A thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Strata One Degree
ＭＭＭｾＭＧ
j
ｾｾＭＭ
RIZAL ARDHY BASTIDAN
103026027631
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
"SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH"
ABSTRACT
Rizal Ardhy BlISthian,COlle Switc!ling and Code Mixillg if/I'm Somebody Else
by Ade Kumalasari, Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faeulty, State Islamie University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatnllah Jakarta, January 2008.
The research is aimed to know code switching and <:ode mixing especially in novel entitled I'm Somebody Else by Ade Kumalasari published by PT. Kata-Kita. The writer chooses the novel because there are marlY code switching and code mixing cases found it.
In this research, the writer uses a descriptive analysis method to analyze the types and the functions of code switching and mixing in the data which are found in unit analysis. The writer uses technique of descriptive analytic by collecting and analyzing data by using the relevant theories.
In this research the unit analysis is the novel titledI'm Somebody Else by Ade Kumalasari. The writer found many dialogs of thl: main character that indicate code switching and code mixing in that novel, but the writer only takes twenty dialogs as a sample of tile research. Being informed with the theories, the writer tries to identify and group the language used by the characters that is considered as code switching and code mixing.
The instrument of the research is the writer himself as a main instrument by reading and marking the dialogs. Then the data from the novel are collected and then the writer analyzes them one by one. From twenty dialogs, the writer found seven dialogs was identified as code switching and thirteen dialogs was identified of code mixing cases, and also the writer found five of twelve functions of code switching and mixing. Beside it, the writer found the types of code switching; there are two dialogs identified as situational switching and eighteen dialogs identified as metaphorical switching.
CODE SWITCHING AND CODE
ｍｉｘｮｾｇIN
I'M SOMEBODY ELSEBY ADE KUMALASARI
A thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for
the Strata One Degree
RizaI Ardhy
Basthian103026027631
Approvedby:
Ｍ］ＭＭＫＭｴｾｾ｜ｩｾｾ
-,
ENGLISH LETTERS DEP
ARTMEJ"IT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
"SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH"
JAKARTA
LEGALIZATION
The thesis entitled "Code Switching and Code Mixing in I'm Somebody
Else by Ade Kumalasari" has been defended before the Letters and Humanities
Faculty's Examination Committee On February, II 2008. The thesis has already
been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Strata One
Degree.
Jakarta, FebruaryII 2008
Examining Committee
Dr NIP. 1
Chair person,
arklian M.Pd.
Members:
Secretary,
Drs.,A.Saefnddill, M. Pd. NIP. 150261902
Drs.II.Abd. Hamid,M.Ed. NIP. 150 181 922
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jllka
: ?
.•.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful.
First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT for His favor and
guidance by which the writer is able to complete this thesis. The writer believes
that there is nothing could be done without His help. All praises to him, the
creator of living thing from being nothing to exist. Then, salutations and
benediction may be upon the noblest ofthe prophet, Muhammad SAW.
On this occasion, the writer would like to thank 01'. Frans Sayogie, M.Pd.,
his advisor and lecturer who always guides him during the process of this thesis.
The writer realizes that without his guidance and critic this thesis will not be
completed.
The writer would like to thank his beloved parents, Drs. lsmatullah
Yunardi F, S.Pd and Tety Hanifah S.Ag, who always give their everlasting
supports and pray all the time. He hereby thanks them for everything they have
done.
The writer also would like to thank those people who contributed to the
improvement ofthe thesis. They are as follows:
I. 01'. Abdul Choir, MA, the Dean of the Letters and Humanities Faculty,
4. All lectures in the English Letter Department, and all the Staffs of the
Letter and Humanities Faculty.
5. All staffs of the Letters and Humanities library, thl: staff of state Islamic
University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta library, library of Atmajaya
University and library of Indonesia University for all references of this
study.
6. His beloved brothers Ricky Isaac M Radhie, Rizld H:ikmatullah M Ridho,
and the beautiful one Risha Fithriya Ishmi Kamaliah; for all support and
kindness.
7. His special one, his lovely "MoDee" Hanny, for all her love, pray, help,
and support that are given to him all the time.
8. His lovely grand mother N. Zakiyah, all of his uncles, his aunts, and his
lovely cousins, for all love, support, advises and kindness.
9. His friends Sefta, Dini, Gita, Nabil, Ummy, Fathma (for the novel)
Phacoy, Fru, Aqi, Aloy, Acep, Zack, Kinz, Fariq, Hp for their kindness
and support and all names who are not mentioned in this paper, especially
from English Letters Department; A and B class.
10. And all the people who take the important part in this study, the writer
cannot mention one by one here, however the writer will always remember
them, thanks a lot.
Finally, the writer hopes this thesis will be useful especially for the writer
himself and those who are interested in this field of the study. The writer realizes
that this thesis is not perfect, that is why the writer welcome:s critic and suggestion
tor the betterment ofthe thesis.
Jakarta, February II 2008
ａｂｓｾｃｔ •••••••••••••.•.•••.•.•••.•.••••..••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
APPROVEMENT •••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••...• ..•.•••••••••.•• ii
LEGALIZATION iii
DECLARATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ••• v
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background ofthe Study , .. .. 1
B. Focus ofthe Study .. 4
C. Research Questions 5
D. Objectives ofthe Study 5
E. Significance of the Study 5
F. Research Methodology 6
I. The Method of the Study... 6
2. The Technique of Data Analysis .. 6
3. The Instrument of Study 6
4. Unit Analysis 7
5. Time and Place 7
CHAPTER
n
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..••"... 8A. Language "... 8
B. Bilingualism. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 11
C. Code Switching and Code Mixing 15
D. The Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing 18
E. TIle Code-Switching and Code-Mixing Functions 19
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING•...•...•.••..• 21
A. Data Description 21
B. Data Analysis "... 24
1. Code Switching... 25
2. Code Mixing " " ". 31
CHAPTERIV CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTION.•• .•• .•• ••••• •.••••• 42
A. Conclusion " 42
B. Suggestion 44
ｉｬｾｌｉｏｇｒａｐｬｊ｛ｬｻ ..•...•.••....•...•...••...•...•... 45
APPENDJ){ ...•...•...•...•...•...•• 4/'
Synopsis 47
A. Background of Study
In daily life people interact with each other using one or more than one
language. In many speech communities two or more varieties of the same
language are used by some speakers under different condition.' The way of people
talking is influenced by the social context in which they｡ｲｴｾ living in every social
group who have more than one way of talking than others in the same group; they
talk differently in different situations.
People can speak English as much as they want to without paying attention
to the grammar. It is not a new trend that people speak in two different languages
at the same time. The process of the combination or mixing languages happens
spontaneously and naturally in our society, people sometimes switch code within
a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation
such as the arrival ofa new person, it is easy to explain the s.witch.
