An Analysis Of Direct And Indirect Speech Acts In “Now Is Our Time”

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

A THESIS

BY

AYU IMELDA FB REG. NO. 100705045

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

A THESIS

BY

AYU IMELDA FB REG. NO. 100705045

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Umar Mono, Dip.Trans, M.Hum

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph. D NIP. 19600122 198601 1 001 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department.

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Tuesday, April 22, 2014

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M. A. Ph. D ………..

Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D ………..

Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans, M. Hum ………..

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, AYU IMELDA FB DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAMA : AYU IMELDA FB

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVALIABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to give all majesty and praise to the Almighty Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, patients, blessing and guidance in finishing this thesis.

I also would like to thank to my supervisor and my co-supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans, M. Hum and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M. A. Ph. D for their guidance, support, advice and constructive comments in writing of this thesis.

I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Rahmadsyah Rangkut i, M. A. Ph. D and all of the lecturers and the staffs of English Literature Department for the facilities and opportunities that were given to me during my study in this university.

I express my special thanks to my beloved parents, Uly Artha Sinambela and German Pangaribuan, my sisters, Artha Anggun Priscilla Pangaribuan and Anggi Ratu Bule Madani Pangaribuan, and my brother, Amos Arjuna Pangaribuan who always support me and never stop praying for me. They are my motivations in writing this thesis and I want to say thanks for their love, attention, and financial support.

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I would like to say thanks to all people who were participated in completing this thesis too. I would like to say a great thanks for their help to them who can not I mention one by one. Finally, I hope this thesis will be useful for the readers.

May God bless us. Amin

Medan, April 2014 The writer,

Ayu Imelda FB Reg. No 100705045

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ………...……. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………...… iii

ABSTRACT ………...…. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….… vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ……….… 1

1.2 Problem of the study ………... 5

1.3 Objective of the study ………. 5

1.4 Scope of the study ………... 6

1.5 Significance of the study ………... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics ……….... 7

2.2 Speech Acts ………. 9

2.2.1 Types of Speech Acts ………. 12

2.2.1.1 Direct Speech Act ……….... 13

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study ……….. 18

3.2 Data and Data Source ………..…….. 18

3.2 Data Collecting Method ……….……... 18

3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis ……….……... 19

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis of Direct Speech Acts ……...………...….… 20

4.1.1 Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion …….….……….… 20

4.1.2 Direct Speech Acts in Imperative Sentence Type as a Request …….……….…….………….… 30

4.2 Analysis of Indirect Speech Acts …..……….. 31

4.2.1 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as a Request …….………...… 31

4.2.2 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative sentence type as a Promise …….……...………...… 38

4.2.3 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as a Request …….………...………...… 38

4.2.4 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as an Assertion …….………. 39

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ……….... 43

5.2 Suggestion ………. 44

REFERENCES ………. 45

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Language has important role in human’s life. It is used to communicate or to express ideas and feelings. It is also used for sharing, getting and giving information. It helps people to interact with other people and makes them to understand each other. Through language, people can build the relationship with other people.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:221) state that people use language to do an extraordinarily wide range of activities. It is used to convey information, request information, give orders, make requests, make threats, give warnings, make bets, give advice, etc.

Language has many functions in human’s life. People, especially linguists got interested to study about language. The linguistics. This study discusses three general aspects, which include language form, language meaning, and language in context.

It is important to understand the meaning of someone utterances, so both the speaker and the hearer understand each other and they can communicate well. There will be misunderstanding if the hearer can not get the meaning of the speaker utterances. For example, when someone says “do that again, and I’ll kick you”, it means that the speaker doesn’t try to make a request to do something, but he tries to make a threat in order to stop what the hearer do. In case of this situation, the hearer should be able to understand the meaning of the speaker utterances to avoid the misunderstanding.

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utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Second, this study also described as the study of contextual meaning that involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It needs concern of how speaker arrange what they want to say in line with whom they are talking to, where, when, and under what situation. Third, is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. It explores how listener can make implication about what is said in order to arrive at interpretation of speaker’s intended meaning. It is the study or the investigation of invisible meaning. And the last, Pragmatics has a definition as the study of the expression of relative distance. It means that what decides the choice between the said and the unsaid is the closeness between speaker (or writer) and the listener (or reader), whether physical, social, or conceptual.

