Increasing Added Value of Banana by Producing Synbiotic Banana “Sale” Using Innovation & Technology Strategy Approach
Eka Ruriani
88
Innovation Palm Fronds Briquettes Through Noncarbonization Process Petir Papilo, Syamsul Ma'Arif and Yandra Arkeman
93
Graphic Design Innovation As Brand Identity For “Mahlzeit N 'Das Brot “ Bread Packaging
Zulkarnain, Deny Dwi Lestari and M. Syamsul Ma'Arif
100
An AHP Application for Selecting A Business Innovation Strategy of Chocolate SMEs in East Java
Yani Kartika Pertiwi, M. Syamsul Maarif and Machfud
104
Understanding local food consumers and their motivations: A case study in Padang city
110
Spatial Model Design for Competitive Improvement of Small Medium Scales Enterprises (Case Study: Bogor City)
116
System Analysis and Design for Selecting Chitin and Chitosan Industry Location by Using Comparative Performance Index (CPI) Method
Dena Sismaraini, Nastiti S. Indrasti and Taufik Djatna
121
Arduino-Based Temperature Monitoring Device for Cold Chain Transportation
129
Development of Downstream Cocoa Industry: Exploring the Role of Government and Small and Medium Industry in Partnership
Farda Eka Kusumawardana, Yandra Arkeman, Titi C Sunarti
134
The Role of Communication in the Technology Transfer (A Case Study at the Center for Agro-based Industry)
Anindita Dibyono, Sukardi, Machfud
140
The Center for Pulp and Paper Appraising its Productivity in Generating Industry-Applicable Research: A Best Practice Illustration
Ahmad Rudh Firdausi, Anas M Fauzi, Machfud
147
Frontier Approaches in Process and Bioprocess Engineering
Identification of Flavor Compounds In Cemcem (Spondiazpinata (L.F) Kurz) Leaf Extra
ix
Luh Putu Wrasiati, Ni Made Wartini and Ni Putu Eny Sulistyadewi Synthesis and Characterization of Nanosilica from Boiler Ash with Co-Precipitation Method
Wahyu Kamal Setiawan, NastitiSiswiIndrasti and Suprihatin
160
The Comparison Of Media on the Microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Culture Anak Agung Made Dewi Anggreni, I Wayan Arnata and I B Wayan Gunam
165
Identification of Media and Indicator Liquid as A Recorder Smart Label Endang Warsiki and Riris Octaviasari
169
The Effect of Consentration of Mes Surfactant From Palm Oil and Consentrasion of Inorganic Salt to Interfacial Tension Value
Rista Fitria, Ani Suryani, Mira Rivai and Ari Imam
174
Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide On Bionanocomposite
Siti Agustina, Nastiti Siswi Indrasti, Suprihatin and Nurul Taufiqu Rohman
180
The Effects of Molar Ratio Between 80% Glycerol And Palm Oil Oleic Acid on the Synthesis Process of Ester Glycerol
Mira Rivai, Erliza Hambali, Giovanni Nurpratiwi Putri, Ani Suryani, Pudji Permadi, Bonar T.H Marbun and Ari Imam Sutanto
186
Selecting Part of Natural Fiber EFB which has Best Mechanical Strength through Tensile Test Analysis for Composite Reinforced Material
Farkhan, Yohanes Aris Purwanto, Erliza Hambali and Wawan Hermawan
192
Effect Of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) On Growth Rate, Cell Size, Fatty Acid Content And Antioxidant Activities Of Dunaliella sp.
Mujizat Kawaroe and Amelia Gustini
199
Identification of phenol red as Staphylococcus aureus indicator label Dunaliella sp.