People like to combine Indonesian prefix, suffix, preposition or possessive
pronoun with an English word, this combination is knOVl'l1 as "Indlish" which
stands for "Indonesian-English" like "Singlish" for "Singaporean-English". As we
know Singapore 'people have four native languages in their country;
Singapore-IＱＴＸＰＳＯＰＶＯＲＰＰＸｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ
IChristina Bratt Paulston and G. Richard Tucker,Sociolinguistics The Essential
2
English for the government, English for purpose of trade,. Malay (for Malayan
People) and Mandarin (for Chinese people) at home.
In
Indonesia for example, it is common to hear some people speaking inEnglish and most of people will have no objection to admit since English is an
international language.
In
Metropolitan City like Jakarta, it is very common tohear people speak in English although it might not be prolllOlillced in a correct way
or sometimes people mix it with Indonesian words.
It is just normal reqnirement of daily living that people speak several
languages: perhaps one or more at home, another in the village, still another for
purpose of trade, and yet another for contact with the outside world of wider
social or political organization.2
Between bilingual speakers and speech communities differ as to the extent they practice code-switching in everyday life; speakem, because some find themselves in situations where switching is possible or callt:d for more often than others; communities, because norm for allocating languages to functional domains, keeping them apart or allowing for a mixed code, are variable.3
In other word, the requirements to be able to speak in "Indlish" are to have
a sophisticated knowledge of both languages (in this case Bahasa Indonesia and
English) and to be acutely aware of community norms to understand the
mixing-code or switching-mixing-code language.
2Ronald Wardbaugh,An Introduction10Sociolinguistics,(Massachusetts: Blackwell,
2002),4lhed,p. 95.
3Florian Coulmas,Sociolinguistics. The Study ofSpeakers' Cimices.(New york:
Code-mixing and code-switching can reflect how one wants to show that
she or he is up to date and the choice of code has important consequences of how
one is viewed by others because every person has different reason or purpose to
do so. Using more than one language must be viewed as a mediator, this time
between man and man, but between man and the phenomena ofthe world.4
There are so many sociolinguists have done the research of code-switching
and Code- mixing. Bloom and Gumperz have research,:d code switching in
Hemnesberget society in Norway in 1972. Peter Sgall, Jiri Hronek, Alexander
Stitch and Jan Horecky have researched code-switching in Czech society. Clyne
researched code-switching in Germany people in Australia. Valdez Fallis also
researched code-switching Spanish-English in Mexico-America.
Ralph Fasold in his book titled The Sociolinguistics ofSociety give some
explanation and criterion to distinguish switching and mixing whether grammar
determines the language. If a person uses a word or phrase fi·om another language,
the code mixing is occurred. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of
one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of another,
code switching has occurred.s
People tend to use code-switching and code-mixing because they can not
find the right words and want to look to have a prestige. There are some factors
influencing someone to switch or mix the codes, particularly the codes used in
their oral or written communications which this paper attempts to describe.
4Joseph Bram,Language and Society, (New York: Random House, 1955), p.7.
4
Not only in daily life, the phenomena of code-swit(:hing and mixing also
happen in Indonesian literary work for example I'm Somebody Else written by
Ade Kumalasari. The main characters in this nov.:l use switching and
code-mixing, because they use more than one language.
I'm Somebody Else is one of the literary works in Indonesia which uses
code-switching and code-mixing.I'm Somebody Elseis a Mvel about a girl's love
stories; in this novel the writer also describes the daily life of the main character
as a student and a raising star that lives in a metropolitan city. This novel uses
metropolitan and educated society as a background of story.
In an entertainment, code-switching and mixing are normally used. As we
know mostly of the radio announcer, MTV's VJ and celebrities often use
code-switching and mixing in their spoken language when they guide their show or talk
with the other. Commonly they switch and mix Indonesian language and English
to show that their prestige and sometime theytry to make some trend with their
language in their community.
B. Focus of Study
In this thesis the writer focuses on the analysis of'the main character's
dialogs in the novel as educated and metropolitan society which use
C. Research Question
In this paper the writer tries to analyze three main questions as follows:
1. What types of code-switching and mixing are utilized in I'm Somebody
Else?
2. What code-switching and mixing functions are found in I'm Somebody
Else?
D. The Objective of Study
The objective of this research is to describe the context of code-switching
and mixing especially in novelI'm Somebody Else. Besides that, the writer tries to
describe the functions of code-switching and code-mixing :and their types in I'm
somebody Else.
E. Significance of the Study
It is hope that the study is to make the reader and the writer more
6
F. Research Methodology
1) The Method of Study
This thesis uses descriptive analytie method. Descriptive analytic
method is the accumulation of data-base without testing the hypothesis. The
objective of this method is to make systematic, factual, and accurate data and
types of population.
2) The Technique of Data Analysis
To analyze the data, the writer uses descriptive analysis technique by
exploring sociolinguistics approach which has a relation with code switching
and mixing theory which is relevant. The data from the novel are compiled
and then the writer will analyze them one by one.
3) The Instrument of Study
Because this is a qualitative research, the study does not need a test as
an instrument to get the data. TIle main instrument in this research is the writer
himself. With the relevant theories, the writer tries to identil)' and group the
language which is used by the main character in the novel that is considered as
4) Unit Analysis
This unit of analysis of this paper is a novel I'm Somebody Else by
Ade Kumalasari, published by Kata-kita in 2005.
5) Time and Place
This research was held in last semester in the academic year of
2007/2008 at English Letters Department, The Fa,:ulty of Letters and
CHAPTERll
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Language
In our daily interactions with others, we are constantly changing the
variety of the language we use. The varieties of interaction can make someone
choose and change his language to find an appropriate language to interact with
the others. The appropriate language is usually chosen unconsciously with no
extra time or effort.
Choosing one language or the elements of languagt:, therefore, invariably
carries social meaning. Every choice has a motivation and hence can be
explained.6 Many contextual, situational and personal factors influence the
speaker to choose the language, for example in informal conversation between
people who are familiar with each other and have a shared t:ducational, ethnic and
socio-economic background, language choice can occur quite frequently.
According to Ervin-Tripp that in every language society someone who
joined in different social situation normally has reperloilre such as alternative
speech which can change depending on the situation.7In a society in which more
than one language (or variety) is used someone must find out who uses what,
884803/06/2008---6Florian CouJrnas,SOCiolinguistics, The Study ofSpeakers'ｃｨｯｩ｣･ｪｾ (New york:
Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 109.
7Francois Grosjean,Life with Two Language,(Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
when, and for what purpose they do that. Someone's language choices are part of
the social identity they claim for themselves.