In communication process, language is used to deliver message by the writer to the reader via written text and by the speaker to the hearer via utterances. Yule (1996:47) says, “Actions that performed by utterances are generally called as speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request.”

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:221) state, “just as people can perform physical acts, such as hitting a baseball, they can also perform mental acts, such as imagining hitting a baseball. People can also perform another kind of act simply by using language; these are called as speech acts.” It means that these speech acts enable people to do or perform many kinds of acts simply by using language.

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In this thesis, the data that will be analyzed are the interview transcript of Sheryl Sandberg entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine. Sheryl Sandberg, whose full name is Sheryl Kara Sandberg, was born on August 28th, 1969, in as a Then, from 1996 to 2001, Sandberg served as Chief of Staff for the United States Treasury Department. She helped lead the Treasury’s work on forgiving debt in the developing world during the Asian financial crisis. In November 2001 to March 2008, she joined Google Inc. and served as its Vice President of Global Online Sales & Operations. She was responsible for online sales of Google's advertising & publishing products and also for sales operations of Google's consumer products & Google Book Search. And now, she works as COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook.

Harvard Business Review (HBR) is a general published by magazine for Harvard Business School. It is published 10 times a year in twelve languages, such as English

topics that are relevant to different industries and management functions. This famous magazine focuses on business areas such as leadership, organizational change, negotiation, strategy, operations, marketing, finance, and managing people.

As an influential person, she has to be able to arrange her utterances. When Sandberg uttered some information or opinions in her interview, she did not mean it just like what she uttered it. There must be the hidden meaning or the real purpose or function of her utterances.

Here is one example of Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances from the interview transcript taken from Harvard Business Review (HBR) magazine:

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The utterances above can be analyzed as below: 1. The book is a combination of things.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is a combination of things. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. It's partly stories from my own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s book. It can be seen from the utterance that the use of person deixis ‘it’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform about the combination of things in her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book that was mentioned in the utterance before that the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is partly stories from her own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

From the examples above, it can be seen that when someone utters an utterance, there is a function of the utterance. The type of speech acts whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act can be classified by knowing the function of the utterance and the type of the sentence.

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This is the reason why this topic is chosen and needed to be discussed. This topic, Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine will be analyzed to find out the type of speech act whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act, the sentence type and the function of the utterance that are used in the interview transcript.

1.2Problem of the Study

The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are formulated in the form of questions below:

1. What type of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts are found in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

2. What are functions of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts found in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

1.3Objectives of the Study

The objectives or purposes of the study are described as follow:

1. To find out the type of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

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1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this thesis is sentence type and function of the direct and indirect speech acts of Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine that was published on April 2013. The analysis focuses only on Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances.

1.5 Significance of the Study

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is often defined as the theory of the way language is used. It links the language and its user. It is the study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. This study allows humans into the analysis. In this study, it's possible to discuss people's intended meanings, assumptions, purposes or goals and the kinds of actions that they perform when speaking.

Pragmatics is concerned with how people use language within a context, in real-life situations, while semantics is concerned with the relationship between linguistic forms and entries in the world. In pragmatics, people study about how factors such as time, place and the social relationship between speaker and hearer affect the ways in which language is used to perform different functions. It is clear that the role of pragmatics is to understand how context affects the meaning of certain utterances.

Yule (1996:3) states that there are four definitions of pragmatics, and these four definitions becomes the areas that pragmatics are concerned with. The four definitions of pragmatics are described below:

1. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It analyzes what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. 2. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. It involves the interpretation

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3. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. It explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. It can be called as the investigation of invisible meaning.

4. Pragmatic is the study of the expression of relative distance. It raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tried to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said.

In conclusion, pragmaticsis the study of how language is used in context and how meaning is derived from the context. Different context will result the different meaning. It is important to know the context of some utterances in order to get the real meaning of the utterances. For example:

1. Alex has a knife.

The example above can be used to accomplish different things in dfferent contexts, such as:

a) to make an assertion.

