CONTAMINATION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE RICE PADDY
SOILS AT TANJUNG MORAWA B VILLAGE, TANJUNG MORAWA
SUBDISTRICT, DISTIRCT OF DELI
(Pencemaran Logam Berat pada Tanah Sawah di Desa Tanjung Morawa-B Kecamatan
Tanjung Morawa Kabupaten Deli Serdang)
Oleh :
Jamilah, Mukhlis and Yovita S.
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Contamination of Heavy Metals of Rice Paddy Soils of Tanjung Morawa B Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict, District of Deli Serdang
(Pencemaran Logam Berat pada Tanah Sawah di Desa Tanjung Morawa-B Kecamatan
Tanjung Morawa Kabupaten Deli Serdang)
Oleh :
Jamilah*, Mukhlis* and Yovita S.** Email : jamilah_tnh@yahoo.co.id
*) Lecturers at Soil Science Department Faculty of Agriculture University of Sumatera Utara and **) Graduate Student of Soil Science Department
ABSTRACT
Contamination of soils is increases with the progress of industrial technology surrounding citizenship suttlement and agricultural area nowdays. Industrial wastes contain various kinds of heavy metals as one of the reason caused soil contamination. Based on this case, this study had an objective to evaluate the level of rice paddy soil contamination caused by some heavy metals e.g. : Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. This research was conducted at Tanjung Morawa B village, subdistrict of Tanjung Morawa, district of Deli Serdang and at the Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Method used was Grid survey method at the level semi-detailed (observation density of 1 sample each 25 ha) in order to know the level of soil contaminatio ns caused by heavy metals e.g. : Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. This research resulted a map of 1: 50.000 in scale.
The results of this study showed that the conten of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu and Zn in rice paddy soils above limit threshold that permitted and Pb was still below the threshold of the maximum allowed in the ground. In irrigation water, the content of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn was above the maximum threshold for irrigation water by the regulation of Indonesian Goverment based on PP No. 82 year 2001.
Keywords: contamination, rice paddy soil, heavy metals
Introduction
Soil contamination was a condition where chemical materials change the natural soil environment (Veegha, 2008). Darmono (2001) said that there were 2 (two) main resources of soil contamination, e.g. leak of organic chemical material and the storage of chemical materials keep in soils, and collecting of industrial waste put in large reservoir close to ground water.
Industrial waste that could cause contamination are: factories, small industry, home industry, in the form of solid and liquid.
2. Liquid industrial waste resulted from production process, for example the waste metal industrial processing and other chemical industry. Copper, plumbum, silver, khrom, arsen and boron are the results of metal covering industrial processing. (Sadrach, 2008).
Waste materials wich contaminate environment would couse harmful to human directly or indirectly. Directly harmful is if the contamination directly influence the healthiness of humans. Indirectly harmful is that if that contamintion caused damaged environment so the potensial of environment to support human life declined. That condition could be more dangerous if the supporting capability don’nt be able to support human needs and this would damage human life. For example is the decrease soil fertility and disturb agricultural sector and decrease food production and healthy drinking water resources would be difficult to find and people would have lack of water for their daily need everyday (Sunu, 2001).
Basically, contamination of agricultural soil caused by heavy metals depend upon: 1). Quantity of metal presence in bed rock. 2). fertilizer added into the soils. 3). metal deposits falling down from atmosphere into the soils, and 4). Take up by plants three harvest or penetrate to the deeper soil (Darmono, 2001).
This heavy metal contamination caused various problems, e.g. : 1. related to esthetic (taste alteration, colour and taste of water).
2. dangerous for plants and animals. 3. dangerous for human health. 4. caused damage in ecosystem.
Some of heavy metal are essensial to water organism for their growth and development, e.g. : in forming of haemosianin in blood system and enzymatic of biota.
Sudarmaji, et al (2008) reported that among all heavy metals, Hg is the most
poisonous compared to other heavy metals, then followed by Cd, Ag, Ni, Pb, As, Ccr, Sn, Zn. The content of metals in soils influences on the content of metal in plants, except it interacts among other metals to inhibit the metals of plants. The accumulation in plants not only depends on the content of metals in soils, but also depends upon the chemical component of soils, kind of metals, soil pH, and plant species (Darmono 1995).