Language choice in bilingual communities has bee,n a favourite topic in
recent sociolinguistics work. Most of the sociolinguists try to find what factors
that influenced someone to choose the language. According to Ervin-Tripp there
are four main factors of language choice:
I. The setting (time and place) and the situation, such as a family breakfast, a party,a lecture, or a date etc.
2. The participants in the interaction, such as sex, age, occupation, socio-economic status, ethnicity, etc.
3. The topic of interaction, such as sport, work, poliitic, economic, etc. 4. The function of the interaction, such as reque:st, thanks, apologies,
greeting, etc.8
According to Joshua Fishman an American sociolinguist, as quoted by
Suzanne Romaine a domain is a construction that underlies appropriate language
choice. A domain is an abstraction which refers to a sphere of activity
representing a combination of specific times, settings, and I'Ole relationships.9
Based on Fishman's concept, there are five domains which can be
identified in many communities. They are: family (parent at home), friendship
(friend at the beach), religion (priest at the church), education (teacher at school),
and employment (employer at workplace).10 In each domain they maybepressure
of various kinds, e.g. economy, culture, politics, religion, which inflnence the
bilingual towards use ofone language rather than the other.
, Ibid, p.128.
9Suzanne Romaine,Language in Society: An Introduction(0S.ociolinguistics,(New
York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 2'"' cd, p. 44.
10
Domain is clearly a very general concept which dralWSon three important
factors in code choice - participants, setting and topic.I I Typically one language is
reserved exclusively for use at home and another is used inl the wider community
(for example, when shopping).12 For example everyone in the village of Sauris, in
northern Italy, spoke German within the family, Saurian (a dialect of Italian)
infoumally within the village, and standard Italian to outsid"rs and in more foumal
village settings (school, church, work).
From that example the writer concludes that choosing one language
depends on setting and situation (home, school, church, work-place), and also the
participants of conversation (family members, the villager, the outsiders).
Francois Grosjean is one of the sociolinguists who found the lanl,'llage
choice in a bilingual setting involved more than one language. He describes that
situation by this tree diagram.13
" Ibid, p. 26.
12R.A. Hudson,Sociolinguistics,(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996),2"d ell, p. 52.
Figure1Language and code-switching
Bilingual speaking to
Language choice
bilTua,
winlise
L2
ＯｾＢ
with without ]
code- code- code switching
switching switching
without
code-switching with
code-switching
lOlingu.1
Willuse
ｾ
Ll L 2 A
[image:21.595.82.456.108.538.2]Note: L1; First language L2; Sp-cond language
Figure I presents a two-stage decision process underlying language
choice. In the first stage the bilingual decides which base language to use, and on
the second stage if the interlocutor is also bilingual, he or she has decided to
switch the language or not.
B. Bilingoalism
Generally the definition of a bilingual is someone with equal competence
in two languages who excludes attention of the specific groups that give rise to
12
their languages (usually the standard but sometimes the mother tongue) lead to the
apparent need of educational intervention.14
One of the goals of the study bilingualism is a theoretical model that will
account for the bilingual's unconscious or conscious decisions to use one
language rather than other. People who are bilingual or multilingual do not
necessarily have exactly the same abilities in the language (01' varieties); in fact
that kind of parity may be exceptionaLls
In everyday life, the bilingual will go through his or her daily activities
quite unaware of the many psychological and sociolinguistic factors that interact
in what are probably complex weighted formulas to help choose one language
over another. In daily conversation, the bilingual may also borrow words from the
other language and integrate them phonologically and morphologically into the
base language.
According to Francois Grosjean, bilingual speakers have two mode of
using language when they talk to each other. In the bilingual mode they speak
either one language or the other, in the monolingual mode they code switch from
one to the other during the course of speech.16
There are so many factors influence why some pt:ople to tend to be a
bilingual speaker, bilingual speakers usually explain that the reason they code
14FrederickJ. Newmeyer,Language: The Socio-cultural Context, (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 103.
15Ronald Wardhaugh,An Introduction to Sociolinguistics,(Massachusetts: Blackwell,
2002),4'"ed,p.95.
16Vivian Cook,Second Language Learning and Language Teaching.(New York: Oxford
switches is that they lack facility in one language when talking about a particular
topic.17Besides, they tend to switch when they cannot find an appropriate word or
expression or when the language being used does IIOt: have the items or
appropriate translations for the vocabulary needed.
Mostly bilingual's speakers will use their choice of language in order to
define the situation, rather than letting the situation define the choice of
languages.18 In clear cases, we can tell what situation we are
in
or around; For example, if we are in a lecture-room full of people, or having breakfast with ourfarnily it is easy for us to explain because we also speak with different language in
that different situations.
In many speech communities two or more varieties of the some language
are used by some speakers under different conditions.19 The variety of some
language in bilingual community serves a specialized function and is used for
particular purposes. This situation is known as 'diglossia'.
The term 'diglossia' was introduced into English language literature on
sociolinguistics by Charles Ferguson. In the article entitled 'diglossia', Ferguson
defines about diglossia as follows:
Diglossia is relatively stable language situation in which in addition to the primary dialect of the language, which may include a standard or regional standard, there is a very divergent, highly codified, often grammatically more complex, super-posed variety, the vehicle of a large lll1ld respected body of literature, heir of an earlier period or another speech commlmity, which is learned
17Francois Grosjean,op.cit,p.150.
" Florian Coulmas,op.cit,p. 52
19Christina Bratt Paulston and G. Richard Tucker,Socio/inguslics: The Essential
14
largely by formal education and is used for most written ｾｬｊｪｲｰｯｳ･ｳＬ but is not use in any sector ofthe community for ordinary conversation.2
From that concept, Ferguson explains diglossia under nine points as
follows:
1. Function
Function is the most important in diglossia, the High dialect (H) in some situation is more appropriate than Low dialect (L)
2. Prestige
The attitude of speakers in diglossic communities is typically that H is the superior, more elegant, and more logical language.
3. Literary heritage
Literature in H is much admired by the speech communities, and they thinks H is more beautiful and logical.
4. Acquisition
L is used regularly for everyday communication, whereas H is learned by memorizing rules of grammar, similar to the way foreign languages are studied in school.
5. Standardization
H form ofthe language that is standardized by the usual means of formal codification. Dictionaries, grammars, pronunciation guides, and books of rules for correct usage are written for H.
6. Stability
Diglossia is commonly an extremely stable phenomenon and there are many cases that have lasted for centuries.
7. Grammar
H and L be forms ofthe same language, there are considerable differences in the grammar. The grammar ofL is simpler than the grammar ofH. 8. Lexicon
In diglossic communities, only the H forms is normally written and only the L fonn is expected in everyday conversation.
9. Phonology
The sound systems of H and L constitute a single phonological structure of which the L phonology is the basic system and the diivergent features of H phonology are either a subsystem or Para system.21
The most important feature of diglossia is the functional specialization of
two varieties of the same language. In Ferguson's concept, there are two
20Charlotte Hoffman,An Introduction to Bilingualism,(New York:: Longman, 1991), p.
166.
as in church or mosque), formal speeches and public lectures, news broadcasts, in
official documents and written communication, most books and newspapers, and
in poetry. The Low dialect (L), is used in the informal situations, for purposes
such as conversation with family, with friends at school, and also in with
colleagues in the workplace.
C. Code Switching and Code Mixing
Generally Code switching is the process when people require selecting a
particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide to
switch from one code to another or to mix code even withim sometimes very short
utterance and thereby create a new code.