The context is when some people are on a beach and they are thinking about how to open a coconut. Suddenly, someone says “Alex has a knife." People will understand that this utterance is an assertion that Alex has a knife to open the coconut.

b) to give a warning.

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student then yells “Alex has a knife.” People will understand that this utterance is a warning that Alex has a knife and he will hurt the student.

2.2 Speech Acts

The central concern of pragmatics is the study of speech acts. Speech act is a part of pragmatic discussion which relates to what a certain sentence and utterance possesses certain act within it.

Speech act is the usage of language to accomplish something. It enables people to do or perform an extraordinarily wide range of activities simply by using language, such as to convey information, request information, give orders, make requests, make threats, give warnings, make bets, give advice, etc.

Yule (1996:47, 53-54) says that actions that performed by utterances are generally called as speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request. There are five types of general functions that are performed by speech acts, they are:

1. Declarations

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via utterance. It is kind of sentence that typically used in assertions to convey information that having truth conditions. It brings extra linguistic state of affairs into existence, as people declare war, appoint, veto and so forth. For example:

• Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife.

• Referee: You’re out!

• Jury Foreman: We find the defendant guilty. 2. Representatives

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. For example:

• The earth is flat.

• Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts.

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3. Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. For example:

• I’m really sorry!

• Congratulations!

• Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh! 4. Directives

Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something. For example:

• Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.

• Could you lend me a pen, please?

• Don’t touch that. 5. Commissives

Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. For example:

• I’ll be back.

• I’m going to get it right next time.

• We will not do that.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:222) says that there are some common speech acts that has different function for each of them, they are:

Speech act Function

Assertion conveys information Question elicits information

Request (more or less politely) elicits action Order demands action

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Here are the examples of the seven common speech acts according to Steward and Vaillette as described above:

• John read the book. assertion

• Did John read the book? question

• Please pass the salt. request

• Kim’s got a knife! warning

• Get out of here! order

• I will love you forever. promise

• I’ll give you a reason to cry. Threat

Certain speech acts are so central to communication that people have special syntactic structures that are typically used to mark them. The sentence forms that will be discussed are:

1. Sentence Forms:

Form Example

Declarative “He is cooking the chicken.” Interrogative “Is he cooking the chicken?” Imperative “Cook the chicken!”

2. Typical association between Sentence Form and speech act:

Form Speech act

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2.2.1 Types of Speech Acts

Yule (1996: 48) states that on any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts, they are:

1. Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. This act is simply the speech acts that have taken place. It is an utterance that is well organised in grammar terms.

2. Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act is used when people form an utterance with some kind of function in mind. It is performed via communicative force of an utterance. This act is the real actions that are performed by the utterance, such as make a statement, an offer, an explanation, etc.

3. Perlocutionary Act

Perlocutionary act is used when people say an utterance which is intended to give an effect to the hearer. So, this act is simply the effects of the speaker’s utterance on the hearer. For example:

Utterance : Shoot her!

1. Locutionary Act or Locution:

He said to me “Shoot her!” meaning by shoot “shoot” and referring by her to “her.”

2. Illocutionary Act or Illocution:

He urged (or advised, ordered, etc.) me to shoot her. 3. Perlocutionary Act or Perlocution:

He persuaded me to shoot her.

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In daily life, people often do not directly express what they intend, but instead formulate their utterances in ways which appear more polite to hearers. For example:

1. Lend me your book!

2. Could you lend me your book?

Both examples above are uttered in order to give requests, but the first one, phrased as an imperative and the second, phrased as an interrogative. It's obvious from experience that the second example, “Could you lend me your book?” is not actually a question about the ability of the addressee to lend the book, but a prompt to action. People usually respond this prompt simply by saying “Yes, I could” and if they do not do it, it will not be a polite reaction.

Therefore the second example above, “Could you lend me your book?” has two pragmatic levels. First, it is a question and second, it is a request. It therefore qualifies as an indirect speech act, whereas the first example, “Lend me your book!” is a direct speech act.