Table 1. Range of Heavy Metals as Pollutans in Soils and Plants.
Range of Heavy Metal Content Component
Soils Plants
As 0,1-40
ppm
0,1-5
B 2-100 30-75
F 30-300 2-20
Cd 0,1-7 0,2-0,8
Mn 100-4000 15-200
Ni 10-1000 1
Zn 10-300 15-200
Cu 2-100 4-15
Pb 2-200 0,1-10
Source: Soepardi, 1983 in Brachia, 2009.
Waste materials which usually contain heavy metals are chemistry factories, electricity and electronics, metals and electroplating, skins, methals, paint material and dye materials, Solid waste of settlement also contains heavy metals (Yong, et al, 1992). Pesticide also
contibute heavy metals into soils. Pesticide uptake by plants depends on its pesticide dosage, soil kinds, and the cability of plants in absorbing that pesticides (Charlena, 2004).
Based on general tasks statistics (2005) stated that Tanjung Morawa B village had about 620 ha of land where about 120 ha as rice paddy soils and the other 500 ha not rice paddy soil (settlements and industries). Industrial area of Tanjung Morawa is enough to represent an area which that has agriculture area and settlement directly surrounded by industries. Base on above case, writer is interested to evaluate the level of irrigation water contamination and rice paddy soils by heavy metals in area of Tanjung Morawa.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in Tanjung Morawa-B village, Tanjung Morawa subdistrict, district of Deli Serdang and laboratory of research technology, faculty of agriculture Universitas Sumatera Utara from April 2009 until November 2009. Materials used in this research were topography map in the scale 1: 50.000, map of Tanjung Morawa-B village in the scale 1: 5.000, soil and water samples for analysis purposes and chemicals. Equipment used in this research were soil drill, GPS (global possition system), and others.
scale of 1: 50.000. Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn were measured using with HNO3 and HCL extraction method.
Results and Discussions
Base on the soil and water analysis (Table 2) showed that the concentration of heavy metals of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn and pH was varied. This indicated that the rate of contamination was also varied. The result of analysis was shown at Table 2.
Table 2. Result of Analysis of Heavy metal Consentration and pH of Rice Paddy Soils
Concentration of heavy metal in soil (ppm) soil sample Soil pH3
Pb1 Cd1 Cu2 Zn2
1 5,37A 16,77 L 22,96 H 8,01TL 33,65 L 2 4,68 A 15,90 L 23,66 H 49,40 M 93,29 M 3 5,41 A 19,17 L 27,26 H 68,57 M 114,67 M 4 5,30 A 22,55 L 14,36 H 190,77 H 292,43 H 5 4,89 A 30,69 L 13,84 H 114,77 H 92,09 M 6 4,58 A 27,98 L 21,17 H 77,83 H 103,95 M 7 4,27VA 21,05 L 28,19 H 142,87 H 80,49 M 8 3,99 VA 31,26 L 25,40 H 150,77 H 210,62 M TL = too low, L = Low, M = moderate, H = High, A= acid, VA = very acid
1. Source : Ministry of State for population and Environment of Indonesia, and Dalhaosie University Canada (1992)
2. Source : Rosmarkam dan Yuwono, 2002
3. Source: Balai Penelitian Tanah, 2005
Table 3. Result of Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration and pH of Irrigation Water
Concentration of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water (ppm)*
Irrigation Water Sample
Water pH
Pb Cd Cu Zn A 5,93 3,512+ 1,481+ 1,080+ 1,900
-B 5,42 3,037+ 1,129+ 1,526+ 0,285 -C 6,05 2,075+ 1,315+ 0,702+ 2,126+ D 5,90 3,099+ 1,423+ 1,319+ 2,282+ Source :PP No. 82 Year 2001
+ = above threshold limit, - = under threshold limit
Table 4. Critical Limit of Heavy Metals in Soil and Water
1) Ministry of State for population and Environment of Indonesia, and Dalhaosie University Canada (1992)
2) PP No. 82 Thn. 2001
The total content of Pb in rice paddy soil in the range of contamination of soils (Table 1) was low, thus was as reported by Nriagu (1978) that the total of Pb content in agricultural soils was in the range of 2-200 ppm. Figured 1 showed that all sample rice paddy soil that contain heavy metal Pb under critical threshold limit.