Code switching is a very important aspect of bilingualism and it has
received unbiased attention of researcher. Di Pietro, as quoted by Francois
Grosjean defines code switching as the use of more t11an one language by
communicants in the execution of a speech act.23 Gumperz, as stated by Suzanne
Romaine defines about code switching as: the juxtaposition within the same
speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to 1IiVOdifferent grammatical
22Ibid, p. 35.
16
systems or sub systems.24 Furthermore, Susan Gal as quoted by Ronald
Wardhaugh says that codes switching is a conversational strategy use to establish,
cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal
relation with their rights and obligations.25
Code mixing is a linguistics process that incorporates material from a
second language into a base language, adding morphological markers of the base
to introduced elements.26 Code mixing suggests that the speaker should mix up
codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence,. whereas the switches
are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meanings of the two
codes.
Mc Laughin emphasizes the distinction between mixing and switching by
referring to code switches as language changes occur in phrase or sentence
boundaries, whereas code mixes take place within sentenC(lS and usually involve
single lexical items.27
Ralph Fasold in his book has distinguishes code switching and mixing.
Fasold says that code switching as the choice among language that depends on the
situation. While code mixing is the use elements fium one language while
speaking another language.28By this criterion, if a person UlseS a word or a phrase
24Suzanne Romaine,Bilingualism,(UK: Black Publisher, ]995),2" ed,p. 121.
25Ronald Wardhaugh,op. cit,p. 100.
26Nancy Bounvillain,Language, Culture. and Communication,The Meaning Messages,
(New Jersey; Prentise Hall, 2003),Ｔｾ ed.,p. 360
27Charlotte Hoffman,op. cit,p. 110.
from another language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the
grammatical of one language and the next is constructed according to the
grammar of another, a switch has occurred.
The purpose of code mixing seems to be symbolizing a somewhat
ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right.
To get the right effect the speakers balance the two languages against each other,
it means the speakers use a few words of one language, th(m a few words of the
other, then back to the first for a few more words and so on.
Muriel Saville-Troike in his book gives some examples of code switching
that taken fium Gunarwan, one of the linguistic researchers that recorded the
informal conversation among Bahasa Indonesian and English:
1. Berapa panjangnya this side? [How-many length-the] (How long is this side?)
2. Jam berapa New Year Eve's party-nya?
[Clock how-many] [The]
('What time is the New Year's Eve party?,)29
These examples illustrate a variety of code switching pattern which are
contains switches within a sentence (intra-sentential switches) in an
Indonesian-English bilingual.
29Muriet Saville-troike, The Ethnography o/Communication, (UK: Basil Blackwell,
18
Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in the
base language, such as, lexical items, and in this (;ase code switching and mixing
can compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code switching and mixing
canbe a bilingual's specific code which enables the speakers to express attitudes,
intentions, roles, and to identifY with a particular group.
D. The Types of Code SWitching and Code Mixing
The type of code switching given by Bloom and Gumperz is based on their
research in Hemnesberget's language in Norway. They fonnd two types of code
switching: situational switching and metaphorical switching.
Situational code switching occurs when the languages change
accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any time the communicative
situation is redefined.30For more explanations here are the examples of situational
switching. Within a single conversation, Navajo teachers usually speak English to
one another when discussing matters related to school, for instance, but may
switch to Navajo to discuss their families or other community activities. They
may also situationally switch into English if non·Navajo speakers join the
conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.
30Muriel Saville-lroike,The Ethnography a/Communication.(UK: Basil Blackwell,
Muriel Saville-Troike in his book explains metaphorical code switching
occurs within a single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the
role-relationships which are being expressed.31 In metaphorieal code switching a
change of topic requires a change in the language used.
By switching languages bilinguals often have th(: option of choosing
which group to identifY with in a particular situation, and thus can convey the
metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice: as well as whatever
denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.
Metaphorical code switching may accomplish distancing as well as
solidarity, of course, as when German girl shifts from du to Sie with a boy to
indicate the relationship has cooled, or when a wife calls her husbandMr (smith)
to indicate her displeasure.32
E. The Function of Code Switching and Code Mixing
Muriel Saville-Troike said that code-switching may have a variety of
functions within a speech community: group identification, solidarity, distancing
and redefinition of a situation have already been mentioned Additionally,
switching languages may serve in order to sofien or strengthen request or
command, and saying something twice in dijftrent languages to intensifY or to
eliminate ambiguity. For some people switching may also be used for ahumorous
effect, or to indicate that a referentially derogatory comment is not to be taken
31 Ibid
20
seriously. Switching may be used fordirect quotationsand ideological statement.
Besides, switching may occur because of real lexical need, JFor this reason, native
speakers of English who have learned some French, GermaOCl, or Arabic continue
to use such expressions as savoir faire, macht'8 nichts, and inshallah,
respectively, in otherwise English sentences, and speakers of many other
languages insert English OK. One of the potentially useful functions of code
switching is to exclude other people within hearing
if
a comment is intendedforｾ
only a limited audience. In some cases code switching functions can be used as a
repair strategy when the speakers realize they have been using an inappropriate
code.33
In India, code switching and code mixing havt: a social functions.
Speakers who use English in their daily activity are perceived as well educated,
sophisticated, and refined.34
Style may also shift situationally with a conversation, perhaps as the
addressee shifts from female to male or adult to child, or with a shift in topic from
personal to work-related. Besides, style shifting will refer to change in language
variety which involves changing only the code marker, these are variable features
which are associated with such social and cultural dimensions as age, sex, social
class, and relationship between speakers.35
33Ibid,p. 69-70
34Nancy Bonvillain,Language, Culture. and Communicatio: The Meaning ofMessages,
(Naw Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003), 4"'ed,p. 361.
A. Data Descriptions
The Novel I'm Somebody Else tells about a woman with her problems in
her life. From the title we know that the main character in that novel has the other
lifestyle. The main character is a young actress, exactly the rising star, but she
feels bored with her activity as a young actress. She can not feel the freedom of
life and live as a people normally. Then she decided to put off her identity and go
to someplace and live as somebody else and fined the new world and new life
there.
In I'm Somebody Else, the main characters are metropolis. They are also
able to switch and mix Indonesian language and English language. We know that
in the metropolitan city, especially in the metropolitan community, it is normally
people speak with more than one language and switch or mix one language to
another language.
In this paper, the writer tries to analyze about twenty main character's
dialogs that use code switching and mixing. According to Fasold's criterion, if a
person uses a word or phrase from another language (Engliish) while hc uses one
language (Indonesian) he has mixed. But if one language has the grammar of one
language (Indonesian) and the next is constructed according to the grammar of
22
data from the novel are classified into code switching and code mixing. The data
description consists of the descriptions of the data types and their examples. Here
are the dialogs which will be analyzed in this paper:
I. Code switching
1. Aska Alena Aska 2. Alena Aska 3 Daddy Alena 4. Daddy Alena Daddy 5. Reno Alena Reno Alena
:"Kalau ciuman ama gue, gimana?"