2.2.1.1 Direct Speech Act

Yule (1996:55) states that direct speech acts will happen if there is direct relationship between the structure and the function of the utterance.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:223) also states that direct speech act is the relationship between the structure and the function of some utterances. It occurs when a particular sentence type is being used to serve its typical function. It is based on the literal meaning of the sentence. For example:

1. Utterance: You wear a seat belt. Declarative sentence type; Assertion 2. Utterance: Do you wear a seat belt?

Interrogative sentence type; Question 3. Utterance: Wear a seat belt!

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2.2.1.2 Indirect Speech Act

Yule (1996:55) states that indirect speech acts will happen if there is indirect relationship between the structure and the function of the utterance.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:225-226) states that indirect speech acts are generally considered to be more polite than direct ones. Indirect usages are not rare or marginal. It takes little reflection, however, to notice that in most cases, some notion of politeness plays a role. The direct imposition can be ameliorated by avoiding a direct demand and instead asking whether the addressee is willing to or capable of carrying out the act. This gives the addressee the option of not carrying out the implied request without losing face. Hence “Would you pass the salt?” or “Can you pass the salt?” are more polite than “Pass the salt!”

Indirect speech act occurs when a particular sentence type is used to serve an atypical function. It suggests a different purpose than it actually has. For example:

1) Direct: Please close the door.

Imperative sentence type; Order/request

Indirect: Do you think you could close the door? Interrogative sentence type; Order/request

2) Direct: Did Bart get the job?

Interrogative sentence type; Question

Indirect: I was wondering if Bart got the job. Declarative sentence type; Question

Akmajian, et al (2001:381-383) states that sometimes when people speak they are not only performing some direct form of communication but also speaking indirectly. When people speak indirectly, they mean something more than what they mean directly and they want the hearer to guess or to conclude what they mean by saying the utterance. For example:

a. The door is over there. (used to request someone to leave)

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c. I’m sure the cat likes having its tail pulled. (used to request the hearer to stop pulling the cat’s tail)

d. I need some foods. (used to request the hearer to give foods) e. You’re the boss. (used to agree to do what the speaker says) f. I should never have done that. (used to apologize)

g. Did you bring any tennis balls? (used to inform the hearer that the speaker did not bring any)

h. It’s getting late. (used to request the hearer to hurry)

The hearer will know that the speaker is not speaking merely directly but indirectly by virtue of contextual inappropriateness. For instance, it would be strange if, on driving into a gas station, the speaker (in example b) had only been reporting her wants and was not also making a polite request for some gas. A mere report of what one now wants is relevant to the taking of a poll, perhaps, but is not contextually appropriate at a gas station. Thus, the same sort of contextual information and presumptions used in recognizing previous communicative intentions and acts are also used with indirect acts.

The hearer is also able to use context and the Conversational Presumptions to find the speaker’s indirect communicative intent. Once the hearer identifies why the speaker cannot merely be speaking directly, he is able to use this information to aid in recognizing her indirect intent. Thus, reporting a desire for a tank of gas at a service station would be contextually inappropriate if that were all the speaker was doing. Since requesting expresses the desire that the hearer do something, it would be natural in the circumstances for him to conclude that in reporting this desire the speaker was also requesting the gas, since requesting would be the contextually appropriate thing to do. Suppose that the speaker utters (in example a) ‘The door is over there’ to the hearer, thereby indirectly requesting the hearer to leave. How might the hearer reason? The first thing he must notice is that it would be contextually inappropriate for the speaker to be merely reporting the location of the door, assuming that the speaker and the hearer both already know the location of the door, and this is not relevant to the conversation.

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(including honestly) performed. Here are some felicity conditions on the acts of questioning and requesting (where “S” stands for the speaker, “H” for the hearer, “P” for some state of affairs, and “A” for some action):

A. S questions H about P:

1. S does not know the truth about P. 2. S wants to know the truth about P.

3. S believes that H may be able to supply the information about P that S wants. B. S requests H to do A:

1. S believes that A has not yet been done. 2. S believes that H is able to do A.

3. S believes that H is willing to do A-type things for S. 4. S wants A to be done.

Here are examples of direct and indirect speech act analysis in question and request form according to explanation above:

C. Question 1. Direct

a. Did you marry Helen?

b. I ask you whether or not John married Helen. 2. Indirect

a. I don’t know if John married Helen. (A.1)