Melati Pratama, Endang Warsiki and Liesbetini Hartoto
206
Enhancing Ethanol Tolerant of Escherichia coli Recombinant by Glutamate Addition under Aerobic Conditions
Indra Kurniawan Saputra, Prayoga Suryadarma and Ari Permana Putra
211
In Vitro Potentifal of Antibacterial Marine Microalgae Extract Chaetocerosgracilis Toward Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria
Ardhi Novrialdi Ginting, Liesbetini Haditjaroko and Iriani Setyaningsih
216
The Potential Applications of Modified Nagara Bean Flour through Fermentation for Innovation of High Protein Analog Rice
Susi, Lya Agustina and Chondro Wibowo
221
Studies on the Characteristics of Pasayu (Pasta of Waste-Cassava) Fortification as a New Product Development
Marleen Sunyoto, Roni Kastaman, Tati Nurmala and Dedi Muhtadi
226
Optical And Particle Size Properties Of Sargassum Sp Chlorophyll As Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
Makkulawu Andi Ridwan and Erliza Noor
234
Alkaline Pre-Treatment of Gelidium latifolium and Caulerpa racemosa for Bioethanol Production
x
New Trends in Industrial Environmental Engineering & Management
Formulating a Long Term Strategy for Sustainable Palm Oil Biodiesel Development In Indonesia: Learning From the Stakeholder Perspective
Beny Adi Purwanto, Erliza Hambali and Yandra Arkeman
247
Quality Improvement of Polluted River Water Used as Raw Water in Clean Water Supply by Using Biofiltration
Suprihatin, Muhammad Romli and Mohamad Yani
253
An Empirical Investigation of the Barriers to Green Practices in Yogyakarta Leather Tanning SMEs
Dwi Ningsih, Ono Suparno, Suprihatin and Noel Lindsay
260
Preliminary Study For CO2 Monitoring System
Farhan Syakir, Rindra Wiska, Irvi Firqotul Aini, Wisnu Jatmiko and Ari Wibisono
267
Designing a Collaboration Form to Overcome Innovation Resistance in Waste Management Practices in Lampung Tapioca Industry
Nur Aini Adinda, Suprihatin, Nastiti Siswi Indrasti
273
Pollution Reducing Opportunities for a Natural Rubber Processing Industry: A Case Study
Syarifa Arum Kusumastuti, Suprihatin and Nastiti Siswi Indrasti
280
Creating the Standard for Specific Energy Consumption at Palm Oil Industry
Alfa Firdaus and M Syamsul Ma'Arif
286
Effects of Palm-Dea Non-Ionic Surfactant as an Additive in Buprofezin Insecticide on the Efficacy of it in Controlling Brown Planthopper Rice Pest
Fifin Nisya, Rahmini, Mira Rivai, Nobel Cristian Siregar, Ari Imam Sutanto and Ainun Nurkania
290
Intelligent Information & Communication Technology for Adaptive Agroindustry of the Future
Design of Web-Based Information System With Green House Gas Analysis for Palm Oil Biodiesel Agroindustry
Yandra Arkeman, Hafizd Adityo Utomo and Dhani S. Wibawa
294
Sequential Patterns for Hotspots Occurence Based Weather Data using Clospan algorithm
Tria Agustina and
301
How to Deal with Diversity in Cultivation Practices using Scenario Generation Techniques: Lessons from the Asian rice LCI Initiative
Kiyotada Hayashi, Yandra Arkeman, Elmer Bautista, Marlia Mohd Hanafiah, Jong Sik Lee, Masanori Saito, Dhani Satria, Koichi Shobatake, Suprihatin, Tien Tran Minh and Van Vu
306
Development of Life Cycle Inventories for Palm Oil in North Sumatra: Modelling Site-Specific Activities and Conditions
Vita D Lelyana, Erwinsyah and Kiyotada Hayashi
309
Sequential Pattern Mining on Hotspot Data using PrefixSpan Algorithm Nida Zakiya Nurulhaq a
xi
An Intelligent Optimization Model Analysis and Design of Bio-filtration in Raw Water Quality Improvement
Ramiza Lauda and Taufik Djatna
317
Development Of People Food Consumtion Patterns Information System Based On Webmobile Application.
Fadly Maulana Shiddieq, Roni Kastaman and Irfan Ardiansah
323
Association Rules Mining on Forest Fires Data using FP-Growth and ECLAT Algorithm
Nuke Arincy a
330
Development Of Expert System For Selecting Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon) Varieties
Erlin Cahya Rizki Amanda, Kudang Boro Seminar, Muhamad Syukur and Noguchi Ryozo
334
Developing Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production Systems in Philippines: How to Establish Site-specific Data within the General Framework
Elmer Bautista, Kiyotada Hayashi and Masanori Saito
340
Construction of Site-specific Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production Systems in Vietnam
Tran Minh Tien, Bui Hai An, Vu ThiKhanh Van and Kiyotada Hayashi
343
Study on Life Cycle Benefit Assessment as a tool for promoting the solution of Environmental Problems
346
Real Time Monitoring Glycerol Esterification Process with Mid IR Sensors using Support Vector Machine Classification
Iwan Aang Soenandi, Taufik Djatna, Irzaman Husein and Ani Suryani 350
Extraction of Multi-Dimensional Research Knowledge Model from Scientific Articles for Technology Monitoring
Arif R. Hakim and Taufik Djatna
356
Performance of Artificial Lighting Using Genetics Algorithms Limbran Sampebatu
362
The Application of Fuzzy-Neuro Approach for ERP System Selection: Case Study on an Agro-industrial Enterprise
Joko Ratono, Kudang Boro Seminar, Yandra Arkeman and Arif Imam Suroso
Abstract—We established a research initiative to
construct life cycle inventory (LCI) database of agricultural production systems in Asian countries. Our activities started from the preparation of LCI data on rice production systems in each country, because rice is an important common crop in Asian countries. In order to deal with diversity of
Manuscript received May 10, 2015. This work was in part supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), 26310316.