:"Hueghk, 10 salah minum obat ya?jadi mesum gitu. Gue pulang aja ah!"
:"Maaf ya, Sayang. Gue nggak akan pemah menyakiti 10. You know that'(p. 24 line 19)
:"Kalau 10 jadi gue, kira-kira seneng nggak hidup di dunia seleb?"
:"Bentar, gue pikir dulu. Let's see what-J!2ou have now. Wajah yang cantik, tubuh yang oke, otak cerdas, bokap kaya, karier bagus with handsome amount of money, dan punya seorang penggemar fanatik yang rela mati demi elo. Well. ! think that's nice. Nothing can be better. A perfect life.." (p. 35 line 4)
:"!s there Anything wrong with this house?'"
:"Oh, No. Absolutelv Not. Alen pergi bukan karena ada yang salah sarna Daddyatau rumah ini. Alen juga nggak bermaksud Iari dari Daddy. Selama ini Alell senellg di rumah ini, tinggal dengan Daddy dan Reno. Dadselalu merhatiin dan mundukullg Alen.You are my best Dad ever."(p. 48 lint: 6)
:"Oke. Kamu udah tau mau ambil jurusan apa?" :"Maybe, Psikologi,Dad"
:"Oke. Good Jangan lupa cari info di iinternet. Dad denger sekarang udah bisa daftar online. d1:n!.lhing else ! can do fiJI'
you?"(p.48 line 22)
:"Elo nggak pa-pa, kan?
:"Gue nggak pa-pa lagi. Lo ngarepin gue bunuh diri?" :"Nggaklah, Gue cuma khawatir."
:"I'm fine, thank you. Moreno." (p. III line 27)
6. Alena :''Tapi Bro, lukamu harus diobati dulu."
7. Reno Alena Reno
2. Code mixing
:"Morning, Sis! Nyenyak bobo-nya?" :"Lho, elo kok di sini, sih? Sejak kapan lo?"
:"!
know whatYOUdid last night...,"(p. 162 line 10)I. Aska Alena 2. Alena Aska Alena 3. Reno Alena
4.
Alena Aska Alena5.
Alena Aska 6. Dandy Alena 7. Dandy 8. Aska:"Kok dimatiin?Gue kan mau Iihat10 yang dli tivi: cantik en baik hati. Kalau di sini, di depan gue, 10 judes hanget, marah-marah melulll,"
:"Biarin aja, deh. Gue capek ama yang namanya tivi. Eh, katanya 10 mau ngadain Private birthday partv buat gue? Mana, kok belum disiapin?" (p. 29 line 20)
:"Kadang gue capek, Ka. Bisa nggak ya, gue berhenti sebentaaaamr aja jadi Alena Soemardi dengan segala embel-embel keartisannya?"
:"Trus rencana10 apa? Berpetualang kaya Karl May?" :"That's a great idea. Ka,"(p. 36 line 9)
:"Ya program biar kakak jadi kayak model itu. Untuk ranlbutnya: potong pendek, lurusin, dicat. Untuk kulit: sun bathing pakai tanning cream, untuk tubuhnya mesti diet weight gain: minum
SUSII, makan fast food yang banyak. Ntar Reno itungin deh
seberapa banyaksun bathing-nya,krimnya, dan dietnya."
:"Wah, hebat juga adik gue, Thank you, my beloved brother." (p.55 line 20)
:"Gue nggak niat miskol kok. Tadi ｫ･ｰ･ｮ｣ｾｴ aja waktu guling-gulingan di kamar,"
:"Kepencet sepulub nomer? Pinter juga10 guling-gulingnya?" :"Kan,speed dial?"(p. 58 line I)
:"Pulang sekolah, gue langsung ke sana.Thanks, ya, Ka."
:"No. problem. Tidur yang nyenyak yaLittle Bee. Sweet dream." (p. 59 line 2)
:"Lo kurang sehat, ya?"
;"Lagi nggakmoodaja,"(p.71 line 1)
:"Wanna share with me? Gke kalau gitu gue bantu ngelupain, ya?" (p. 76 line 3)
24
9. Alena :"Oh, makasih. Kamu wartawan, ya?"
Broedin :"Yah, wartawan Koran kampus itu tadi. Gimana, besok jadi kutemeninhuntingkos?" (p. 101 line 20)
10. Aska Ovi Aska
II. Ovi Aska
:"Lo gitu juga?" :"Gitu gimana?
:"Sleeping with your boss!"(p. 117 line II)
:"Gue mau jadi pacar elo,"
:"§m:m. Vi. Elo emang cantik dan baik, mau nemenin gue, tapi gue nggak bisa, gue lagi nggak moodpunya pacar." (p. 122 line 12)
12. Alena ;"Maafin aku, Bro. aku tadi mendengar percakapan kalian di dapur.Part oUt."
Broedin :''It's okay"(p. 158 line 6)
13. Alena :"Jadi kamu sudah tau tentang aku sajak awal? Dan kamu tidak pemah bHang ke siapa pun tentang itu?"
Broedin :"Seperti yang kubilang tadi, aku tidak ingin mernsak
rencanamu."
Alena :"ThanksBro."
Broedin :"Jadi, sebenemya kamu mau ngapain datang ke Jogja? Ngapain
kamu hams repot-repot menyamar kayak gini? Kamu under
estimate sama anak-anak sini, ya? Tidak semua orang seperti yang ada di benakmu, Grace. Teman-te:man di sini sangat menghargai arti persababatan, tidak peduli kamu anak siapa atau seterkenal apa." (p. 159 line I)
Do Dam Analysis
The data above are the dialogs that happen in the novel and have been
choosen by the writer as the sample of the dialogs which use code switching and
mixing. The characters in that dialogs are Alena Soemardi (Alena), Laskar (Aska),
Achmad Soemardi (Daddy, Alena's Dad), Moreno (Reno), Sholahudin (Broedin, )
Then, the writer finds out the types and function of code switching and code
mixing. So, the data can be analyzed as follows:
1. Code switching
Data I
The dialog happens between Aska and Alena. Aska asks Alena to kiss
him, but Aska is not really serious, he just makes a joke. (p.24)
Aska :"Kalau ciuman ama gue, gimana?"
Alena :"Hueghk, 10 salah minum obat ya?jadi meswn gitu. Gue pulang aja ah!"
Aska
:"!l2m.
Gue tadi Cuma becanda, maafya, sayang. Gue nggak akanpemah menyakiti 10.Youknowthat,(kamu tau itukan)"
Analysis:
Basically Aska speaks in Indonesian language, but in the second dialog he
uses English word "Sorry" and end of dialogs he makes a statement in English
"You know that,". Aska uses code switching, because in the end of dialog Aska
switches the sentence into English clause "You know that" Based on Fasold's
criteria, if one language has the grammar of one language (Indonesian) and the
next is constructed according to the grammar of another (English), a switch has
occurred.