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D. Request 1. Direct

a. Please take out the garbage!

b. I request that you take out the garbage. 2. Indirect

a. The garbage isn’t out yet. (B.1) b. Could you take out the garbage? (B.2)

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study

This thesis uses library research. It means that the data and the sources that are used in this thesis are taken from library and the other written sources. This thesis is written by using some books as the references and the data that will be analyzed in this thesis are taken from “Harvard Business Review” magazine. The data are about Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time.” The data will be analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. Djajasudarma (2006:11) states that qualitative method is a procedure that is resulting descriptive data in the form of written text or spoken in language society.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data are collected from “Harvard Business Review” magazine. This magazine is a general in this thesis are obtained from transcript of an interview named “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine that was published on April 2013. The magazine is consisted of 148 pages and the data entitled “Now is our time” is on page 85. This data are about interview transcript of Sheryl Sandberg, the COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook. This interview transcript was edited by Adi Ignatius. In this thesis, the data that will be analyzed are only Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

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document that has relation with the problem discussed, whether from document or books, newspaper, magazine, etc.

3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis

In writing this thesis, the systematic techniques that are used in conducting the analysis are as follows:

a. Reading the interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine.

b. Selecting the utterances which have direct speech act. c. Selecting the utterances which have indirect speech act.

d. Analyzing the utterances by using related theory to find out type and function of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis of Direct Speech Acts

4.1.1 Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion

The data, Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances were resulted from an interview, so most utterances that were uttered by Sandberg were formed in declarative sentence type which has function as an assertion to answer the interviewer’s questions. Although the utterances are formed in the same sentence type and function, they still have difference topics. It is because the interviewer asked Sandberg many topics in his questions and there are six topics that being the most topics that usually asked by the interviewer. In this analysis, the utterances that are produced in declarative sentence type and have function as assertion will be classified again as below:

4.1.1.1 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Women

1. Women are making progress at every level except as leaders.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are making progress at every level except as leaders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. Women face huge institutional barriers.

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3. Women are often very good listeners.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are often very good listeners. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4. They are often good consensus builders.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are often good consensus builders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. They can make teams cohesive.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women can make teams cohesive. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

6. There aren't enough women sitting at the tables where decisions are made.

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7. It's hard to admit that you go home at 5:30, no matter where you are in your career.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘you’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that it’s hard to admit women go home at 5:30, no matter where they are in their career. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

8. Women are given messages all through their lives that they shouldn't lead.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are given messages all through their lives that they shouldn't lead. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

9. They're getting way better.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are getting way better. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

10. Women still largely have two jobs, and men have one.

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4.1.1.2 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg

1. I wear jeans to work almost every day.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she wears jeans to work almost every day. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. I don't believe there are stereotypical forms of male and female leadership.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the speaker’s believe, Sheryl Sandberg’s believe. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she doesn’t believe that there are stereotypical forms of male and female leadership. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

3. I am not blaming women.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s assertion. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she is not blaming women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4. I don't hold myself up as a role model.

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not hold herself up as a role model. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. I'm incredibly fortunate, and I have had amazing opportunities and mentors and support.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s fortune. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she is incredibly fortune, and she has had amazing opportunities, mentors and support. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

6. But I did it on purpose to say to people, "Look, I can be both a mother and a professional, and I do it by going home at 5:30.”

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s purpose in her action. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she went home at 5:30 on purpose that is to say people that she can be both a mother and a professional. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

7. I also said that after I have dinner with my kids, give them a bath, and put them to bed, I get back online.

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8. Similarly, I don't think the desire for leadership is based in biology.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s thought about leadership. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she doesn’t think that the desire for leadership is based in biology. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

9. I think the desire for leadership is largely culturally created and reinforced.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s thought about leadership. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she thinks the desire for leadership is largely culturally created and reinforced. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

10. I've had a lot of luck, a lot of sponsors, a lot of mentors.

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4.1.1.3 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Society

1. We expect men to have leadership qualities, to be assertive and competent, to speak out.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about society expectation. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society expects men to have leadership qualities, to be assertive and competent, to speak out. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. We expect women to have communal qualities, to be givers and sharers, to pursue the common good.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about society expectation. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society expects women to have communal qualities, to be givers and sharers, and to pursue the common good. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

3. We call our daughters-but not our sons-bossy.

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4. We overestimate our sons' crawling abilities and underestimate our daughters'.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society overestimate their sons' crawling abilities and in the other side they underestimate their daughters' abilities. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. We keep telling women how important these connections are, so women walk up to virtual strangers and say, "Will you be my mentor?"