PETATINGKAT PE NC 333889890000000000
Figure 1. Map of Contamination Rate of Pb in Rice Paddy Soil in Tanjung Morawa B Village Tanjung Morawa Subdistric, District of Deli Serdang
The content of cadmium in soil based on the analysis showed a high value as a contaminant of soil. Sudarmaji, et al (2008) reported the content of natural cadmium in earth
crust just between 0,1-0,5 ppm, while in agricultural soils Sutanto (2002) as high as 3 ppm. Table 2 showed that content of Cd had over of maximum limit in soils that’s why it was
This contamination was not fully caused by industries, people also support the contamination by fertilization and the application of pesticides. In order to increase agricultural production, the application of fertilizers could not be stop. Farmers in this region used agricultural saprodies in the hope of increasing their agricultural production without considering their effects to plants and environment. This was as reported by Charlena (2004) that the use of fertilizers a long time with high dosages could increase the availability of Pb and Cd in soils thus could also increase uptake of Pb and Cd by plants (Phospat ferlilizer).
PETA TINGKAT PENCEMARAN Cd PADA TANAH SAWAH DI DESA TANJUNG MORAWA B
KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG
N E W
S
200 0 200400600 Meters
DEPARTEM EN ILMU TANAH FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTAR A MEDAN
2009
KETERANGAN:
Desa Tj Morawa B Sudah Bukan Sawah Tinggi
Pemukiman Sungai Jalan
Figure 2. Map of Contamination Rate of Cd in Rice Paddy Soil in Tanjung Morawa B Village Tanjung Morawa Subdistric, District of Deli Serdang
The result of soil analysis result that the higher content of heavy metal Cu found in the northern soil samples. Soil sample 4 had highest concentration, it was caused that soil samples were taken surrounding factories like wood processing factory. Lahuddin (2007) reported that the increasing Cu into the soil there pollution could exist at the industries where one of those industries was wood burning industry, and also household wastes could contribute the Cu content of that soils.
Alloway (1995) reported that the Cu content of soil was about 2 to 250 ppm. Soil analysis indicated that soil sample 4 had the highest content of 190,77 ppm. This concluded that the rice paddy soil in the near future would contain high concentration of Cu if it not well managed.
highest Zn was 292,43 ppm. Rosmarkam and Yuwono (2002) reported that the concentration of zinc (Zn) in earth crust was about 80 ppm, while in soils was about 10-300 ppm. Soil sample 4 showed that the concentration of Zn was almost nearly to threshold critical limit in soils.
PETA TINGKAT PENCEMARAN Cu PADA TANAH SAWAH DI DESA TANJUNG MORAWA B
KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTAR A MEDAN
Figure 3. Map of Contamination Rate of Cu in Rice Paddy Soil in Tanjung Morawa B Village Tanjung Morawa Subdistric, District of Deli Serdang
Figure 4 showed that that the area which contained high content of Zn found at the middle area it was soil sample 4. This might be caused that this location close to factories particularly wood processing and instant noodle factories, it had been described before that the people said that the waste materials was throw into irrigation canal in order to irrigate their rice paddy soils. Besides that, it was the same with Pb, Cd, and Cu, the presence of Zn was also influenced by the application fertilizers and pesticides at the high dosage and intensity by farmers.
PETA TINGKAT PENCEMARAN Zn UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTAR A MEDAN
Figure 4. Map of Contamination Rate of Zn in Rice Paddy Soil in Tanjung Morawa B Village Tanjung Morawa Subdistric, District of Deli Serdang
Conclusions and Suggestions Conclusion
1. The content of Cd, Cu and Zn in rice paddy soils was above the threshold limit permitted, except Pb.
2. The content of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in irrigation water was above the maximum threshold permitted.
Suggestions
It was suggested that the plant analysis should be done in order to know the content of heavy metals taken by plant up.
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