This dialogs is identified as metaphorical switching, because when Aska
uses the sentence "you know that" there is no topic change, the dialog happens in
one situation; in the same setting, in the in-fonnal and they have an intimate
relationship. The function of this switching used by Aska is to strengthen request
26
Data 2
The dialog still happens between Alena and Aska. Akna Asks Aska about
his opinion if Aska becomes celebrity like herself.
Alena :"Kalau 10 jadi gue, kira-kira seneng nggak hic1up di dunia selebT' Aska :"Bentar, gue piker dulu.Let's see what yOIl have now.Wajah yang
cantile, tubuh yang oke, otak cerdas, bokap kaya, karier bagus with handsome amount ofmoney,dan punya seorang penggemar fanatik yang rela mati demi elo. Well. I think that's nice. Nothing can be better. A perfectlite."
Analysis:
Based on Fasold's criteria about code switching and mixing, Aska already
uses code switching, because in the first clause Aska uses Indonesian language,
but in the second clause he switches into English language from word "let's" until
word "know", from word "wajah" until word "bagus" ｩ､･ｬｾｴｩｦｩ･､ as Indonesian
language, but from word "with" until "money" he switches into English language,
after that he switches into Indonesian language from word "dian" until word "elo",
in the next sentence he switches into English language until the end of the dialog
from word "well" until word "life".
This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, the situation (setting,
formality level, and intimate level), topic, or participant (language skill, age level,
and social-economic status) does not change in this dialog. They speak in
informal situation. The function of this switching is a direct quotation because
when Aska said "Let's see what you have know" it is a direct statement what
Data 3
This dialog happens between her Daddy and Alena when she tries to
explain about his planning to go to Jogja.
Daddy :"1s there Anything wrong with this house?"
Alena :"Oh, No. Absolutely Not. Alen pergi bukan karena ada yang salah sama Daddyatau rumah ini. Alen juga nggak bermaksud lari dari Daddy. Selama ini Alen seneng di rumah ini, tinggal dengan Daddydan Reno.Dadselalu merhatiin dan mundukung Alen. You are my best Dad ever."
Analysis:
Daddyuses English language in his statement to ask Alena if there is any
relationship between his planning with himself. Then Alena answer Daddy's
question in English langnage but in the next sentences she uses Indonesian
Langnage from word "pergi" until word "mendukung". And in the last dialog
Alena makes the statement with English Langnage "You are my best Dad ever."
Based on Fasold's criteria, when Alena combines both langnages she
already uses code switching. In this dialog Alena uses metaphorical switching,
because she talks in one situation (setting, have intimate relationship) she speaks
in informal conversation. The topic of this conversation does not change. The
function of this switching is to strengthen request, because when Alena makes the
statements "Ob, No. Absolutely Not" and "You are my best Dad ever" is to make
sure that there are no relationship between her planning to go to Jogja and her
father.
\
np'
.'·Ti\K'l<AN U.,TAMA\
PE" ",;".
TjII..
U!N
ｓｙｾｈ｜ｏ
JA\<JIIR----28
Data 4
The dialog still happens between Alena and her Daddy. They talk about
what the major that will be taken by Alena.
Daddy :"Oke. Kamu udah tau mau ambiljurusan apa?" Alena :"Maybe, Psikologi,Dad."
Daddy :"Oke. Good. Jangan lupa cari info di internet. Dad denger sekarang udab bias daftaronline. Anvthing(i1SJl Jcan do fOr you?"
Analysis:
Basically Daddy uses Indonesian language to ask Alena in tha.t dialog,
then Alena answer with English word "Maybe" and then in the next dialog Daddy
uses two English words "good" in the first clause and "online"inthe third clause.
Beside it, in the last dialog we find statementinEnglish sentJmce "Anything else I
can do for you?". So based on Fasold's criteria there is code switching cases,
because Daddy switches the language into English language in the last clause.
The dialog is identified as metaphorical switchiljg, because the topic of
conversation does not change and they talk in one situation and in informal
situation, besides, they have an intimate relationship. lihe function of this
switching is to make soften request of Daddy to Alena that he will do anything to
help her if she needs it.
DataS
The dialog happens between Alena and Moreno in the telephone when
Moreno asks about her sister's condition.
Reno :"Elo nggak pa-pa, kan?
Reno :"Nggaklah. Gue cuma khawatir."
Alena :"I'm fine. thank you. Moreno."
Analysis:
In that dialog basically they use Indonesian language, but in the last dialog
Alena uses English phrase "I'm fine, thank you" Based on Fasold's criteria there
is identified as code switching case.
The type of this switch is metaphorical switching, because the situation
(setting, formality level, intimate level and intimate level) does not change and
also they do not change the topic. They speak in informal situation and have an
intimate relationship. There is any other participant has the same social-economic
status, age level and language skill in this dialog. The function ofthis switching is
to strengthen request or command from Alena to Reno that he does not have to
worry about her condition
Data 6
The dialog happens between Broedin and Alena. Alena looks so worried
when Broedin gets some hurt.
Alena Broedin
Analysis:
:''Tapi Bro, lukamu hams diobati dulu." :"Aku nggak pa-pa.I'm still alive. okt!y?"
In this dialog Broedin uses code switching to e:xpress his condition,
30
The dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, because they talk in situation
and they have an intimate relationship, they speak in informal situation. The topic
of their conversation does not change, and there any participant has the same
language skill, age level, and social-economic status between them.
The function of this switching is to say something twice in different
languages, first Broedin says in Indonesian language "Aim nggak pa-pa", and then
he says in English language "I'm still alive, okay?", be:sides, in order to makes
sure that he is all right, so Alena does not have to worry ahout him.
Data 7
The dialog happens between Reno and Alena. Reno surprises his sister
when Alena wake up in the morning.
Reno :"Moming, Sis!Nyenyak bobo-nya?" Alena :"Lho, elo kok di sini, sih? Sejak kapan lo?" Reno :"/know what you did last night... ,"
Analysis:
In the first dialog Reno uses Indonesian language "Nyenyak bobo-nya?"
but in the next dialog he uses English phrase "I know what you did last night.. .,"
in his statement. The type of this switch is metaphoricalｾｷｩｴ｣ｨｩｮｧＬ because the topic of conversation and the situation in this dialog does mot change, they speak
in one place and have an intimate relationship, and ｴｨＬｾｹ speak in informal situation. Reno uses code switching in this dialog as a humorous effect or to
uses that switch to make a joke that he not really serious to told what Alena has
done last night.
2. Code mixing
Data I
The dialog happens between Aska and Alena. When Aska was watching
TV he saw Alena had been interviewed by the reporter's infotainment.
Aska :"Kok dimatiin?Gue kan mau Iihat 10 yang d1i tivi: cantik en baik hati. Kalau di sini, di depan gue, 10 jUdl;S ibanget, marah-marah melulu,"
Alena :"Biarin aja, deh. Gue capek ama yang namanya tivi. Eh, katanya 10 mau ngadainPrivate birthdav partybuat gue? Mana, kok belum disiapin?"