Kiyotada Hayashi is with National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Agricultural Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan (phone: +81-29-838-8850; fax: +81-29-838-8515; e-mail: [email protected]).
Yandra Arkeman is with Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Baranang Siang, Bogor, Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected]).
Elmer Bautista is with Rice Engineering and Mechanization Division, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Nueva Ecija, Philippines (e-mail: [email protected]).
Marlia Mohd Hanafiah is with Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected]).
Jong Sik Lee is with National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea (e-mail: [email protected]).
Masanori Saito is with Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Osaki, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).
Dhani Satria Wibawa is with Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Baranang Siang, Bogor, Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected]).
Koichi Shobatake is with TCO2 Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (e-mail: [email protected]).
Suprihatin is with Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Baranang Siang, Bogor, Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected]).
Minh Tien Tran is with Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam (e-mail: [email protected]).
Thi Khanh Van Vu is with Department of Livestock Environment, National Institute of Animal Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam (e-mail: [email protected]).
cultivation practices, we used the methodology of scenario generation techniques, in which an agricultural production system is defined as combinations of many elements, i.e., agricultural management practices. This paper provides an outline of our activities so far and future perspectives on the development of LCI databases for agriculture and foods in Asian countries.
I. INTRODUCTION
ne of the important objectives of applying life cycle assessment (LCA) to agricultural production systems is to support decisions made by farmers and policy makers whether to introduce alternative agricultural practices. A typical example is the decision problem to select conventional or organic agricultural production. In this case, it is important to assess the changes in environmental impacts and profitability caused by the conversion to organic systems [1]. Another example is the decision whether to use functional materials such as fertilizers made from by-products of food products. Although they tend to increase crop yields, the assessment of environmental impacts cause by the application of the materials is not straightforward [2].
However, in earlier studies of LCA of agricultural production systems, the definition of agricultural production processes is conventionally conducted during the phase of “goal and scope definitions” and no explicit effort has been devoted to the problem of how to generate alternative agricultural production systems. If we use the terminology of decision analysis [3]–[5], the issue is how to invent innovative alternatives through the use of alternatives generation techniques in problem structuring. This is especially applicable to LCA of agriculture and food in Asia, because there are a
How to Deal with Diversity in Cultivation Practices
Using Scenario Generation Techniques: Lessons from
the Asian Rice LCI Initiative
Kiyotada Hayashi 1), Yandra Arkeman 2), Elmer Bautista 3), Marlia Mohd Hanafiah 4), Jong Sik Lee 5), Masanori Saito 6), Dhani Satria Wibawa 2), Koichi Shobatake 7), Suprihatin 2), Minh Tien Tran 8), Thi
Khanh Van Vu 9)
1)National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan, 2) Bogor Agricultural University,
Indonesia, 3) Philippine Rice Research Institute, 4) National University of Malaysia, 5) Rural Development Administration, Korea, 6) Tohoku University, Japan, 7) TCO2 Co. Ltd., Japan, 8) Soils and
Fertilizers Research Institute, Vietnam, 9) National Institute of Animal Sciences, Vietnam E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
O
ICAIA 2015 ISBN : 978-1-4673-7404-0
wide variety of agricultural systems under a wide variety of climatic conditions.
Therefore, we established an research initiative to develop life cycle inventory (LCI) databases of agricultural productsin Asian countries. As a first step, we tried to make LCI data for rice production systems under site-specific conditions using scenario generation techniques. This paper outlines our recent activities on the development of LCI data of rice production systems in each countries.
II. METHODS
A. Scenario generation techniques
One of the most important ideas in our initiative is how to understand site-specific agricultural practices from more general and methodological perspectives. Although general procedures to construct LCIs have already been developed (e.g., [6], [7]), there is room to develop procedures to deal with diversity of cultivation practices in the real world. Therefore, we employed a scenario generation techniques derived from “the
strategy generation table” [8], which has been used for inventing creative alternatives in decision analysis, in order to systematically define agricultural production systems as combinations of management practices under site-specific conditions [9].