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does to women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society and Sheryl Sandberg herself as a part of the society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are kept told by society, not only man but also women about how important connections are, so women walk up to virtual stranger and then ask the stranger to be their mentor. Women are being careless in selecting their mentor. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

6. The problem is, we want to promote and hire people who are both competent and liked.

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7. We don't really encourage women to be leaders.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society doesn’t really encourage women to be leaders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4.1.1.4 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Facebook

1. Facebook's mission is to allow people to express themselves and connect to the individuals and causes they care about.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Facebook’s mission. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Facebook’s mission is to allow people to express themselves and connect to the individuals and causes they care about. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. It's a great place for women, because it really is all about what you build and what you do.

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4.1.1.5 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Sheryl Sandberg’s Book

1. The book is a combination of things.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is a combination of things. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. It's partly stories from my own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s book. It can be seen from the utterance that the use of person deixis ‘it’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform about the combination of things in her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book that was mentioned in the utterance before that the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is partly stories from her own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4.1.1.6 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Media

1. The media rarely depict working women with children as happy and adjusted and comfortable with themselves.

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themselves. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. They always sound harried.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the media. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to the media. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the media which rarely depicts or pictures working women with children as happy, adjusted and comfortable with themselves always sounds harried. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4.1.2 Direct Speech Acts in Imperative Sentence Type as a Request

1. Next time you go to a party, watch what happens when a baby starts crying.

Imperative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in imperative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘you’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance in imperative sentence type to request society to watch what happens when a baby starts crying when they go to a party. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. Watch the parents and see who gets up.

Imperative sentence type; Request

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4.2 Analysis of Indirect speech acts

4.2.1 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as a Request

In the interview transcript, Sheryl Sandberg uttered some utterances which have function as request for women and society. The context of the interview is Sandberg who was being interviewed is the COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook and also an outspoken advocate for women aspiring to leadership positions. She also wrote a book entitled ‘Lean in’ which she describes as ‘sort of a feminist manifesto’ as a media to help women to act in their own behalf to overcome institutional and personal barriers to success. She told about her life, book and experiences in the interview and also about how to be a leader according to her experiences. Sandberg request women to do things like what she had done to be a leader like her and society to help women to be a leader indirectly.

4.2.1.1 Declarative Sentence Type as a Request for Women

1. If we want to balance out leadership roles in the workplace, we have to balance out responsibilities in the home.

Declarative sentence type; Request

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women to be a leader. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

2. We have to be realistic about our choices.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to be realistic about their choices. Sheryl Sandberg shared her experiences and she actually has been being realistic about her choice so she can be a leader. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the utterance sounds more polite. Actually, it is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance because Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. Sandberg wants other women to be realistic so they can be a leader like her so she requests them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to be. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

3. We need to recognize that we can't do it all, that we face trade-offs every single minute of the day.

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4. We have to stop beating ourselves up for not doing everything perfectly.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to stop beating them selves because they don’t do everything perfectly. Sheryl Sandberg uttered the utterance based on her experience. It means that she had done what she request women to do. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. It is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance because Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. It is contextually inappropriate for her to do what she had to do when she had already done it. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

5. We need to explicitly encourage men to sponsor women.

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6. You have to find ways to build a relationship.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for woman. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to find ways to build a relationship. Sheryl Sandberg has already done what she request women to do for. She has find ways to build a relationship, but she instead using ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. She doesn’t need to be included in the utterance because it is contextually inappropriate. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

7. We should all find ways to do the things we want to do in our lives.

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4.2.1.2 Declarative Sentence Type as a Request for Society