Analysis:
In that dialog Aska and Alena uses Indonesian language. In the second
sentence Alena uses Indonesian language from "Eh" until word "ngadain" then
she switches into English "private birthday party" after word "party" she uses
Indonesian language until the end of dialog. Based on Fasold's criteria Alena uses
code mixing because, in that dialog Alena mixed the language with English
phrase"Private birthday party"while she uses Indonesian latnguage.
This dialog is identified as situational switching, because Alena changes
the topic in tbeir conversation, first she tells about her feeling when she was being
32
The function of this mixing is to strengthen request of Alena, because Aska has
already promises that he will makes a private birthday pan)' for Alena.
Data 2
TIle dialog happens between Aska and Alena when Alena agree with
Aska's opinion about Karl May's adventure.
Alena :"Kadang gue capek, Ka. Bisa nggak ya, gue berhenti
sebentaaaarrrr aja jadi Alena Soemardi dengan segala embel-embel keartisannya?"
Aska :"Trus rencana 10 apa? Berpetualang kaya Karl May?" Alena :"That's a great idea, Ka,"
Analysis:
In that dialog Alena answers Aska's question with English language
"That's a great idea," so, based on Fasold's criteria about code switching mId code
mixing Alena uses code mixing. Because Alena speaks with Indonesian language,
but when Aska asks her with Indonesian language, she switches her language into
English sentence "That's a great idea,".
This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, because the situation
in this dialog does not change, they speak in one situation, in informal
conversation and they have an intimate relationship. The function ofthis mixing is
a lexical need to express her excitement or agreement abcut Aska's opinion.
Data 3
In this dialog Reno tries to explain the program for Alena in the way to
Reno :"Ya program biar kakak jadi kayak model itu. Untuk rambutnya: potong pendek, lurusin, dicat. Untuk kulit:: sun bathing pakai tanning cream, untuk tubuhnya mesti diet weight gain: minum susu, makan fast food yang banyak. Ntal" Reno itungin deh seberapa banyaksun bathing-nyn,krimnya, dan dietnya."
Alena :"Wah, hebatjuga adik gue,]hank you. mv beloved brother,"
Analysis:
In this dialog, Alena uses code mixing because, in the first sentence she
uses Indonesian language, then she mixes with English senttmce "Thank you, my
beloved brother,". This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, the topic of
conversation does not change, the situation (setting, fomJality level, intimate
level) does not change, they speak in one situation, in informal conversation and
they have an intimate relationship. The function of this milling is to make some
humorous effect in order to keep relationship between sister and brother, because
Alena and her brother have a close relationship, she always shares her problem
with her brother. Besides, Alena really proud to her brother when he explaining
his program
Data 4
The dialog happens between Aska and Alena. They talk in the telephone
and make some joke.
Alena :"Gue nggak niat miskol kok. Tadi kepent:et aja waktu guling-gulingan di kamar,"
34
ＭＭＭＪ｟Ｎ｟ｾＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ｟Ｎ｟
.._---;
. [ .ERPUST AKAAN liTp.MA
AnalysIs: UiN SI(
ｰｾｈｉｄ
JAKARTABased on Fasold's criteria of code SWI c
ｬｾＭ［ｩｸｩｮｧＬ
Alena alreadyuses code mixing. Because in that dialog we find two English word "speed" and
"dial" that used by Alena.
The dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, because she does not
change the topic of conversation in this dialog, the situation does not change and
they have an intimate relationship, and there is any other pal1icipant has the same
language skill in the dialog. Alena with spontaneous uses that word "speed" and
"dial" as lexical need to defend herself. Beside it, Alena chooses word "speed"
and "dial" is more appropriate than she uses Indonesian language.
DataS
The dialog happens between Aska and Alena in the telephone. Alena tell
to aska that tomorrow after finish her school she wantstovisit him. Alena :"Pulang sekolah, gue langsung ke sana. Thanks, ya, Ka." Aska :"No, problem.Tidur yang nyenyak yaLittle Bee. Sweet dream."
Analysis:
In the last dialog Alena uses English word "thanks", then Aska replies
with an English phrase "No, problem" then he continues with Indonesian
language, but in the last dialog he mixes with English sentence "sweet dream". In
that dialog Aska uses code mixing, because he combines the languages between
This dialog is identified as metaphorical switching, the sitnation (setting,
fonnality level and intimate level) does not change and also the topic of
conversation does not change. They speak in infonnal sitnation and have an
intimate relationship. The function of this mixing uses by Aska to strengthen
request of Alena to Aska beside it, he is very happy if Alena comes to his place to
visit him.
Data 6
The dialog happens between Alena and Dandy when they have been on the
way to Cibubur, DandyAsksabout her condition.
Dandy :"Lo knrang sehat, ya?" Alena :"Lagi nggakmoodaja,"
Analysis:
Based on Fasold's criteria about code mixing and switching, in that dialog
Alena uses code mixing because there is an English word "mood" in that clause
between word "Iagi" and word "aja".
The dialog is identified as metaphorical sWitching. The sitnation of this
conversation does not change, and also the topic of the conversation. They speak
in infonnal sitnation and have an intimate relationship" There is any other
participant who has the same language skill, age level; social-economic statns
does not change. The function of this switch is a lexical ne:ed in order to express
her feeling and sadness beside it, Alena can not find all appropriate word in
36
Data 7
This is Dandy's statement when he asks Alena to share her problem with
him but she does not want share her problem with Dandy.
Dandy :"Wanna share with me? Oke kalau gitu gue bantu ngelupain, ya?"
Analysis:
Dandy's statement has identified as code mixing, because in that statement
Dandy uses two phrases, first is English phrase "Wanna share with me?" And
second is Indonesian phrase "Oke kalau gitu gue bantu ngelupain, ya?". The
dialog is identified as metanhorical switching, the topic does not change in that
conversation, and the situation, setting, (fonnality level and intimate level) of this
conversation does not change. Dandy switches her language to makes some soften
request to Alena if she wants to share her problem with him .md finds the way out.
Data 8
This is Aska's statement when he asks Alena to teU the reason why she
kissed Aska the days before. Aska asks Alena to clarii)i, but she is speechless.
Aska :"Untuk apa kamu mencium aku sore itu? Alena, please be honest to mer'.
Analysis:
As we know this statement have two phrases, the first is Indonesian phrase
but the second phrase is English phrase. According to Fasold's criteria about code
The situation (setting, formality level, intimate levd), and the topic of
conversation in this dialog does not change. They speak in informal situation and
have an intimate relationship. So this statement is identified as metaphorical
switching. This mixing function is a lexical need to express his emotion because
he did not find the other word to descn1Je that he is very disappointed.
Data 9
This dialog happens between Alena and her new fiiend Broedin when they
meet for the second time in Jogja.
Alena Broedin
Analysis:
:"Oh, makasih. Kamu wartawan, ya?"
:''Yab, wartawan Koran kampus itu tadi. Gimana, besok jadi kutemeninhuntingkos?"