B. Scenario generation of rice cultivation in Asian countries
As a method to generate rice cultivation scenarios in each country, we prepared items of management practices, which are equivalent to strategy elements in strategy generation tables. The list of items are shown in Table I.
C. From scenario generation to inventories
On the basis of the rice cultivation scenarios, we made LCI data for foreground processes of rice production systems.
III. RESULTS
A. Rice cultivation scenarios
This section summarizes the current progress of scenario generation in our initiative.
Indonesia: Rice production systems in West Java are tentatively defined.
Japan: Since paddy rice is cultivated all over Japan, we made cultivation scenarios for conventional, environmentally friendly, and organic rice production systems in several prefectures. Organic production systems are, in many cases, based on the use of weeding machinery [10]– [12].
Korea: Conventional, no-pesticide, and organic rice production systems in the southern part of Korea were defined. No-pesticide and organic production systems are based on the use of river snails [12].
Malaysia: Rice production systems in in Peninsular Malaysia were tentatively defined.
Philippines: Two rice production systems, including NSIC (National Seed Industry Council) Rc varieties and NSIC hybrid rice varieties, in Nueva Ecija and one rice production system in Cagayan Valley, which uses NSIC Rc varieties, were defines [13].
Vietnam: Two rice production systems were defined. One is located in the Mekong River Delta and the other in the Red River Delta [14].
B. Construction of Foreground processes
We prepared the foreground process data on the basis of the scenarios. As a first step to the construction of LCI data for rice production systems in each country, we gathered data on yield, fossil-fuel consumption, electricity consumption, cultivation condition, agricultural machinery, greenhouses, fertilizers, pesticides, seedling, and other materials.
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Representativeness
We tried to construct our data empirically so far. The reason is that our primary purpose is the development of a common framework to assess rice production systems under the site-specific conditions, rather than preparing
TABLEI
ITEMS FOR RICE CULTIVATION SCENARIOS
No. Item
1.01 Crop name
1.02 Variety (cultivar)
2.01 Location
2.02 Soil type
2.03 Average yield
2.04 Transplanting or direct seeding
2.05 Maximum depth of water
2.06 Proceeding crop (if rotated)
2.07 Following crop (if rotated)
3.01 Plowing and land preparation
3.02 Border coating
3.03 Raising of seedling
3.04 Basal fertilize application
3.05 Application of other organic materials
3.06 Start of flooding
3.07 Soil puddling
3.08 Transplanting
3.09 Weeding
3.10 Midseason drainage
3.11 Water management after midseason drainage
(intermittent irrigation)
3.12 Additional fertilizer application
3.13 Fungicide application
3.14 Insecticide application
3.15 Herbicide application
3.16 Herbicide application (ridges between rice fields)
3.17 Weeding in ridges between rice fields
3.18 Harvesting
3.19 Drying
3.20 Management of rice straw
ICAIA 2015 ISBN : 978-1-4673-7404-0
a comprehensive database for environmental labelling policy making. Although the term “representativeness” is sometimes used for expressing the appropriateness of background data used for the assessment of a foreground process, we have now clarified that suitability and compatibility of scenarios are more appropriate terminologies in understanding the relationship between foreground and background process data. For example, in modeling processed foods made from rice, the issue is what kind of rice is used as the raw material for the processing and not whether the rice cultivation is representative in the country.
B. Inheritance of data structure
Although it seems to be a reasonable way to derive regionalized data (children) from global data (parents) as explained in ecoinvent 3 [7], our experience on tentative data development illustrates that further considerations on data structure and their inheritance are necessary for constructing LCI databases.
C. Background processes
Our project on the development of LCI data for rice production systems is still in progress in the sense that LCI data for agricultural inputs (such as fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural machinery) have not yet been established. The situation we face makes a striking contrast to the case for AGRIBALYSE [15], which uses ecoinvent data for agricultural inputs in European regions. Although ecoinvent, for example, uses such European data in constructing LCIs for agricultural production systems in Asia (e.g., oil palm production in Malaysia) and South America (e.g., soybean production in Brazil), we have to reconsider the appropriateness of such LCI practices.
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
This paper is an outline of our initiative on the development of Asian LCI databases of agricultural production systems. We started our activities on rice production systems, because rice is an important common crop in Asian countries. Our next step would be the extension of our activities into food supply chains including rice processing, distribution, and consumption. Paying attention to the other commodities such as palm oil and coffee is also important from the perspective of regional development. Recent diet shifts in Asian countries necessitate the assessment of animal products.
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