1. But I think we need to reclaim the "F word" if it means supporting equal opportunities for men and women.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for the society, both man and women. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg and ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker requests society to reclaim the word ‘Feminism’ if by reclaiming it means supporting equal opportunities for man and women. The speaker doesn’t say her request to the society directly, but she says her request indirectly by saying what she thinks the society need to do. She uses the word ‘we’ to make her utterance sounds more polite and it would be contextually inappropriate for her, Sheryl Sandberg who had reclaim the feminism word and had wrote a book about it included in to the utterance. It is also contextually inappropriate for Sheryl Sandberg to just say her argument in her interview while her purpose is actually to make women to be a leader. Sheryl Sandberg wants and fights for women to get the same opportunities like man and this interview she asked society to help her indirectly by saying her argument about what they, Sandberg and society need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

2. The book is for any woman who wants advice on how to sit at any table she wants to sit at, and for any man who wants to be part of creating a more equal world.

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who wants to be part of creating a more equal world indirectly to buy Sheryl Sandberg’s book. She requests or persuades them indirectly to buy her book by explaining to whom her book is suitable for. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

3. Reigniting the revolution means I want us to notice all of this and find ways to encourage more women to step up and more companies to recognize what women bring to the table.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society and companies. The person deixis ‘us’ refers to society and Sandberg uses the word ‘us’ to make it sounds more polite. The fact is Sandberg has noticed and found ways to encourage more women to step up. So, it is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘us’ in the utterance. The speaker uses the utterance to request society and companies indirectly to reigniting the revolution. Sandberg requests society to notice and find ways to encourage more women to step up and she also requests companies to recognize what women can do. It would be contextually inappropriate for her to say her desire. She request society and companies indirectly by saying her desire. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

4. But we need to break down limitations imposed by stereotypes.

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need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

5. I think we need to widen perceptions, and I'm not just talking about body-image issues.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society and ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to request society indirectly to widen perceptions and don’t only talk about body-image issues. Sheryl Sandberg has already done what she request society to do for. She has already widened her perception, but she instead using ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. In the utterance she use the word ‘we’ so it is contextually inappropriate. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they; Sandberg and society need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

6. If we start acknowledging what the real issues are, we can solve them.

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4.2.2 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative sentence type as a Promise

1. I'm trying to add to that side of the debate.

Declarative sentence type; Promise

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a promise or as a commitment of the speaker to an action that is the speaker, Sheryl Sandberg promises that she will try to add to that side of women debate. It can be seen from the context that Sheryl Sandberg is trying to add to that side of women debate and she is still trying until now and then. She is an outspoken advocate for women aspiring to leadership positions and she is still fighting for women to get the same opportunities like men in leadership side. So, it can be concluded that the utterance is produced not only as an assertion to show that she is trying now but also as a promise that she will trying. The speaker doesn’t say her promise directly. She says her promise indirectly by saying what she is doing now. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

4.2.3 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as a Request

1. Do we really believe men are natural leaders and women are not?

Interrogative sentence type; Request

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She still used the word ‘we’ to make the utterance sounds more polite. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

4.2.4 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as an Assertion

1. Is she going to have a life partner, and is that partner going to support her career?

Interrogative sentence type; Assertion

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4.3 Table of the Analysis Result

The result of the analysis above can be drawn in a table to show the analysis result in detail as below:

NO. Types of Speech Acts Frequency of Occurrence in the interview transcript,

‘Now is Our Time’

1. Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion

101

a. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Women

27

b. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg

27

c. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Society

7

d. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Facebook

2

e. Declarative Sentence Type as an

Assertion about Sheryl Sandberg’s book

2

f. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Media

2

f. Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about other topics

34

2. Direct Speech Acts in Imperative Sentence Type as a Request

2

Total of Direct Speech Acts 103

1. Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as a Request

13

a. Declarative Sentence Type as a Request for Women

7

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for Society

2. Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative sentence type as a Promise

1

3. Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as a Request

1

4. Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as an Assertion

1

Total of Indirect Speech Acts 16

The table above shows that there are 119 utterances of Sheryl Sandberg from the interview transcript that are analyzed in this thesis. The utterances are classified as below:

1. 103 utterances for direct speech acts

1. 101 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion

• 27 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about women

• 27 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about the speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg

• 7 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about society

• 2 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about Facebook

• 2 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about Sheryl Sandberg’s book