Basically they make a conversation use Indonesian language, but in the
last sentences Broedin uses English word "hunting", so that case is identified as
code mixing.
The dialog is identified as situational switching, because Broedin changes
the topic in their conversation, at the first they tell about Broedin's activities in his
college then Broedin offered his self to help Alena to find a leasing house. The
function of this mixing is a lexical need to express that ｨｬｾ wants to help Alena
beside it, to show that Broedin is an educated man, because he is senior in a
38
Data 10
This dialog happens between Aska and Ovi when they speak about Ovi's
friend that will do anything for her carrier and then Aska asked Ovi whether she
did the same thing.
Aska ;"Lo gitujuga?" Ovi :"Gitu gimana?"
Aska ;"Sleeping with your boss!"
Analysis:
In that dialog Aska uses English phrase "Sleeping with your boss" in his
statement This statement is identified as code mixing, because at the first dialog
Asa uses Indonesian phrase "Lo gitu juga?" but in the ne'xt dialog he uses an
English phrase "Sleeping with your boss!".
The dialog is identified as metaphorical switchiJ!!g, because the setting,
formality level (informal situation) and intimate level, the topic of the
conversation (speak about Ovi's friend) or participant (soclall-economic status, age
level and language skill) does not change. The function of this mixing is to
strengthen request of Aska to Ovito answer his question.
Data II
The dialog still happens between Ovi and Aska. Ovl tells to Aska that she
wants to be his girlfriend, but Aska rejects her purpose.
Ovi ;"Gue maujadi pacar elo,"
Analysis:
In this dialog there two cases code mixing that used by Aska, because in
the first dialog he answers with English word "sorry", then in the next clause he
basically uses Indonesian word from "Elo" until "nggak" then he mixes with
English word "mood" after that he continues with Indonesian word.
.The type of this mixing ismetaphorical switching, the situation (setting,
formality level and intimate level) of this conversation does not change and there
is any participant has the same social-economic status, age level and language
skill while Ovi tells her purpose. The function of this switch is to strengthen
command that Aska can not be her boyfriend beside it, Aska can not find the right
word in Indonesian language.
Data 12
The dialog happens between Alena and Broedin. Alena starts to make a
conversation she just wants to say sorry when she heard Broedin's conversation
with Ruwi in the kitchen, it is accidentally.
Alena
Broedin
Analysis:
:"Maafin aku, Bro. aku tadi mendengar percakapan kalian di dapur.Part oUt."
;"It:Sokay"
Basically Alena uses Indonesian language to starts the conversation, but in
the next sentence after the word "dapur" she switches into English language "part
40
The types ofthis switching ismetaphorical switching, because the topic of
this conversation does not change, they speak in one pla';e, have an intimate
relationship and in informal situation. Thcre are any other participant has the same
age level, social-economic status and language skill in the dialog. The function of
this mixing is to strengthen request of Alena to forgive her fault because she has
already heard his conversation accidentally.
Data 13
The dialog still happens between Alena and Broedin. Actually Broedin has
already known who is Alena for the first time but he did not tell it to Alena.
Alena
Broedin
Alena Broedin
Analysis:
:"Jadi kamu sudah tau tentang aku s£liak awal? Dan kamu tidak pemah bilang ke siapa pun tentang itu?"
:"Seperti yang kubilang tadi,akutidak ingin merusak
rencanamu."
:"ThanksBro."
:"Jadi, sebenemya karnu mau ngapain datang ke Jogja? Ngapain kamu harus repot-repot ｭＧｾｮｹ｡ｭ｡ｲ kayak gini? Karnu under estimate sarna anak-anak sini, ya? Tidak semua orang seperti yang ada di benakmu, Grace. Teman-ternan di sini sangat menghargai arti persahabatall, tidak peduli kamu anak siapa atau seterkenal apa."
In that dialog Broedin uses Indonesian language, but inthe last dialog in
the third clause after word "Kamu" he switches into an English word "under" and
"estimate". So this case identified as code mixing, because there are two English
word "under" and "estimate" in Broedin's dialog.
The dialog is identified as metaphorical switchilJ[!. because the situation
conversation do not change. There is any other participant (language skill, age
level, social-economic status) do not changes in this dialog. Broedin uses this
mixing to strengthen request to Alena to tell the truth what is her purpose behind
CHAPTER IV
[
._---PEI:tPUSTAI(dl,AN. UTAMA
-I
. U1N SYAHID JAKI\RTA JCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTlrON
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the dialogues, the writer would like to state conclusion
about code switching and mixing in I'm Somebody Else by Ade Kumalasari and
the function of code switching and mixing and also the reason why code
switching and mixing used by people.
In this novel the writer found so many cases of code switching and mixing
but the writer chooses twenty dialogs of the characters fi'om that novel to analyze
the function and the types of code switching and mixing.
Basically people tend to use code switching and mixing because they can
not find the right word and it also can be caused by someone prestige. Beside it
the social factors also influencing someone to switch or mix the language, such as
in metropolitan society there are normally people speaks with the other and mix
some language with the other. Sometimes people uses code switching and mixing
istryto make some trend with their language in their community.
Generally code switching is the process when people, then, are usually
required to select a particular language whenever they choose to speak and they
may also decided to switch from one language to another language or to mix the
language even within sometimes very short utterance and thereby create a new
Switching (depend on situation), second Metaphorical Switching (depend on the
existence of relationship between variable and social situation).
There are twelve functions of code switching and mixing, but there are
only five functions have been found in this novel. The five !functions are: First, to
soften or strengthen request or command(I. Code Switching; data: 1, 3, 4 and 5;
2. Code Mixing; data: 1,5,7,10, 11, 12 and 13); Second, to say twice in different
languages in order to intensifY or eliminate ambiguity (Code Switching; data 6);
Third, the humorous effect or to indicatc that a referentially derogatory comment
is not to be taken seriously (1. Code Switching; data 7; 2. Code Mixing; data 3);
Fourth, Direct quotation (Code Mixing; data 2); the last is a lexical need (Code
Mixing; data: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9).
In that novel there are two data are identified as situational switching
(code mixing; data 1 and 9), the switches of both data happen because the second
speaker changes the topic of their conversation. And then, another data (except
code mixing; data 1 and 9) are identified as metaphorical switching, because in all
dialogs of that data the topic of the conversation does not change. The cases of
code switching and mixing in that novel generally happen to makes soften or
strengthen request or command and also the topic of th.:ir conversation. The
characters use code switching and code mixing in an informal situation and all of
44
B. Suggestion
After concluding this research, the writer would Ilk,: to suggest to whom
are interested in studying of code switching and code mixing especially in the
novel, the readers should understand the types, functions and the reasons why
people use code switching and mixing.
He also suggests to the readers especially the students of English Letters
Department to study and discuss about code switching and code mixing in order
to know that there are so many cases of code switching i3IIld code mixing of a
language in the text literature, one of the examples is in the novel, because this
cases make people confuse how to read and understand it.Itis not onlyin literary
works code switching and mixing happens but alsointhe daily life, such as inthe
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