• 2 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about the media

• 34 utterances for direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about other topics

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2. 16 utterances for indirect speech acts

a. 13 utterances for indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a request

• 7 utterances for indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a request for women

• 6 utterances for indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a request for society

b. 1 utterance for indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a promise c. 1 utterance for indirect speech acts in interrogative sentence type as a request d. 1 utterance for indirect speech acts in interrogative sentence type as an

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled ‘Now is Our Time,’ there are some conclusions that can be drawn as below:

1. There are 103 utterances that are classified as direct speech acts and this type of speech acts is the most dominant type of speech act that is used in the interview transcript. The direct speech act are classified again into direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion (101 utterances) and direct speech acts in imperative sentence type as a request (2 utterances). The most dominant type of direct speech acts is direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion and it is divided again into direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about women (27 utterances), about the speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg (27 utterances), about society (7 utterances), about Facebook (2 utterances), about Sheryl Sandberg’s book (2 utterances), about the media (2 utterances), and about other topics (34 utterances). The most dominant type of direct speech acts which is produced in declarative sentence type as an assertion is direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about women and the speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg.

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society (6 utterances). The most dominant type of indirect speech acts which is produced in declarative sentence type as a request is indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a request for women.

5.2 Suggestions

Analyzing the direct and indirect speech acts of some utterances through Pragmatics is a very interesting research to do. Since this analysis only focuses on the illocutionary act, it is suggested to those who are interested in analyzing speech acts through pragmatics to make a discussion and to make an analysis about the Locutionary acts and Perlocutionary act found in the interview transcript in order to get more understanding about the interview transcript. It is also suggested to the readers to give some critics and suggestions about this thesis in order to make the thesis better.

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REFERENCES

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Bolinger, Dwight. 1968. Aspect of Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.

Hickey, Leo. 2000. The Pragmatics of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

Horn, Laurence R. and Gregory Ward. 2006. The Handbook of Pragmatics. London: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction. London: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Nawawi, H. 1993. Metode Penelitian Bidang Sosial. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University.

Panggabean, Juita Sari. 2011. An Analysis of Speech Acts in Charles Dickens’ A

Tale of Two Cities: A Pragmatic Analysis (unpublished thesis). Medan:

University of Sumatera Utara.

Peccei, Jean Stilwell. 1999. Pragmatics. London: Taylor & Francis Limited. Purba, Maznil Khairi. 2010. An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in Movie The

Pursuit of Happiness (unpublished thesis). Medan: University of

Sumatera Utara.

Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. 1990. Pragmatik dan Pengajaran Bahasa: Menyibak

kurikulum 1984. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.

Rahardi, Kunjana. 2005. Pragmatik: Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Indonesia.

Jakarta: Erlangga.

Stewart, Thomas W. and Nathan Vaillette. 2001. Language Files: Materials for

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Wahyuni, Novitri. 2008. Expressive Illocutionary Act in Jane Austen’s Mansfield

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APPENDIX

There are utterances from the interview transcript that classified as direct speech acts which have the similar sentence type and function as the utterances in the analysis so the utterances are written as appendixes. There are six topics that being the most topics that usually asked by the interviewer and the other utterance which have the different topics from the six topics are grouped in to direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion about other topics.

a. Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Women

1. We started accounting for 50% of college degrees 30 years ago, but progress at the top has stalled.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. It can be seen from the utterance that the use of person deixis ‘we’ refers to women and Sheryl Sandberg herself who is also a woman. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women including her, Sheryl Sandberg started accounting for 50% of college degrees 30 years ago, but progress at the top has stalled. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. For the past decade women in corporate America have held only about 14% of C-suite jobs and 17% of board seats.

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3. But we also face barriers that exist within ourselves, sometimes as the result of our socialization.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about barriers that are faced by women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women and also Sheryl Sandberg who is also a woman. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she herself as a woman and the other women face barriers that exist within them selves, sometimes as the result of their socialization. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4. That is, they take themselves out of the running for career advancement because they want to have a family.

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women take themselves out of the running for career advancement because they want to have a family. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. But in some cases they're making these decisions years in advance before they even have a partner.